The second volume of the first day of junior high school summarizes the knowledge points that must be tested in geography

Do a good job of summing up the knowledge points that must be tested in geography in the second volume of the first grade, and you will know what to test as soon as you close your eyes. Therefore, it is very important to summarize the knowledge points. The following are the knowledge points I shared with you in the second volume of geography in Grade One, hoping to help you!

The second volume of the first day of junior high school geography knowledge points must be tested

1. Features of longitude and latitude lines

The north and south are longitude lines, which are relatively in the same circle.

They are all of the same length and in a semicircle.

Things are parallel lines, forming a parallel circle.

They are different in length and round in shape.

The equator is the longest, and polarization is the focus.

The size of the earth

The earth is a big sphere with an area of 565,438+100 million square kilometers.

The radius is 637 1, and the equatorial circumference is about 40000.

Earth axis: the axis of rotation of the earth.

Latitude: a circle perpendicular to the earth's axis and surrounding the earth. The equator is the largest latitude circle.

Meridian: a semicircle connecting the north and south poles and intersecting perpendicular to latitude.

2. Latitude and longitude determination

North latitude increases to the north and south latitude increases to the south.

The west longitude increases to the west and the east longitude increases to the east.

Add letters after judgment, east e, west w, north n and south s.

3. East, West, North and Southern Hemisphere Divisions

20 degrees west longitude, 0/60 degrees east longitude,

Generally speaking, the eastern hemisphere and the western hemisphere.

Northern and southern hemispheres, equatorial zero latitude,

The northern latitude is the northern hemisphere and the southern latitude is the southern hemisphere.

4. Day and night alternation and seasonal changes

Earth rotation, alternation of day and night, time difference

Revolving around the sun, four seasons appear and five zones are divided.

From west to east, the direction remains the same, and north and south are opposite.

One day rotates, one year revolves. Center of rotation,

Earth axis. The center of rotation is the sun.

Schematic diagram of earth revolution

Schematic diagram of the earth's revolution, time must be remembered.

From two o'clock to twenty-two o'clock, two minutes MINUS one minute.

In winter, the sun shines on the solstice in the south, and the days in the North Pole are short and the nights are long.

The summer solstice sun shines back to the north, with long days and short nights, and extremely bright days in the north.

The vernal equinox and autumnal equinox hit the equator, and the whole world is as long as day and night.

5. Five regions of the earth

The earth has five regions, all separated by four lines;

Back to the tropics, the polar circle is divided into cold and warm;

There are two cold temperatures and five areas with uneven temperatures.

Regression and polar circle, the degree should be distinguished.

Go back to 235, polar circle 665, don't forget to add letters.

(1) Temperature refers to temperature.

Climatic characteristics of five regions

The tropical sun shines directly and the climate is hot all year round.

The cold zone is extremely day and night, and the climate is extremely cold all year round.

There are two temperate zones with four distinct seasons.

6. Map direction

Identify the direction of the map and put it in front of you;

From north to south, from left to west and from right to east.

The plot is easy to distinguish, but the latitude and longitude network is difficult;

Latitude refers to east and west, and longitude refers to north and south.

Polar projection, with special direction:

For the northern hemisphere, the heart is four Nan Zhou;

In the east-west direction of the northern latitude circle, the rotation is counterclockwise.

For the southern hemisphere, north and south around the heart;

South latitude circle east and west, rotate clockwise.

Map elements should be kept in mind, direction legend scale.

National boundaries should be clearly defined, and railways and highways should be clearly seen.

Judge the direction in three steps and see if the direction is marked.

Two fixed central coordinates and three cross coordinate systems.

It is difficult to judge the scale, which is large in scale and small in scope.

The more detailed the content description. The proportion is small and the scope is large.

The simpler the content description.

There are three kinds of proportional expressions, line segment literal proportional expressions. The unit conversion should be clear, and there are five zeros from centimeter to kilometer. Don't forget to write the unit of the line segment.

Judgment of topographic map

Altitude, relative altitude, you have to distinguish.

Contour map, determine the ups and downs. Dense places indicate steep slopes, while sparse places indicate gentle slopes.

Layered color map, the darker the color, the greater the value.

Remember five kinds of terrain, plateau, plain and basin.

Mountains and hills. The plateau is high and flat,

The plain is low and flat, and the basin is surrounded by high schools and low places.

The mountains are high and the hills are low.

7. continents and oceans

The total surface area of the earth is * * * 501 million;

The percentage of land and water is 7 1 ocean.

