What is the eight-array diagram designed by Zhuge Liang? There are also wooden cows, flowing horses and lanterns.

Today, people think that the rather mysterious "eight-array map" is a myth? Did Zhuge Liang really create the Eight Diagrams Array?

"The History of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Zhi and Zhuge Liang Biography" records: "Ming is better at ingenuity, and the profit and loss are connected, and the horses are flowing, all of which are unexpected; Derive the mound method and make an eight-array diagram. What is the salty desire? " As the battle formation and force deployment map in ancient wars, Zhuge Liang's original "map" is no longer visible today, but there is a so-called "eight-array map base", which is said to be Zhuge Liang's training ground.

According to Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics and Rivers, this "figure base" is based on fine stones. * * * Three places: one in Mianxian County, Shaanxi Province; Chongqing Fengjie family; One is Sichuan New, especially Fengjie. Fengjie was originally an ancient fish in Fuxian County, and now it is located in Fengjie City in the east of Bai Di. In the Three Kingdoms, Liu Bei was renamed Yong 'an, and Tang was renamed Fengjie.

Zhuge Liang's "Eight Arrays Map Base" is said to be on the Nanjiang Beach in Yong 'an Palace. According to Li Jian's Taibai Silence in the Tang Dynasty, Li Jing's Wen Dui and other records, as well as the deduction of contemporary scholars (see the back cover of Sun Tzu's Art of War magazine 1994 No.9), Zhuge Liang's "Eight Arrays" are now indicated as follows:

Naming and Composition of Eight-array Diagram

Eight arrays are named after heaven, earth, wind, clouds, dragons, tigers, birds and snakes, and China's army is nine arrays. Zhong Jun is composed of sixteen small arrays, and the surrounding eight arrays are each composed of six small arrays, making a total of sixty-four small arrays. In the eight-array diagram, the sky, the earth, the wind and the clouds are the "four positive", and the dragon (dragon), tiger (white tiger), bird (suzaku) and snake (snake) are the "four strange". In addition, there are 24 arrays in the rear for maneuvering.

Development history

Throughout the book "The Question of Emperor Taizong and Li Zhi", we can find the whole process of the development and perfection of the Eight Arrays:

The Yellow Emperor's Writing on the Odd —— The Method of Five Arrays, Holding Machine Arrays and Qiu Jing

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Jiang Shang's Taigong Art of War-Taigong Array

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Sima Mao's Sima Fa-Five Elements Array

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Guan Zhong —— Reorganizing The Art of War of Taigong

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Sun Wu's Art of War Bagua Array

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Zhuge Liang's Eight-Array Diagram Method-Eight-Array Diagram

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Han Qinhu-Nine Army Array, another name for Eight Array.

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Excavate Sun Tzu's Art of War Gong Wei-Liu Hua Array

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Li Ji's Sun Tzu's Art of War Gong Wei-Liu Hua Array

It can be seen that the origin of Eight Arrays is very deep, which can be traced back to the Yellow Emperor in ancient China. Zhuge Liang, through the continuous improvement and perfection of Jiang Taigong, Sima Yi, Guan Zhong, Sun Wu and others, reached the peak of the Three Kingdoms period and became an eight-array map! In the Tang Dynasty, due to the complexity of the command of the Nine Arrays, Li Jing was simplified to the Six Arrays.

Characteristics of eight-array diagram

The characteristics of the eight-array diagram, as Li Jing pointed out in Ask Heaven, are "large array covers small array, big camp covers small camp, corners are connected, twists and turns are opposite" and "inner ring covers outside"; Its conception is inseparable from Zhouyi. The arrangement of the eight-array diagram is actually a "orientation diagram of Wang Wen's eight diagrams" (that is, "the eight diagrams the day after tomorrow"). Each of the eight arrays consists of six small arrays, taking the meaning of six hexagrams in Zhouyi. The total number of eight arrays plus Zhong Jun's sixty-four small arrays is consistent with the sixty-four hexagrams of other hexagrams in Zhouyi. As for the method of odd and right in the eight-array diagram, that is, "odd and right, right and strange, and infinite poverty" mentioned in Du Zhu's Sun Zi is the concrete application of Yi ology in array method. (Lin Huajia, February 2005)

"Bazhentu Village" is located in Dalushu and Xiaolushu villages in the southeast of Rulin Town, Jintan. After hundreds of years of vicissitudes, the "Eight Arrays Village" has long been unrecognizable. The above picture shows the distribution map of "Bazhen Village".

