What is a wallbee?

Wall bee pollination is a technology that successfully controls the pollination of flowering plant insects by using wall bees.

Morphological characteristics of wallbee

The wallbee belongs to the genus wallbee in the family Megaliptidae. All kinds of wall bees have the same characteristics: the front wing of adult bees has two sub-marginal cavities, the first marginal cavity is slightly larger than the second marginal cavity, the ends of six legs have claw pads, the lower jaw has four joints, and the chest is wide and short. There are rows of abdominal hairs on the abdominal surface of female adult bees, which are called "abdominal brushes", while there is no abdominal brush on the abdominal surface of male adult bees. This kind of abdominal brush is a powder collector for various wall bees. Adult bees are black, and some wall bees have blue luster. The antennae of female adult bees are short and thick, elbow-shaped, with whiplash 1 1. Male adult bees have slender antennae, whiplash 12, and 1 bundle at the base of lips. The morphological characteristics of several wallbees in China are described as follows:

Purple wall bee

The female adult bee has normal lip base, no horny process, purple luster on the ventral backboard, reddish-brown body hair and "abdominal brush", reddish-brown hair bands at the end edges of the ventral backboard 1 to the 5th backboard, with a body length of 8- 10 mm and leaf pith as nest material.

Wall bee

The female adult bee has a prominent lip base and a ""-shaped depression in the middle, which is smooth and shiny. There is a longitudinal ridge in the center, and there are short horns protruding from the two corners of the lip base, and the body hair is grayish yellow. The "belly brush" of the female bee's abdomen is golden yellow, and the hair at the end edge of the abdominal back plate is light, with a body length of12-15 mm.

Angular frontalis muscle

The base of female adult bee's lip is smooth, with a triangular protrusion at the center of the end edge, and long angular protrusions at the two corners of the base of the lip. The tops of the protrusions are flat, opposite to each other, and the outer sides are slightly concave and close to each other.

Fork-wall bee

The hornlike protrusions on both sides of the base of female adult bee lips are long and wide, and the distance between the two horns is wide. The top of the protrusion is bifurcated (changing greatly), and the large and sharp bifurcation points forward.

Strong wall bee

There are short protrusions at the two corners of the base of the female adult bee's lip. The distance between the protrusions is narrow, the base of the lip is smooth, the end edge is slightly rounded or the center is slightly concave, and the end surface of the base of the lip is slightly concave.

[Edit this paragraph] Living habits of wallbees

Wallbee is an excellent pollinator of apples, pears, peaches, cherries, apricots, plums and kiwifruit. The wall bee used in our production is the hornfronted wall bee imported from Japan. Horned frontalis is a wild bee belonging to Hymenoptera. It is dark gray with a body length of10 ~15 mm. The female bee is slightly larger than the male bee and slightly smaller than the bee. After artificial domestication, it was lured to its concentration camp nest. 1 year, living in the tube nest for about 320 days and living outside the tube nest for about 40 days. The adults in the cocoon overwinter in the tube nest, and when the temperature rises to 65438 02℃ in the spring of the following year, the adult bees begin to move in the cocoon and bite through the cocoon shell to produce bees. In order to keep the flowering period of bees and fruit trees consistent, it is necessary to store the seed cocoons in the cold air warehouse at 1 ~ 5℃ or in the fresh-keeping room of household refrigerator. It usually takes 30-40 days for bees to fly, pollinate, reproduce and recycle. Wall bees began to nest and lay eggs 5 ~ 9 days after release. After 7 ~ 10 days, the hatched larvae grow and develop by eating pollen balls. After 30 ~ 35 days, the larvae begin to pupate, and after 40 ~ 60 days, the pupae emerge into adults, entering the wintering period and emerging in the next spring. This bee has 1 year, 1 generation. This kind of bee exists naturally, has strong reproductive ability and mild nature, and does not need feeding.