Six continents, including islands and seven continents;

Asia, Africa, North and South America, Antarctic Ocean Europe.

Water is four oceans, and peace is the deepest and widest;

Daxi "S" shape, Indian Arctic Ocean.

Plate structure, six plates are combined together;

The plot is relatively stable, and there are many earthquakes at the junction.

8. Location of oceans and continents

The ocean is bounded by the mainland, and the mainland is bounded by the ocean.

The Pacific Ocean is the first of the four oceans and lies between Asia and Australia.

The Atlantic Ocean is in the southwest of North America, and the east coast is very important to Europe and Africa.

The Indian Ocean is adjacent to Asia, Africa and Australia, and the south is connected by Sanyo Water.

The Arctic Ocean has the smallest water surface, including Asia, Europe and North America.

9. The boundaries and locations of the seven continents

The surface of the earth covers a large area, and Asia, Europe, Africa and the United States are all in the south.

Asia and Europe are integrated, and Ulagao adds points to both sides;

Asia and Africa were originally connected, and the Suai Canal was cut off.

Asia and North America are separated by water, with the Bering Strait in the middle;

China and the United States came to bring the North and the South together, and the Bana Canal was blocked.

Oceania is small in size and seems to be broken.

Asia, Europe, Africa and the Eastern Hemisphere, and North and South America occupy the Western Hemisphere.

Only the Antarctic is independent, and the ice sheet is called the plateau.

(1) ocean, Oceania. America, South America and North America. South, Antarctica.

② Wula, Ural Mountain and ural river. Goga, Caucasus mountains.

③ Suez Canal, Suez Canal.

(4) Bana Canal and Panama Canal.

Continents, peninsulas, islands and oceans

Strait: a narrow waterway connecting two oceans.

Peninsula: The part of land that extends into the ocean.

Ocean: The marginal part of the ocean.

Island: Greenland is the largest.

10. Land and sea changes

Crustal change, sea level rise,

With human activities, land and sea have changed.

When the plates move, the continents drift.

Inside the plate, it is relatively stable.

Plate boundaries, volcanic earthquakes.

Pacific week, like the Mediterranean. Volcanic earthquake frequency.

Six sectors, Asia, Europe and Africa,

American Antarctic. Indo-Pacific.

65438+

The temperature changes every day, and the highest sunrise time is 2 o'clock.

The temperature ranges from high temperature in July to low temperature in October.

The oceans advance in turn for a month.

temperature distribution

Temperature distribution is different, from high latitude to low latitude;

Land is different from the ocean. In summer, the land temperature is high and the ocean temperature is low.

The height of the terrain also has an impact, with a difference of 6℃ per kilometer.

13. Precipitation and its distribution

Equatorial heat, more precipitation: polar cold, difficult precipitation.

Tropic of Cancer, divided into the west; Keywords continental west coast, subtropical high,

The trade winds are blowing, and the precipitation is insufficient; The land on the east coast, the reason of monsoon,

The climate is warm and the precipitation is abundant. Mid-latitude, inside;

Away from the ocean, the climate is dry.

Windward slope, more precipitation, leeward slope, less precipitation.

14. World climate

Weather: short-term cloudy to sunny, rain and snow, hot and cold winds, with great changes.

Climate: Average spring, summer, autumn and winter for many years, with little change.

Distribution of climate types

Vegetation animals change with the abnormal surface climate.

The world has 1 1 climate, with different hot and cold areas;

The climate in the cold zone is at the poles, and the climate in the mountains is on the plateau.

On the equatorial edge of the tropical rain forest, high temperature and rainy trees are towering;

The savanna is sandwiched on both sides, and Africa and South America are the most vast;

Tropic of Cancer, the largest region in Africa and Australia;

The tropical monsoon in central and southern India is hot, rainy and disastrous.

Temperate continental habitat, visible in Asia, America, Australia, Africa;

Temperate oceans live in the west, most commonly in western Europe;

East of temperate monsoon continent, north of China can be seen clearly.

The Mediterranean climate is so simple, and it is the most common here in the Mediterranean.

This special sub-hot season is most common in southern China.

Factors affecting climate

The factors affecting climate should be considered from three aspects;

Latitude is the first, and the equatorial poles are very different;

Followed by land and sea, the summer in the open sea is cool;

Terrain is also very important, don't be cold and windy;

15. Population and race

The world population growth is slow first and then fast.

