How do horizontal tornadoes form? When and where?

A tornado is a vortex: the air rotates rapidly around the axis of the tornado. It is attracted by the extremely reduced air pressure in the center of the tornado. In a thin layer of air tens of meters thick near the ground, the air flow is The bottom of the vortex is sucked in from all sides. And then it turns into an upward vortex around the axis. The wind in a tornado is always cyclonic, and the air pressure in the center can be ten percent lower than the surrounding air pressure.

A tornado is the product of a thunderstorm in the clouds. Specifically, a tornado is a form in which a small part of the huge energy of a thunderstorm is concentrated and released in a small area. The formation of a tornado can be divided into four stages: (1) The instability of the atmosphere produces a strong updraft, which is further strengthened due to the influence of the maximum passing airflow in the jet stream. (2) Due to the interaction with the wind with shear in both speed and direction in the vertical direction, the updraft begins to rotate in the middle of the troposphere, forming a mesoscale cyclone. (3) As the mesoscale cyclone develops toward the surface and extends upward, it itself thins and intensifies. At the same time, a small area of ??enhanced coordination, that is, a nascent tornado is formed inside the cyclone. The same process that creates a cyclone forms the core of the tornado. (4) The rotation in the core of a tornado is different from that in a cyclone. It is strong enough to make the tornado stretch all the way to the ground. When the developed vortex reaches the height of the ground, the surface air pressure drops sharply and the surface wind speed rises sharply, forming a tornado. \

1. Characteristics of Tornadoes Tornadoes often occur during thunderstorms in summer, especially in the afternoon to evening. The attack range is small, and the diameter of a tornado is generally between ten and hundreds of meters. The survival time of a tornado is generally only a few minutes, and the longest is no more than a few hours. The wind is particularly strong, with wind speeds near the center reaching 100-200 meters/second. It is extremely destructive. Where a tornado passes, it often uproots trees, overturns vehicles, destroys buildings, etc. Sometimes it sucks people away, causing serious harm.

2. Precautions against tornadoes

(1) When at home, be sure to stay away from doors, windows and the outer walls of the house, and hide in a wall or small room opposite the direction of the tornado. Head squatted. The safest place to hide from a tornado is in a basement or semi-basement. (2) In the emergency situation where a power pole falls or a house collapses, the power supply should be cut off immediately to prevent electric shock to the human body or fire. (3) When encountering a tornado in the wild, you should find a nearby low-lying area and lie down on the ground, but stay away from large trees and electric poles to avoid being hit, crushed, and electrocuted. (4) When a car encounters a tornado when going out, you must not drive to avoid it, nor take shelter in a car, because cars have almost no defense against tornadoes. You should leave the car immediately and take shelter in a low-lying area. On May 27, 1999, four counties in central Texas, including the capital Austin, were hit by a tornado, killing at least 32 people and injuring dozens more. According to reports, more than 50 houses collapsed and more than 30 people were killed in the tornado in the town of Jarrell, 40 miles north of Austin. The area of ??damage was a mile long and 200 yards wide. This is the second area in the United States to be hit by a tornado after the city of Miami was hit by a tornado on May 13. Generally, a tornado is a type of cyclone. When it touches the ground, its diameter ranges from a few meters to 1 kilometer, with an average of several hundred meters. The impact range of tornadoes ranges from a few meters to tens or hundreds of kilometers, causing damage to everything wherever they go. The funnel-shaped center of the tornado consists of sucked dust and condensed water vapor forming a visible "dragon's mouth". Over the ocean, especially in the tropics, similar phenomena occur called maritime tornadoes. Most tornadoes spin counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere, but there are exceptions. The exact mechanism of tornado formation is still under study, but it is generally believed to be related to the violent activity of the atmosphere.

Tornadoes are usually extremely fast. It is not surprising that the wind speed is 100 meters per second, and even reaches more than 175 meters per second, which is five or six times greater than a Category 12 typhoon. The scope of the wind is very small, generally only 25 to 100 meters in diameter, and only in rare cases the diameter reaches more than one kilometer; the time from occurrence to disappearance only takes a few minutes, at most a few hours.

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Tornado has been a mystery for a long time. For this reason, it is necessary to understand it. A tornado strikes suddenly and violently, producing some of the strongest winds on the ground. Because its appearance and dispersion are very sudden, it is difficult to effectively observe it.

What is a tornado? A tornado is a vortex: the air rotates rapidly around the axis of the tornado. It is attracted by the extremely reduced air pressure in the center of the tornado. Within a thin layer of air tens of meters thick near the ground, Air is drawn into the base of the vortex from all directions. And then it turns into an upward vortex around the axis. The wind in a tornado is always cyclonic, and the air pressure in the center can be ten percent lower than the surrounding air pressure.