Content record

Zhuge Liang's "Eight Arrays Map" absorbs the arrangement and combination of minefields and Taoist gossip, and is compatible with astronomy and geography. This is a rare array in ancient times. There is a hymn of "Eight Commandments of Merit and Virtue, Great Use of Tibet, Eight Faces Fortress Standing in Its Name" in the Genealogy of Zhuge Family in Shentang.

Celestial array praise: Celestial array 16, outer circle, and wind. Its image is the sky, the head of the array and the head of the soldiers. Make good use of the three armed forces, and its shape is not biased.

Praise of the ground array: the shape of the ground array 12 is square, and the four corners are mainly clouds. The formidable enemy is unpredictable, inexhaustible, independent and worthy of Yang.

Ode to the wind: the wind is invisible, attached to the sky and turned into a snake. Its meaning is getting mysterious, wind energy drums things, everything is there, snakes can be there, and the three armies are afraid of it.

Ode to the cloud: the cloud is attached to the ground, but it disappears at first and becomes a bird. Their modeling is successful, birds can stand out, clouds can be ever-changing, ever-changing, golden voice.

Dragonfly array praise: Heaven and earth rush behind, Long Bian has claws and feet, back and chest. Diving is unpredictable, moving infinitely, and the formation is impressive. It is named Dragon.

Tiger wing array praise: heaven and earth rushed forward, turned into tiger wings, lying tiger will fight, filling its strength. Huaiyin used it, turned it into a promise, and the meeting under the notice was unpredictable.

Bird Xiang array praise: if a bird wants to fight, it must fly first, and it must be in the sky, and the bird must hide. Under the trial, there will be slanders and surprises.

Snake coil array praise: wind is a snake coil, connected to the sky, surrounded by potential energy, showing flexion and extension. In the four wonders, if you are next to a tiger, you will become a Hengshan Mountain, and your head and tail will be trapped.

The formation of "Eight Arrays" is based on the four fields of Gankun and Genggen, which are the positive array of heaven and earth and the positive array of soldiers respectively. The northwest is dry land, and the dry land is the sky array. The southwest is Kun land, and Kun is the ground array. The land in the southeast is a place of mourning, and mourning is a wind array. There are people with roots living in the land of Northeast China, with dense mountains and rivers. Water, fire and Jin Mu are the four strange arrays of dragons, tigers, birds and snakes. The arrangement is that there is a dragon (array) on the left, a white tiger (array) on the right, a suzaku (array) in front and a Yuan Wu snake (array) behind, so the imaginary one is occupied. Eight arrays are distributed in the general array, which consists of eight, eight and sixty-four arrays, plus 24 ranger arrays. 32 arrays of Yin and Yang, 24 arrays of Yang and 24 arrays of Yin. There are 24 squadrons. After the 60 th Squadron, all the marches, formations, joint operations, doubts, air and logistics were in the Squadron. There is a hymn praising the power of "Eight Arrays": "Arrays can accommodate each other and teams can accommodate each other; The past is the back and the future is the front; There is no speed to advance, and there is no hesitation to retreat; Four heads and eight tails, headed by touch; The enemy rushed in and saved both ends; Odd and positive, endless cycle; Head-to-tail correspondence, hidden and unpredictable; It' s like a god, and it' s suitable for its own situation. " "Eight array method, at that time two array, the first world war as a precaution; Chinese and foreign countries are light and heavy, combining rigidity with softness, each other's reality, subject and object have changed, and latitude and longitude have also changed. It is precisely because of the sudden progress in foundation and strangeness that many of them are due to interaction and logistics support. "

Related poems

Eight sides fortress

Du Fu

During the Three Kingdoms period, you made unparalleled achievements, and you gained a permanent reputation by invading.

