What are the main taboos of Han nationality?

Most Han people avoid eating raw food on the first, second and third days of the first month, that is, the food on the first day of the New Year's Day is much more cooked than before the old calendar year, and it only takes three days to return to the pot. I think it's ripe and smooth, but my life is reverse. Therefore, in some places, everything is ready before the Spring Festival, and there is a saying that the knife can't be cut for three days. For another example, in some areas of Henan, the third day of the first month is Xiaomi's birthday, and rice is not eaten on this day, otherwise it will lead to millet production reduction; In the past, women had many dietary taboos during childbirth. For example, women in many areas of the Han nationality do not eat rabbit meat during pregnancy, and think that children who eat rabbit meat will have rabbit lips; In other places, it is forbidden to eat fresh ginger, because fresh ginger has many fingers, so as to prevent children from growing six fingers on their hands and feet. In the past, most childless women of Han nationality avoided eating dog meat, thinking that it was unclean and easy to cause dystocia.

In the long-term historical development, the Han nationality has integrated the excellent culture of the brotherly nation, and also accepted some national customs, forming its own unique customs and taboos, mainly including:

1, don't wear white clothes on holidays. In Dai Xiao, it is considered unlucky to wear white clothes after the death of a relative. Of course, modern people get married except the bride's white wedding dress.

2. Don't say "13" to others, which is to look down on other people's dirty words.

3. Avoid saying that men are "turtles". If so-and-so is a "turtle", it is equivalent to calling him a useless man who doesn't even care if his wife has a third party.

4. Avoid using the word "4" in many places. Because "4" and "death" are homophonic, for example, the number of patients and beds in some hospitals should not be numbered with "4"; Some buildings don't use the floor and room number numbered "4", but use "13B" instead of "14" floor.

5, men and women in love, avoid eating a "pear", because "pear" and "parting" are homophonic, as well as visiting the patient's fruit, avoid giving "pear", the same reason.

6. When you move to a new house, it is forbidden to "send the clock" on your birthday, because "send the clock" and "send the final" are homophonic. If you use a "clock" as a gift, you should say "send a timer".

As a settled agricultural nation, Han people not only pay attention to the residential function of houses, but also closely link houses with the fate of "home". Every family and clan wants to grow and develop. In order to achieve this goal, people make a big fuss about housing construction, trying to choose Long Mai with geomantic omen and God-blessed areas to build houses. However, the location, orientation and furnishings of some houses are not in line with Feng Shui. The concept of "xiangzhai" is listed as taboo.

Site selection, commonly known as "fragrant mansion", is the choice of objective things and environment, which can be described as the premise of architecture. Among the Han people, agricultural production has a strong dependence on climatic conditions and natural environment, and gradually gives nature a high degree of spiritual symbolic significance, thinking that the quality of natural environment will directly lead to the quality of people's fate. So it is very important to choose a good foundation in architecture.

There are many taboos in the choice of homestead. "Ten Books of Yangzhai" says: "Come straight to the door from the south, avoid passers-by, take a big stone and change the town so as not to make future generations cry." "Things go straight to the heart, and the main wind is bound to be sick. Doctors have never used it, and children and grandchildren will inevitably cry. " "There is water in front of the house and mountains behind it. Ten people are worried about these nine people. When the family wealth is exhausted, the cattle and sheep are dying. " These taboos are common in the civil construction industry. For example, in Jiangdu County, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, building a house "mainly avoids two places. One is the place where the road leads directly to the house, and the locals call it' road arrow'; Second, there is a place where the river leads directly to the house, which is called' water arrow' locally. Arrows can shoot people. Building a house in this place is prone to accidents and unlucky, so we must avoid it. " According to the Ming Dynasty's "Building Doors", every family is suitable to live near Guanguan Xianju, which makes people live long and live in peace. It is not suitable to live in the battlefields of Dangchongkou, Tajia, Temple, Zushe, Furnace and Metallurgical and Old Military Camp, where there is no vegetation, where there is running water, where there is rushing water on the mountain, and where there is no direct residence at the city gate, prison gate and Baichuankou. This is the key point for people to choose building foundations in the Ming Dynasty, and it is based on the principles of sadness, avoiding the world, avoiding wars, being quiet, having many children and being afraid of litigation, which caters to the general mentality of the people and the people will follow suit.