Shaanxi yinong agriculture technology co., ltd.-Baidu encyclopedia

Benefits of wall bee pollination

After artificial domestication, wallbee has many advantages suitable for pollination of fruits and vegetables. Bee (1 generation) lives naturally, has strong reproductive ability and mild temperament, and does not need feeding. It lives in the tube nest for about 320 days a year and in the pollination activities outside the tube nest for about 40 days, which is convenient for stocking management and naturally avoids the contradiction with fruit and vegetable spraying. Wall bees are active in early spring and can tolerate low temperature. Good pollination effect, simple management, and can be used even in bad weather such as rainy days. It is very suitable for pollination of pear, apple, peach, cherry, kiwi, apricot, plum, jujube and other fruit trees. Using bees to pollinate fruit trees has obvious effects on improving fruit setting rate, increasing fruit weight, improving fruit yield and quality, and the fruit has strong disease resistance and correct fruit shape. Compared with natural pollination, tile bee pollination has a better effect in Fuji. Using bees to pollinate a variety of fruit trees has broad prospects. To pollinate fruit trees with wallbees, as long as the nest tubes and boxes are made and put into the ground at the right time, all things will be done by wallbees in the future.

Technical measures for pollinating fruit trees by wall bees

Using wallbee pollination, the fruit setting rate of fruit trees is increased by more than 30% compared with natural pollination, which is equivalent to artificial pollination, especially for trees with low natural fruit setting rate.

Basic management of releasing bees

In orchards where wall bees are released for pollination, fungicides and pesticides must be sprayed 1 time 10 ~ 15 days before the bees are released, and no chemicals are allowed to be used thereafter and during the bee release period. Five beehives should be built evenly on each acre of land. Beehives should be set in the sun, and the hive mouth should be from south to east. Plants that bloom earlier than fruit trees should be planted or collected in the orchard, or some corn flour (corn flour) should be put in front of the beehive.

2 ~ 3 days before the fruit trees bloom in the orchard, take the bee cocoon out of the cold storage or refrigerator and put it into the orchard. Wall bees should be placed in a spacious place in the orchard, there are no trees or houses within 3 meters in front, the hive mouth faces the sun, and the hive is about 20 cm from the ground to prevent frogs, snakes and ants from invading; On the second day after placing, the bees began to emerge, then the wall bees began to feed and pollinate, and the female bees transported the collected pollen and nectar back to the selected hive for bee reproduction. In addition, dig a small pit in front of the hive 1 m, spread plastic paper and add soil, and add water to the pit to make mud; Or prepare mud in the basin to provide wet mud for the wall bee nesting room to ensure pollination and bee reproduction. Once the hive is placed, don't move it to prevent wall bees from entering the hive.

Pollination will not be carried out within 1 ~ 3 days after the wall bee is released, and pollination can only be started under the conditions of suitable temperature, mating, ovulation and directional tube placement. In case of wind and rain and low temperature, don't move the hive, let nature take its course and it is positively related to phenology. After the hive is fixed, it should be rain-proof and windproof, and it can only be moved after pollination and storage for wintering. Before spraying 1 time after flowering, the tube nest should be recovered and hung in a ventilated and cool place for preservation.

Release time of wall bee

The release time of wallbee should depend on different tree species and flowering period. Generally, apple trees should be placed at 3% ~ 5% of the central flowering time, and peach trees should be placed at 20% of the peach blossoms. After the bee cocoon is put into the field, the wall bee can bite through the cocoon shell one after another and come out in 7 ~ 10 days. If the bee cocoon is taken out from the low-temperature storage condition in advance and stored at room temperature for 2 ~ 3 days before being put into the field, the cocoon emergence time of the wall bee can be shortened. If the wall bee has broken its cocoon, it should be released in the evening to reduce the escape of the wall bee. The release period of bees is 10 ~ 12 days.

Method for release wallbee

Put the bee cocoon in a 1 wide and flat paper box. There are many holes with a diameter of 0.7 cm around the box for bees to climb out. Spread 1 layer of cocoon evenly in the box, and then put the paper box into the hive. You can also put the cocoon of bees in a special nest tube, which is 5 ~ 6 cm long and has openings at both ends. Each tube can hold 1 bee and put it in the beehive with the bee tube. The latter method has a high homing rate.