This river won't divert the stones from your disposal, and you will always regret that you will destroy Wu's unwise.

explain

This is a poem written by the author in memory of Zhuge Liang when he first arrived in Kuizhou. Written in the first year of Dali (766).

"Eight-array map" refers to the array map of military drills and operations composed of eight formations: sky, earth, wind, cloud, dragon, tiger, bird and snake. This is Zhuge Liang's creation, which embodies his outstanding military talent.

The Three Kingdoms, torn apart and bound by his greatness, built on his reputation ",these two sentences praised Zhuge Liang's great achievements.

The first sentence is written from the general aspect, saying that Zhuge Liang made the most outstanding achievements in the process of establishing the situation that Wei Shuwu was divided into three parts. Of course, there are many factors for the coexistence of the three countries, and Zhuge Liang's assistance to Liu Bei in establishing the foundation of Shu from scratch should be said to be one of the important reasons. Du Fu's highly generalized praise objectively reflected the historical truth of the Three Kingdoms period.

The second sentence is written from a specific aspect, saying that Zhuge Liang created an eight-array map to make him more famous. The ancients praised this point repeatedly. For example, the inscription of Wuhou Temple in Chengdu reads: "The combination of economy and strategy is not rewarded, and the layout is sincere." "The river is at war, the picture is in the column, and there is glory in the industry." Du Fu's poems praised Zhuge Liang's military achievements more intensively and concisely. The first two songs are written in antithetical sentences, and the overall contribution of the "Three Kingdoms" and "Eight Arrays" to the military is ingenious and natural.

Structurally, the first sentence really mentioned, cut to the chase; After the period, I wrote a poem to further praise the achievements, and also paved the way for the memorial relics behind. "Next to this ever-changing river, there stands a stone, which is his sadness that he failed to conquer the State of Wu." These two sentences express their feelings about the site of "Eight Arrays". The site of "Eight Arrays Map" is located on the flat sand in front of Yong 'an Palace in southwest Kuizhou.

According to Liu Yuxi's "Jingzhou Painting Vice" and "Jia", the eight arrays here are all piled up with fine stones, five feet high and sixty yards around, arranged in sixty-four piles, which remain unchanged. Even if it is flooded in summer, everything will be lost in winter, but the eight stone piles will remain unchanged for 600 years. The first sentence writes the magic of the relic very concisely. "Stone does not turn", use the Book of Songs. Peak. Bai Zhou's poem "My heart is full of bandits, so I can't turn around".

In the author's view, this magical color is intrinsically related to Zhuge Liang's spiritual mind: his loyalty to the Shu-Han regime and the great cause of reunification is firm and unshakable. At the same time, the existence of this scattered and recovered eight-array stone pile, which has remained unchanged for many years, seems to symbolize Zhuge Liang's regret for his dying ambition. Therefore, the last sentence written by Du Fu was "saying that he never conquered Wu", saying that Liu Bei's swallowing Wu was a mistake, which destroyed Zhuge Liang's fundamental strategy of resistance and made the great cause of reunification fall by the wayside, which became an eternal regret. Of course, this poem is not so much "lingering hatred" for Zhuge Liang as Du Fu's regret for Zhuge Liang, and this regret is permeated with Du Fu's depressed feelings of "self-mutilation and death" (Huang). This quatrain of nostalgia has the characteristics of integrating discussion into poetry. But this argument is not empty and abstract, but vivid and lyrical. The poet combines nostalgia with narration, giving people a feeling of endless hatred and meaning.

Eight moraines

Su Shi

The flat sand is endless, as if you saw a stone.

On the other side of the river, sand and water are gnawing at the years.

Kong Ming has been dead for a long time. Who can tell the grade?

The magic weapon must be learned, and there has been no trick since ancient times.

When people have realized it, future generations will talk nonsense.

Since the decline of the Han dynasty, bees have risen to the extreme.

Heroes are incompatible, and disasters cannot last long.

Drive the people out of the city, without smoke and blood from wild rivers.