In addition to the above taboos, there is also a big taboo, that is, "Tai Sui". "On Difficult Age" describes it like this: "Migration Law Day:' Migration to old age is fierce, and negativity is also fierce. "The traditional name is under age, and the negative traditional name is broken, so they are all fierce. If you put yourself in the family, the world will not move north and south, and you will avoid getting married. In fact, as early as Gou Zi's Confucianism and Filial Piety, there was a record in Tai Sui: "The prince of Wu was also punished. On the day of his trip, he greeted Tai Sui with soldiers from the southeast. "But what exactly is putting? There are always different opinions. Generally speaking, it is closely related to Jupiter. At that time, surveyors (diviners of buildings) thought that Tai Sui was an evil spirit on the ground corresponding to the old star in the sky, and could infer Tai Sui's position on the ground according to the position of the old star. If they break ground in the place of Tai Sui, they will dig out a creeping spherical clod, and people who build or move houses should avoid it, otherwise they will suffer. This kind of clod is what people often say, and it is no wonder that there is a saying: "You can't break ground on your head. "Although Wang Chong strongly refuted this" vulgar theory ",there are still records about the fierceness of Tuzi landlords after the Han Dynasty. "Youyang Miscellaneous Continuation" contains: "Three Wufeng brothers, in Jimo County, Laizhou. Feng doesn't believe in this position, which is taboo. He tried to dig a hole in his traditional era and saw a piece of meat, the size of a bucket, crawling, so he filled it up and his meat came out, so Feng gave it up carefully. After staying for a long time, I was stuck in court. The handmaiden of the Feng brothers was reported in a few days, and only one woman was left. " Tai sui tu is actually a kind of tremella, and it was only because it could not be explained at that time that the assumption of Tai sui fierce came into being.

After the foundation of the house is selected, Mr. Feng Shui will decide the orientation of the whole house by observing and interpreting its external environment and weather. If the owner does not invite a department, it will be directed by Master Damu. Feng Shui calls this method of determining the orientation of houses "phase method".

Orientation should conform to the trend, avoid going against the trend, and be based on natural topography, landforms and water flow direction. Climate characteristics determine the "general direction", which is the general direction. The general rule is to sit in a pattern of "negative yin holding yang" facing north. Some special villages face east or west because of taboos, avoiding evil spirits and natural conditions. The taboo of orientation is not very strict. The most taboo is that the terrain is high in the south and low in the north, which looks extremely ugly. As the saying goes, "the front (south) is high and the back (north) is low, and the widowed will decline." The back (north) is high and the front (south) is low, and there are many cattle and horses. " In fact, this is natural. People always build their houses in sunny places in the south of the mountain, not in shady places in the south. It is also inconvenient to go out to climb mountains. After the completion of the main building, it is also taboo to build more houses around. "On Balance and Four Taboos" said: "There are four taboos in customs: First, it is forbidden to live in western countries, and the western countries are unknown." The so-called Yi Xi House is the westward expansion of the homestead. In this regard, "Custom Pass" also thinks so, and further explains Japan: "House is not beneficial to the west, saying that the west is the best, and those who benefit harm their parents. The reason is that the Book of Rites says, "From the south to the north, the west is the best." This means that the house in the north-south direction is the residence of the elders in the west, and no additional houses can be built.

With the determination of residential orientation, the orientation of doors and windows is also determined. The door is a symbol of the separation of indoor and outdoor space, and it is the first pass to enter the room. China people have always attached great importance to the handling of various doors, and Feng Shui also pays great attention to this: "The quality of a house is all in the door ... the house is angry with the door, and the Jews are angry with the mouth, so the door is called the air port, and the convenient door is called the palace." "Geographical conventions ... are all about the wind and the road. The sky is above, the ground is below, and the layers are launched to decide good or bad." Generally speaking, the folk gate is located in the south, southeast and east, commonly known as "Sanjifang", and the southeast is the best, commonly known as Qinglong Gate. Compared with the gate position of traditional houses, it is more in line with this statement. Taboos in ancient doors are related to family names. "Lun Heng Qian Shu Pian" cloud: "Tu Zhai Shu" cloud: Merchants should not go south, and it is not appropriate to levy people in the north. "Wu He Ji" says: "The corner gate should not face west, and the palace gate should not face east", and so on. This is an example of this ancient custom belief. This superstition is no longer used in modern times.