Number of wall bees released

The number of bees released must be determined according to the area of the orchard, tree species and the results over the years. The number of bees per 667 square meters in the orchard during the full fruit season is 200 ~ 300. There are 200 ~ 300 bees per 667 square meters for apple trees in full fruit period, 260 ~ 300 bees per 667 square meters for pears and peaches, and 0/50 ~ 200 bees per kloc-0 in young orchards and early fruit-bearing years. The purpose of releasing bees is to improve the fruit setting rate. In orchards with high fruit-setting rate or high fruit-bearing years, 200 bees are released every 667 square meters, mainly to improve fruit quality. Cherry trees, apricot trees and plum trees that bloom early should be put with more bees, with 300 ~ 500 cocoons per 667 square meters.

Bee tube recovery and preservation

When the flowering period of fruit trees is over, the pollination task is completed, the bee reproduction is completed, and the nest box should be recovered in time. Pack the sealed nest tubes in 60 bundles 1, put them into a net bag, and hang them in a ventilated, dry, dark and clean room for storage, and pay attention to rat prevention. Don't put it in a room with food and other sundries to prevent the harm of cereal thieves, acaroid mites and Lepidoptera larvae. The number of bee tubes can be determined according to the number of bees left next year. 1 A bee lays 9- 15 eggs, and generally 1 Tube has about 10 eggs. 1 bee needs12 ~15cm long tube 1.5. The amount of eggs laid is obviously affected by temperature. Low temperature leads to less eggs, while high temperature leads to more eggs, but the temperature should not be too high and must not be higher than the incubation temperature.

The following year, post-beginning of spring management.

After the spring of the following year, the temperature gradually increased. At this time, it is necessary to pick out the cocoon from the tube, bottle it and put it in the fresh-keeping room of the refrigerator. The suitable temperature is 65438 0 ~ 5℃. If the temperature is too high, the wall bee will emerge from the cocoon and cannot be used. If the temperature is too low, it will freeze the wallbee to death.

Preparation before releasing bees

(1) Production of beehives: The length, width and height of beehives are all 50 cm, and the top, bottom, left and right sides and back sides are closed, leaving the front side as the beehive mouth.

(2) Prepare bee egg tube: the thickness of bee egg tube is about 0.7 cm. Before releasing the wallbee, we should prepare a nest tube 2 ~ 2.5 times the amount of the released bee for beekeeping. Wrap the nest tube around the waist with newspaper, tie it into a bundle with a belt, gently dip it in mud to block one end of the nest tube, and put the open end outward into the box.

(3) Prepare a cocoon box: generally, the cocoon box is 20cm long, 10cm wide and 3cm high.

(4) Prepare rain-proof tools: generally, 1m2 plastic film can be used. In the orchard without pollination trees, as many flowering branches of different varieties as possible should be collected and hung in the orchard to achieve the purpose of cross-flowering.

[Edit this paragraph] Comparison of pollination effects between wallbee and bee

The visiting speed of wallbees is 10- 15 flowers per minute; The speed of domestic bees visiting flowers is 4-8 flowers per minute. About 90% of all bees visiting flowers are worker bees. Most of them stand on the petals and stick their beaks into the flower heart to suck honey. After smoking, he flew to another flower to continue sucking honey, and the whole body rarely touched the pistil stigma. Because the main job of worker bees is to collect honey instead of pollen, only a few worker bees can crawl back and forth on stamens to collect pollen before they can touch the pistil stigma. When visiting flowers, all kinds of wall bees pick their heads, that is, when the female bees fly near the flowers, they directly land on the stamens of the flowers, bend their heads to the stamens of the flowers, insert the beak tube into the center of the flowers to suck nectar, and at the same time, the ventral surface of the abdomen clings to the stamens, breaking the pollen sac with the middle hind feet, so that the mature pollen grains can come out immediately in generate. Through abdominal movement, abdominal brush can brush stamens quickly and collect and carry a thick layer of pollen continuously. The morphological characteristics and flower-visiting behavior of the bee make the pollen collected by the pollen-collecting organ of the bee easily spread to the pistil stigma of another fruit tree flower, so that the flower can be fully harvested. According to the observation of Japanese scholar Taisheng Maeda and others on the behavior of visiting flowers, it is considered that the contact rate between the pollen carried by the wall bee and the stigma of the flower visitor is 100%.

[Edit this paragraph] The mistake of pollination with wallbees.