Ten thousand people bet on football and kill people like snow.

If you don't make a long-term plan, you often can't.

Kong Ming finally got up and wanted to eliminate evil.

Rough things are temperate, and they can endure for a long time.

Ambition leads to pedantry and time flies.

The sixth division is not finished, and once the heroic spirit is broken.

There are only eight arrays left, and they have been strong and chivalrous since ancient times.

the art of war

Eight arrays (1)

Sun Tzu said: if you are not smart enough, go to the army and rely on yourself. If you are not brave enough, go to the army and be self-sufficient. I don't know. Being a soldier is lucky, because there are not enough wars. Fu 'an Wan (2), Guang 'an Wan, the whole life of Wan people, only Cheng knows. He who knows knows heaven above, geography below, gains his heart inside, and knows the feelings of his enemies outside. Knowing the eight classics, you will fight when you see victory, and dissuade when you see Buddha (3). This will also be the king.

Sun Tzu said: Those who fight with the Eight Arrays method should use the Eight Arrays method to benefit the land. With the array of three points, the teaching array has a front and the teaching front has a back (4), all of which are waiting for the command to move. Hit one and leave two (5). Invade the enemy with one, and collect with two. Weak enemy leads to chaos (6). First, choose soldiers to take advantage (7). If the enemy is strong, it will rule (8). The first kind is to lure him by pawn (9). The rider and warrior (10) can be divided into three parts, one is right, the other is left and the other is rear. Yi (1 1) has more cars, more risks, more rides, and (12) more crossbows. Easy means knowing the place of birth and death, while living means being killed (13).

(1) This is a topic written on the back of the first Jane in this article. The ancient disposal method is often called "Eight Arrays Method". "Eight arrays" does not mean eight different arrays.

(2) Wancheng country refers to a big country that can send troops and cars.

(3) Zheng (Zheng Zheng), borrowing for peace. It means that if you are not sure of winning, just stay put.

(4) teach that suspicious borrowing is every. Forward. After that, the follow-up troops.

(5) refers to fighting the enemy with one-third of the troops and waiting for the opportunity with two-thirds of the troops.

(6) to, still say "and". The following is the same as "enemy rule".

(7) bullying others. It means attacking the enemy with elite soldiers first.

(8) Clean governance. It shows that the enemy has strong fighting capacity and neat lineup.

(9) Soldiers, foot soldiers with weak fighting capacity.

(10) and, participation.

(1 1) Simple and flat terrain.

(12) Two (e hungry) means steep and narrow terrain on both sides.

(13) Life and death refers to life and death.

Bazhentu site

The site of Eight Arrays Map is located in the southwest of Mi Mou Town, qingbaijiang district, which is said to be the place where Zhuge Liang deduced the art of war and practiced his foot soldiers. According to ancient records: "Eight arrays are like eight diagrams to locate, taking wells and land as shapes, and the discipline of soldiers is also. Wuhou's interpretation is wonderful. " According to the Eight Arrays Map, "The Eight Arrays Map of Zhuge Wuhou is located in the middle of Shu, Yong 'an Palace in Kuizhou and Mi Mou Town in Xindu. "(Mimou Town originally belonged to Xindu County) Today, there are only six earth barriers left in this site, and the style of that year has disappeared. 198 1 year, Chengdu Municipal People's Government announced it as a municipal cultural relics protection unit.

Wooden Oxen and Gliding Horses

Lu Guo Mu Niu Liu Ma

Cattle herding Liu Ma can be traced back to the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. According to Wang Chong's book Lun Heng, Lu Ban, a famous carpenter in Lu State, made a wooden chariot and horse for his old mother Gong Qiao. "The authorities have it and cannot drive it back."

Sheng Guo Mu Niu Liu Ma

Perhaps it was inspired by Luban's wooden chariots and horses. About 700 years later, Zhuge Liang invented the wooden ox and flowing horse in the Three Kingdoms period, and used it to transport rations on the rugged plank road, and "if people don't work hard, cows don't eat." Compared with Wang Chong's few words about Luban's wooden chariots and horses, the descriptions of Zhuge Liang's wooden horses and horses in The History of the Three Kingdoms are vivid, vivid and extremely detailed. But I don't know why, Chen Shou and Luo Guanzhong said nothing about the principle and technology of making Liu Wu.