The taboo facing the door is more related to the environment outside the door. In Jinhua, Zhejiang, "in ancient times, if the main entrance was facing other houses, corners, hills, rocks, etc." It is considered unlucky and must pray for the separation of tiger and god. " (Huang Ziqi's "Jinhua Tiger Customs") thinks that there is a West Pool in front of every house, which is ominous for crying; There is a pool in the west that opens its mouth for the white tiger. If it is unlucky, it must be avoided. In the old days, when building a house in Tianjin, I was afraid that my door would face other doors, windows and gables, saying, "The window faces the door, or I will die if I don't go to court." Door to door, all dead. Especially the small door is the victim. As the saying goes, if "big mouth and small mouth" cannot be avoided, you need to build a shadow wall in your own door to stop the invasion of evil spirits. The door is rushing into the alley, and the animal head in front of the neighbor's house is not good. The world thinks it is unlucky, so we should find a way to crack it. Doors should also avoid dripping water directly on the eaves. As the saying goes, "dripping water from the roof helps the door, and one-on-one dies within one year; Dropping water at the door of the eaves does not hurt the big mouth or the small mouth. "

In short, this taboo about the opening direction and orientation of the door is mostly to avoid "airflow rush". In order to achieve this goal, people have a simple method, that is, put a shadow wall near the door, which can be straight or curved. On the other hand, it is necessary to keep the air unobstructed, so most of the screen walls are not closed, such as the screen wall at the entrance, so that the internal space shows the intention of being integrated with the outdoor.

While emphasizing the natural terrain, Han people also attach great importance to the position and scale relationship of adjacent buildings. The general requirement is reasonable. It is forbidden to reverse the car, that is, it is forbidden to run counter to the direction of everyone's home. Feng Shui calls buildings that run counter to the general trend "people resist evil", and there is a saying that "all troubles come from strength". As for the open space in front of the house (called the platform), we can't be high on both sides, only a little higher, a little lower, too low is impossible. This is the architectural expression of China's thought of "the mean" and "average".

Avoid planting big trees in front of the gate; In terms of tree species selection, Feng Shui believes that "Peach willow (Yima) is planted in the east, elm tree is planted in the west, plum jujube (Niu Yi) is planted in the south, and apricot tree is planted in the north". And "there are trees in the middle door, three generations of wealth, and elms and ghosts behind the house." "I like to plant double dates in front of the door, surrounded by bamboo trees, and I can make money" (Xiangzhai Book 4). In Kaifeng, Henan Province, there is a folk song of "house taboo": "Don't plant mulberry before, willow after, clap your hands in front of the door." Sang and mourning are homophonic; "Willow" refers to the fact that willow branches are often used as "mourning sticks" and "evoking souls" at funerals after parents' death. "Ghost clapping" refers to poplars, many of which are in the base, and the leaves make people clap their hands in the wind. There is also a folk saying that there is no locust behind the house. It is said that there was a custom of honoring Sophora japonica in ancient times. In ancient times, Sophora japonica was a symbol of good luck, longevity and official position, so it was forbidden to plant Sophora japonica in the back of the house. In Henan province, the planting of neem trees in hospitals is prohibited, and it is considered that neem trees are bitter beans, indicating that their owners eat bitter fruits. In the southern coastal areas, it is forbidden to plant plantains and bananas around houses. Popular beliefs tend to gather ghosts or make women suffer from blood diseases. "Wu Jiang Ji" said: "Those who refer to vegetation say: If the owner is defeated by apricot; There is Li in the west of the house; Sophora japonica is rich; Bananas, troubles and the like. " These taboos seem absurd, but if we look at the growth characteristics of these different tree species, we can find that they are quite scientific. For example, Sophora japonica prefers light to shade and is suitable for planting in the south of the house. Elm is a fast-growing tree species with lush foliage, which is beneficial to wind and cold protection when planted in the house. What is particularly interesting is that elm has a strong ability to absorb toxic gases and smoke. It can purify the air and protect the environment when planted in a house, so there is a saying that "a hundred ghosts are not close". After the house is built, we should consider the interior furnishings and use, and there are also taboos in this regard. In Tianjin, the wardrobe can't face the bed. In Hebei area, there is a taboo to stick windows. According to the social survey in Dingxian County, if farmers' windows are pasted before 1 October 1 after autumn, they must leave a small hole in the corner of the window and repair it in the future1October1. It is said that on July 15, the ghost was released to the capital of Yunnan and was forbidden to go far away, let alone stay outside. In some places in Shandong, it is forbidden to go out for two days, saying "stay and go, 369". If a good day has been set for departure, but bad omens suddenly happened in the old days, such as children falling down, crying, accidentally breaking teacups, etc. It's unlucky to put it off for at least one day. Yang Gongbi mentioned earlier is a special day to avoid traveling. According to Bu Ji, "laity people are afraid of Yang Gongbi, saying that he is not suitable for traveling, so they are puzzled. According to it, today is' House Fire Pig Day'. His technique is to start from the corner on New Year's Day, and according to the number of 28 nights, the duty room is Yang. " In this order, Yanggongbi should be: January 13th, February 11th, March 9th, April 7th, May 5th, June 3rd, July 1st, 29th, August 27th, September 25th, October 23rd, November 21st and December 19th. 28 days apart. It is forbidden to go out and leave home these days. As for who Yang Gong is, the test is unknown.

