English word formation

English word formation mainly includes synthesis, transformation, derivation, mixing, truncation and abbreviation.

1 conversion method

In English, some nouns can be used as verbs and some adjectives can be used as adverbs or verbs. This method of taking one part of speech as another without changing its form is called transformation.

1) Verbs into Nouns

Many verbs can be converted into nouns, and most of them have little change in meaning (as follows); Sometimes the meaning changes (as follows); Some use verbs and indefinite articles to form phrases to express actions (as follows). For example:

Let's go for a walk. Let's go for a walk outside.

He is a strong man. He is a strong man.

Let's go swimming.

2) Nouns are transformed into verbs

Many nouns representing objects (as shown in Figure ① below), body parts (as shown in Figure ② below) and some people's nouns (as shown in Figure ③ below) can be used as verbs to express actions, and some abstract nouns (as shown in Figure ④ below) can also be used as verbs. For example:

Have you reserved a seat on the plane? Have you reserved a seat on the plane?

Please pass me the book. Please pass me that book.

She nursed her husband back to health. She nursed him back to health.

We had lunch together. We had lunch together.

3) Adjectives are transformed into verbs.

Some adjectives can be changed into verbs. For example:

We will try our best to improve our living conditions. We should try our best to improve our living conditions.

4) Adverbs are transformed into verbs

Some adverbs can become verbs. For example:

The murder will be revealed. Evil things will eventually be revealed.

5) Adjectives are transformed into nouns

Adjectives expressing colors can often be converted into nouns (as follows); Some adjectives, such as old, young, poor, rich, sleepy, involved and so on. Used with to indicate a class of people. When the subject is used, the predicate is plural (as follows). For example:

You should wear black at the funeral. You should wear black at the funeral.

The old people in our village live a happy life. The old people in our village live a happy life.

2. Derivation method

Adding a prefix before the root or a suffix after the root to form a new word with similar or completely opposite meaning to the original word is called derivation.

1) prefix

Except for a few prefixes, prefixes generally change the meaning of words without changing the part of speech; Suffixes generally change the part of speech without changing the meaning.

(1) Disa-, IL-, IM-, In-, IR-, MIS-, Non-, UN- and so on are commonly used prefixes that express negative meanings. Adding such prefixes before words will often form new words with opposite meanings. For example:

Appearance appears → disappears.

Correct → incorrect → incorrect.

Guide and guide → mislead and guide wrongly.

Stop → keep going.

(2) Prefixes expressing other meanings are often used as a- (mostly predicative adjectives) and anti- (against; Resistance), auto- (automatic), co-(* * with), en- (make), inter- (mutual), re- (again; Again), points-(below; Second; Small), tele- (emphasizing distance), etc. For example:

Separate antigas anti-gas

Automatic chart

Cooperation, cooperation, enjoyment and happiness.

Internet Internet reuse

Subway telephone

2) Suffix

English words can form new words not only by adding prefixes, but also by adding suffixes. Suffixes usually change the part of speech of words and form other parts of speech with similar meanings; A few suffixes will also change their meanings and become new words with opposite meanings.

(1) The suffixes that make up nouns are -ence, -(e)r/ -or (a person engaged in something), -ese (a person from a certain place), -ess (female), -ful (a ...),-Ian (an expert ...) and -ist (a professional). State), -ness (natural; State)，-tion(action； Process) and so on. For example:

Difference is different from → difference.

Write → Writer Writer

Japan Japan → Japan Japanese

Acting → Actress Actress

Mouth to mouth → bite at a time.

Music Music → Musicians Musicians

(2) The suffixes that make up verbs are -(e)n (mostly used after adjectives), -fy (making ...) and -ize (making ...). For example:

Width → widening → widening

Beauty → beautification and beautification

Purity → purification

Reality → realization

Organ → organization

(3) The suffix that constitutes an adjective is -al,

-able (capable), -(a)n (Chinese), -en (indicator substance after ous), -ern (directional), -ese (Chinese), -ful, -(ic)al, -ish, -ive, -less (negative),-for example:

Natural natural → natural natural

Reason makes sense → reason makes sense.

America America → America America

China, China → People in China, China

Gold gold → gold gold

East → East

Children children → childish

Snow → snow

(4) The commonly used suffixes of adverbs are -ly (mainly used after adjectives to indicate the way or degree) and -ward(s) (mainly used after words indicating the direction). For example:

Anger → Anger → Anger

In the direction of …, in the direction of ….

Dongdong → Dongdong

(5) The suffixes of numerals are -teen (decimal), -ty (decimal) and -th (ordinal). For example:

66 → 166 → 166

44 → 440 → 440

3. Synthesis method

1) synthetic nouns

Examples of word formation

Noun+noun weekend

Noun+verb dawn

Noun+Gerund Handwritten Calligraphy

Noun+transitive verb +er/or painkiller

Noun+preposition+noun editor-in-chief

Pronoun+noun she-wolf female wolf

Verb+noun typewriter typewriter

Gerund+noun reading room reading room

Now participle+noun flying fish flying fish

Adjective+noun gentleman

Adverb+verb outbreak

Preposition+noun afternoon

2) Synthetic adjectives

Noun+adjective snow-white

english-speaking

Nouns++to++Nouns Face to Face

Noun+past participle artificial

Number+noun unidirectional unidirectional unidirectional

Numbers+nouns+adjectives Two years old.

Number+Noun +EDF Five Layers and Five Layers

Verb+adverb transparent

Adjective+noun advanced advanced advanced

Adjective+noun+noble thought noble

Adjective+adjective light blue light blue

Adjective+present participle looks good.

Adverb+adjective evergreen

Adverb+present participle industrious

Adverb+past participle is well known.

Fast food specializes in fast food service

Preposition+noun downhill downhill

3) Synthetic verbs

Noun+verb sleep-walking sleepwalking

Adjective+verb whitewash paint

Adverb+verb overthrow

4) Synthetic adverbs

In a hurry

Adjectives and adverbs are everywhere.

Adverb+inverse adverb.

Preposition+noun first

Preposition+adverb forever and ever

5) Synthetic pronouns

Pronouns accusative +self her self

Master pronoun myself

Adjective+noun anything

6) Synthetic prepositions

Adverb+noun in it ...

Preposition+adverb within is within.

Adverb+preposition enters the entry

4. Truncation (abbreviation)

Truncation means that the abbreviation, meaning and part of speech of words remain unchanged, mainly in the form of truncation, truncation and truncation.

1) is truncated.

Telephone → telephone

Aircraft → aircraft

Comprehensive → bus

2) Tailing

Mathematics → mathematics

Cooperation → cooperation

Examination → examination

Kg → kg

Laboratory → laboratory

Taxi → taxi

3) truncation

Influenza → flu

Refrigerator → refrigerator

Prescription → script

5. Mixing method (mixing method)

Mixing method, that is, mixing two words or taking parts of each to make a new word. The second half represents the subject; The first half represents attributes.

News broadcast → news broadcast

Television broadcast → television broadcast

Smoke and fog → smoke

Heliport → Heliport

6. acronyms

Abbreviation, that is, to form a new word with the first letter and the last letter of the word. There are two main pronunciation forms, that is, each letter is pronounced separately; As the pronunciation of words.

Very important person →VIP (reading alphabetic sounds) VIP; big shot

TV → TV (reading letters and sounds) TV

English as a foreign language test → TOEFL TOEFL

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)