The one hundred and twentieth chapter of The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, "Sima Yi occupied Wei Qiao in the north, and Zhuge Liang was a wooden ox and a flowing horse", describes that Zhuge Liang went out of Qishan six times and captured Meng Huo seven times, which had a great influence on the Central Plains. He invented a new type of transportation called "Mu Niu Liu Ma", which solved the problem of grain and grass transportation for hundreds of thousands of troops. This tool is more advanced than it is now. It does not need energy and will not cause an energy crisis.

Zhuge Liang made wooden horses and cattle to transport grain and grass. Since ancient times, there has been no conclusion about what a wooden cow is like. There are various statements, but none of them is more in line with the original state. I think the reason is that machinery is not familiar with history, and machinery manufacturers have no habit of textual research.

Cattle herding Liu Ma in the Southern and Northern Dynasties

More than 200 years later, Zu Chongzhi, a genius of science and technology in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, is said to have recreated the wooden ox and flowing horse. It's hard to understand that he didn't leave a photo message.

explore

First, read the introduction of Muniu Liuma in the book: the head is bent and the abdomen is square, with one foot and four feet, the head is at the collar, the tongue is in the abdomen, and the load is more and the line is less. A lone traveler is dozens of miles, and a group traveler is twenty miles. The person hanging is the cow's tongue, the person bending is the cow's rib, the person carving is the cow's tooth, the person standing is the cow's horn, and the cow holds up two shafts. People walk six feet, and cows walk four steps.

Liu Ma: The ribs are 3 feet 5 inches long, and the left and right sides are the same. The front axle hole is divided into four inches, the front foot hole is divided into four inches and five minutes, and there are two square capsules.

From the narrative in the book, the wooden cow is the equipment equivalent to the engine, and the flowing horse is just a device for loading things, which is equivalent to the car compartment.

From the structural point of view, the wooden cow adopts a power-assisted mechanism, and a flywheel mechanism may be added inside. Judging from his operation, there are gear mechanisms and crank-connecting rod mechanisms used in it. When people push the wooden cow, the crank-connecting rod mechanism inside drives the flywheel through the gear. After the flywheel is running, the inertia of the flywheel helps the wooden cow, thus achieving the purpose of saving labor.

Liu Ma's structure is actually a scooter, but the center of gravity and load-bearing parts are changed, which is more labor-saving than the previous scooter.

About this cow and that cow mentioned in the book, it's just the habit of China people to increase the mystery of wooden cows, as Zhouyi said, what the horse looks like and so on.

A wooden cow has four legs, which are actually wheels. There were no professional mechanical terms in ancient times, so the expressions of some parts were different from today.

There is speculation that wooden cows walk with their feet, but this requires a hydraulic mechanism, which is impossible under the conditions at that time. It is impossible to do it by hand. Because there are so many institutions used in this way, some institutions have not been invented at that time.

The reason why you can't walk with your tongue twisted is simple. There is an anti-reverse ratchet mechanism inside.

Of course, I only speculate based on the records in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. But it shouldn't be too far. I don't have detailed information about Liu Ma, a cow, at hand, but I guess from my experience.

There may be complicated imagination, but I think it is more reasonable, so the structure adopted is relatively simple, which is in line with the productivity situation at that time.

Our sages seem to join hands to keep the next eternal mystery to test the wisdom of our future generations.

R&D

The ancient mystery has attracted generations of mysterious explorers. Needless to say, since 1956, seven cow Liu Ma research societies have been established spontaneously all over the country. However, as a result of exploring riddles, the authenticity of ancient riddles itself is first doubted and denied, and a "unicycle theory" seems to be a thousand-year conclusion. As early as the Song Dynasty, Gao Cheng wrote in his Chronicle of Things: "A wooden ox flows a horse, and today's car has a front axle, and the horse is the only one to push it today." Mr. Fan Wenlan, a contemporary historian, thinks: "The wooden cow is a human unicycle with one foot and four feet." In a word, most researchers and archaeologists believe that the so-called wooden ox and flowing horse is not a miracle of creation, but the apotheosis of legends and the exaggeration and misunderstanding of the recorder.