When eating out, there are many taboos, for example, don't drink soup first, don't drink soup in a bowl, use a spoon and don't spill the soup; Don't throw chopsticks or break bowls. "Go out a thousand miles, don't eat medlar". Lycium barbarum is a medicine for tonifying kidney and strengthening body. This taboo proverb implicitly warns men to pay attention to controlling themselves when they go out, and avoid philandering and courting women. Don't sleep under the covers when you go out, or you will become addicted. Don't stand on the bed when you get up, and don't stand or sit on the threshold of others at any time, because the host is not happy about it.

Walking on the mountain road, if someone calls his name, he can't promise and can't turn back. It is widely believed that this may be a ghost test. A person's name is a part of the human body. If you agree, the soul will be caught by ghosts and people will be in trouble. When traveling, it is still unlucky to avoid the funeral; Or take off your coat and hat and hit it a few times, thinking it's cracked. This is called "bad luck". In the mountains, travelers avoid miasma most. From a distance, I saw something like smoke and fog steaming on the top of the mountain. This is miasma. Smoking leaves is a way to avoid miasma, and other strong-smelling things can also avoid miasma.

Many farming peoples have a psychological accumulation of love for "home". Travel means a temporary stay until 10/month 1 day. If you paste windows without leaving holes before the first day of October, you will paste ghosts in the house. According to "Customs of Taiwan Province Province", the residence of plague ghosts still varies from time to time, and it is more common in indoor places, such as atrium, under east and west walls, bed, under bed, in front of kitchen and hall. If you don't know when and where the plague ghost is, you will get sick under its influence.

Han people are very concerned about the construction of kitchens. In the old days, the fire doors (boiler doors) in Henan province were forbidden to face east, west and south. The gate faces east and west, making the taboo of "burning things"; You can't face south, only north. As the saying goes: "burn the south, burn the sun;" It's okay to burn north. " He also said, "There is a lot of gold and silver. "In fact, setting the north-facing stove is determined according to the characteristics of the wind, not illusory.

In addition to the above, residential taboos also include many contents. For example, the Han nationality is quite taboo to move. There is a folk saying that "people move in poverty, but the fire goes out" and "people move in vain and the fire goes out". This is determined by the characteristics of farming culture. Farming people advocate "living and working in peace and contentment", and migration is a manifestation of the decline of family businesses. If you have to move, you should avoid moving in the first month and September, thinking that moving in a bad month will be unlucky. When moving, the Han people think that "moving the stove first", the kitchen god and genealogy should choose to move the new house first, and then move other things. Life taboos are still popular in rural areas.