Myth 1: Pollination with wallbees can also solve the problem of low fruit setting rate of fruit trees in orchards with no pollination trees or serious shortage of pollination trees. Fruit farmers who have this idea often lack the necessary theoretical common sense. Most fruit tree varieties belong to cross pollination, and the fruit setting rate of self-pollination is very low. Even if the wall bee is released in this orchard, because there is no "cross-flower", it can't achieve the function of the wall bee, so other artificial pollination measures must be taken accordingly.

Myth 2: Applying wallbee pollination can definitely solve the problem of fruit quality. This idea exists among some new fruit farmers. In fact, if we really want to play the role of wallbee pollination in correcting fruit shape, increasing fruit size and improving fruit quality, we must take comprehensive management measures, such as strengthening fertilizer and water management, scientific pruning, reasonable load, fruit bagging and applying growth regulators. Only in this way can the advantages of wall bee pollination be fully reflected.

Matters needing attention in bee pollination

Replenish the flower source in time

The life span of black-breasted bees in the field is about 40 days, and the efficiency of visiting flowers is the highest after 5 ~ 7 days. In order to prolong the time of collecting pollen, improve the reproductive coefficient and the efficiency of visiting flowers after flowering of fruit trees, supplementary flower source plants such as cruciferous seed cabbage and radish can be planted near the nest box in advance to make them bloom before flowering of fruit trees, so as to release wallbees to collect pollen in advance. After the fruit trees bloom, the supplementary flower source plants should be pulled out in time so that the wall bees can concentrate on pollination on the fruit trees.

The material and specification of nesting pipe should be suitable.

At present, most of the nested pipes used in our area are patented middle-mouth plastic pipes. The observation shows that under the same conditions, wall bees mostly choose thick-walled and dark reed pipes as their nests. No matter what kind of nest tube, its inner diameter should be about 7 mm, which is too thin and the pollen cluster is small. Because of insufficient nutrition, the larvae develop into more drones. Too thick, the pollen ball is big, although there are many females, but the reproduction rate is low. The plastic nest tube with patented technology has the advantages of one-time investment, long-term use, non-toxic, tasteless, no infectious diseases and pests, convenient and concise use, low investment, good preservation and easy cocoon peeling management.

The operation, placement and use of nesting tubes should be standardized.

The plastic sleeve with patented technology is made of special materials. Plastic nest tubes have high light transmittance, so wall bees are afraid of light when nesting and laying eggs. First, wrap the nest tube with newspaper, then block one end of the nest tube with wet mud to dry, and then put the blocked end of the nest tube into the beehive as far as possible.

The nest box should be put away

Wall bees tend to collect pollen in the upwind direction, and the flight distance is 30 ~ 40 meters, so the nest box should be placed in the downwind of the center of the pollinated plot. Judging from the nesting and recycling of wallbees, it is best to set the nest box under a tree, with the front open and the back slightly hidden. The front is open and it is easy to find the nest; Hiding in the back makes it feel safe and the nest tube has high utilization rate. Practice shows that if the nest box is placed in an open, bright and hidden position, the wall bees will return to the nest less and escape more. After the nest box is located, it must not be moved, so that the wall bees can return to the nest to lay eggs.

The number of nested boxes should be sufficient.

It is best to put more than 5 nest boxes per mu in the orchard where wall bees are placed, which can reduce the escape rate of wall bees. The fewer places, the higher the escape rate. Wall bee will fly from nest A to nest B after being frightened, and will fly to nest C after being frightened, so building more nests for wall bee will reduce the escape rate of wall bee.

Don't spray before and after releasing bees.

Most toxic or repellent pesticides and wall bees used near the flowers where bees are released are poisoned or driven away, which leads to the failure of releasing bees. In nature, there are flowers-visiting insects such as bees, flies, butterflies and moths during the flowering of fruit trees. In order to protect them and improve the fruit setting rate, whether bees are released or not, it should be advocated to wither within 7 ~ 10 days before flowering and try not to spray pesticides.

Water source conditions should be sufficient.

Every time the wallbee makes a pollen ball to lay eggs, it must be blocked with mud. The cement pit next to the nest box should be as large as possible, and it should be inspected frequently every day, and water should be added in time to keep it muddy. After several years' investigation, it was found that all kinds of water sources were sufficient for wall bees to collect mud. Blocking quickly after each spawning, high flower visiting efficiency and large bee reproduction coefficient.