However, there are always people who "love to death and never admit their mistakes", and firmly believe that the records in ancient books will not be false, and that there is indeed a wooden cow and a flowing horse and they are trying to create it. 1986 With the support of Xinjiang Institute of Technology and its mechanical department and the sponsorship of Japanese businessmen, Wang Kui, a senior engineer, made three wooden cows and flowing horses. Each one is a quadruped walker. You can put your hand on the two shafts at the back to make it walk. The fly in the ointment is that it does not have the load-bearing function, and once the luggage is crushed, it can't walk. The problem of walking with load has not been solved.

The opportunity to break through seems to be left to Guo Tongxiao, a farmer from Yangxian County, Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province.

Speaking of it, it was purely accidental that he made a wooden ox and a flowing horse. 1997 During the Spring Festival, the TV series Romance of the Three Kingdoms was launched, and Guo Tongxiao got together with friends to watch it every day. When I saw the episode of Mu Niu Liu Ma, someone was very excited to see Guo Tongxiao and joked with him, "You like playing games. If you can play games with Mu Niu Liu Ma, I will serve you. " He agreed without thinking. And immediately put into the intense research and development work.

From the beginning, he firmly believed that Liu Ma, a wooden cow, should walk with legs instead of wheels, and only legs could climb the steps of the plank road. But how do you get your legs moving? He skillfully used the principles of lever and inertia in physics to design internal mechanisms such as lever-link structure, balance structure and pace structure, and it took only three months to trial-produce the first batch of floating horses.

This horse is 1.4m in length, 1. 1m in height, and 17.5kg in self-weight, and can carry 35 to 40kg. With a little traction or thrust, the horse can walk on both feet, and as long as the tongue is pressed, the action mechanism can get stuck, which is consistent with the description in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

Although the stride of this first floating horse is only 20cm, and its load is only 35-40kg, it gives a definite answer to an eternal mystery: Liu Ma the cow is not an exaggeration by writers, a misunderstanding by historians, but a true historical truth!

Kongming Lantern, also called Sky Lantern, is said to have been invented by Zhu Gekongming (Zhuge Liang) during the Three Kingdoms period. At that time, Zhu Gekongming was besieged by Sima Yi in Pingyang, unable to send troops out of the city for help. Kong Ming calculated the wind direction, made a floating paper lantern, tied with the message for help, and then escaped as expected, so later generations called this lantern Kong Ming Lantern. Another way of saying this is that this lantern looks like a hat worn by Zhu Gekongming, hence its name.

Flying Kongming Lantern Video: /player/outer_player.swf? auto = 1 & amp； ; vid= 124 13205。 uid = 137 1 185877

Modern people put lanterns on Kongming lanterns as a blessing. The wishes of men, women and children to write blessings by hand symbolize the bumper harvest and happiness every year.

During the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty, ancestors were introduced into Taibei County, Pingxi Township and Shiliao District of Taiwan Province Province from Hui 'an and Anxi counties in Fujian, that is, the upper reaches of Keelung River. According to the oral accounts of the elders in Shiliao area, bandits occurred in Shiliao area in the early Qing Dynasty. Being located in the mountainous area, all the villagers fled to the mountains. After the bandits left, the people who stayed in the village used sky lanterns as signals at night to inform the villagers who had taken refuge in the mountains that they could go down the mountain and go home. This is also the way to report peace to the villagers. Since the Lantern Festival falls on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, villagers in ten regions celebrate the Lantern Festival every year and report peace to villagers in neighboring villages. Therefore, villagers in ten areas also call sky lanterns "blessing lanterns" or "safety lanterns".

Kongming lantern structure

The structure of Kongming Lantern can be divided into two parts: the main body is mostly bamboo grates, followed by cotton paper or paper paste, and the underframe is bamboo grates. Kongming lanterns can be large or small, round or rectangular. Generally speaking, Kongming lanterns are barrel-shaped made of bamboo pieces, surrounded by thin white paper, and their openings are downward.