Birth is high and death is low, and now it has reached 6.5 billion.

Africa has the fastest population growth, while Europe has negative population growth.

population distribution

The world population is unevenly distributed, and the eastern and southern parts of Asia,

Most parts of Europe, eastern America and coastal plains in middle and low latitudes,

The population distribution is the densest.

Deserts, rainforests, plateaus and mountains, few people live in difficulties.

population problem

Overpopulation and too fast population are harmful, and the environment, economy and society are affected.

Food, clothing, housing and transportation are difficult, and jobs are hard to find.

Therefore, family planning must adapt to social economy.

Coordination between environment and resources.

Different races

Racial discrimination and physical characteristics.

Skin, hair, face and body hair.

Light yellow, black, straight hair, flat hair, medium hair,

Light wavy nose, lots of hair,

Thick black curly lips and little hair.

habitat of nationality

White people are widely distributed, western Europe and north Africa,

Northern India is a big country with a famous colonial tradition.

The yellow race is in East Asia, and the Eskimos are in the North Pole.

Native Americans and Indians were oppressed.

Black people originated in non-Central South, and the slave trade spread all over America.

16. Esperanto language and religion

Major world languages

There are 2000 nationalities in the world, many of which have their own languages.

Chinese is used the most, in southeast China and Asia;

English is widely used in Britain, Australia, North America and India.

Russian is relatively concentrated, and Latin American Spanish invades ②;

French is very beautiful in the world, mainly in France;

Arabic, Asia and Africa is an important international language.

Three major religions

World Religion III, Fujian Islam.

_ _ billion, widely distributed in Europe and America;

Buddhism originated in India and returned to true Islam.

600 million Muslims, the most common in Asia and Africa.

(1) Europe and America, Europe, America and Oceania.

Junior one geography review plan

First, pay attention to the systematic integration of knowledge and guide students to build knowledge networks.

In the classroom, students are the main body and give full play to their initiative. Teachers mainly guide students to sort out what they have learned. Students cannot simply be asked to recite the superficial knowledge of textbooks. Review class is a new teaching at a higher level. We should not only review knowledge, but also contact knowledge, sum up knowledge, integrate knowledge and deepen our understanding of connotation.

Second, pay attention to the guidance of learning methods and summarize the problem-solving methods.

Good learning methods can make students get twice the result with half the effort. Teachers should pay attention to the guidance of students' learning methods, such as doing graphic analysis problems. Some students didn't really master the method of doing the problem, but just memorized it blindly, and finally had a little knowledge and didn't really understand the knowledge. At this time, teachers need to improve students' graphic analysis ability and problem-solving methods in time.

Thirdly, elaborate typical cases and cultivate innovative thinking.

In the past, exercise papers were often used in review classes, and students practiced according to what the teacher said, and unconsciously fell into a naval battle. The result is that students are tired, teachers are anxious, and students don't really understand and master knowledge. This time, the method of breaking through comprehensive review exercises in each chapter is adopted; And you can use several typical exercises, such as climate type analysis, to organize students to analyze the main test sites and discuss the problem-solving methods. Students can also ask questions and solve problems around the topic themselves, and then guide students to sum up and cultivate students' divergent thinking.

Learning methods of geography in grade one.

Listen carefully in class. Most of the geography in the seventh grade needs to be understood, and it will be much easier to remember after understanding it. So listening in class is the key. Some people think that geography is the liberal arts and the main backrest. If you memorize it, you will get good grades. Actually, it's not. Much depends on understanding. Only by understanding can we get twice the result with half the effort.

Positive thinking, focusing on understanding. There are many parts of seventh grade geography to understand. Most knowledge can't be learned by rote. Even if the knowledge points are memorized, they will not be used in practical exercises, so we must think more and pay attention to understanding.

Pay attention to summing up the law of induction. A lot of junior high school geography knowledge is regular, such as climate type and population distribution. Summing up the rules is easy to learn and remember.

Comparative memory of the same and similar knowledge points. There are many similarities between geographical things and many laws. Therefore, we can easily find out the similarities and similarities among them and compare them for memory and study.

Pay attention to the importance of maps. There is a lot of knowledge in geography that can't be learned and memorized by words alone. Looking at pictures is more important than reading words. Don't forget, maps are a basic tool for learning geography.

Read the textbook 10 15 minutes every day. Geographical knowledge is complex and there are many knowledge points, so we must review it in time. Keep reading textbooks 15 minutes every day, and long-term persistence will have good results.

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