When taking off with a light, tie a piece of coarse cloth or gold paper stained with kerosene or peanut oil in the middle of the bracket at the bottom, and light the fuel before flying. After the fire in the lamp burns for a while, it will produce hot air and the lanterns will expand. After flying, the whole lantern will soar in Ran Ran. If the weather is clear and the kerosene at the bottom burns out, the Kongming Lantern will automatically descend.

Homemade kongming lanterns

Tools and materials: A. Copying paper B. Paper cutter C. Scissors D. Needle-nosed pliers E. Cotton thread F. Industrial alcohol G.502 glue H. Iron wire I. Cotton J. Bamboo strips;

Note: Kongming Lantern must be released in windless weather and open places, otherwise it will not fly to the sky and may cause fire. You need 2-3 people to cooperate when flying, and it is strongly required to be accompanied by an adult. In addition, the cable can be tied to the bottom of Kongming Lantern, which can not only fly repeatedly, but also control the take-off height and range to avoid fire.

step

A. Cut the bamboo strips into a thickness of less than 3mm with a paper cutter, then bend the bamboo strips into a circle and fix them with cotton thread or 502 glue. Bamboo is elastic, and bamboo rings are not necessarily round. You can bake it with a small fire and fix the bamboo circle into a circle.

B. Fine copper wire can be obtained by removing the insulation layer outside the waste wire with needle-nosed pliers. But the copper wire should not be too thin, otherwise it will burn easily. Three copper wires can be screwed together to avoid this problem.

C. Cut the tissue paper into pieces of paper with specifications as shown in the figure. Glue one side of the first paper and one side of the second paper together, and then glue the third and fourth sheets together in the same order until a ball with a diameter of about 60 cm is formed. Cut a circular piece of paper and stick the air holes on it. When it is dry, blow up the balloon and find a thin and narrow bamboo stick.

D. Tie the copper wire to both ends of the bamboo circle, and then stick the finished lampshade on the bamboo circle. Tie cotton to a copper wire, soak it in alcohol, light it and you can fly it. Kongming's lanterns should not be too small, otherwise it will be difficult to ascend to heaven.

Allow the plane to take off

On a clear and windless night, one person holds the left and right sides of the lamp bottom, and the other person soaks absorbent cotton with alcohol and lights it until both hands feel that the Kongming Lantern is rising, that is, let go of both hands slowly, and the Kongming Lantern will fly slowly, and the rising height can reach 1000m or so.

Lift-off procedure recommendations:

The making method of Kongming Lantern is simple, but it is greatly influenced by the venue and weather when it is launched. When the wind is strong, it is easy to blow the lamp body obliquely and burn it out. When it rains, it is easy to get wet and cannot be released, so it is best to cast it when there is no wind.

1. First, turn on the lamp body and tie the control lines around and at the bottom.

2. Fill it with fuel.

3. After ignition, the air inlet should be as low as possible to reduce the loss of hot air, but it should not be too low to avoid the flameout due to insufficient oxygen. At the same time, the surrounding control lines must be straightened.

4. When the temperature of hot gas in the lamp body is enough, slowly loosen the surrounding control lines to maintain the lamp body rising steadily. The control line at the bottom must control the rising speed and height of the lamp body.

5. After the sphere is launched, its height and direction can be linearly controlled, and it can also float freely, thus completing the launch.

Kongming lantern take-off conditions

The reason why Kongming Lantern "flies" is because the fuel combustion makes the ambient air temperature rise, and the density drop and rise, thus exhausting the original air in Kongming Lantern, making its own gravity smaller, and the buoyancy of the air lifts it up.

According to the ups and downs, only when:

F floating > g total =G hot air +G lamp

Namely: g lamp

When it can rise, it can be seen that its own weight (including the gravity of the fuel in the outer pot) must be very light to take off. To what extent?

G light < f float -G hot air = ρ air gV row-ρ hot air gV,

G light