Aeronautical detailed data collection

Aviation is a complex and strategic human activity, which refers to the flight (navigation) activities of aircraft in the earth's atmosphere (airspace).

The English word aviation comes from Latin avia or aero.

Aircraft engaged in flight activities, also known as aircraft, are divided into two categories: aircraft lighter than air and aircraft heavier than air. The former, such as balloons and airships, take off by using the static buoyancy of air; The latter, such as airplanes and helicopters, take off by aerodynamic force.

Chinese name: Aviation mbth: Aviation explanation: The navigation activities of aircraft in the atmosphere include: the history of aviation manufacturing, civil aviation and many other industries and fields, civil, military, air traffic control (ATC), environmental impact, historical development, the first company, American companies, domestic development, Latin American companies, Asian companies, aviation, a complex and strategic human activity. Refers to the flight (navigation) activities of aircraft in the earth's atmosphere (airspace), as well as scientific research and education, industrial manufacturing, public transportation, professional operations, air sports, national defense and military affairs, * * * management and other related fields. Through the use of airspace and aircraft, aviation activities can be subdivided into many independent industries and fields, such as aviation manufacturing and civil aviation. It is often seen that people use this word from their respective fields, and its connotation is rich and changeable. Aircraft engaged in flight activities, also known as aircraft, are divided into two categories: aircraft lighter than air and aircraft heavier than air. The former depends on the static buoyancy of the air, such as balloons and airships, while the latter depends on the aerodynamic force generated by the relative movement with the air, such as airplanes and helicopters. According to whether it is manned or not, it can be divided into manned aircraft and unmanned aircraft. Humans have long had a strong desire to fly in the sky, such as the myths and legends of China and the invention of kites in the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon. /kloc-in the 0 th and 9 th centuries, many people made gliders without engines to fly, and hot air balloons and airships were gradually used. 1903, the Wright brothers in the United States invented the plane and successfully tested it. However, some people think that Clement Adel is the real inventor of the airplane, and Feng Ru, the "father of aviation" in China, is also a pioneer in the history of world aviation. The history of human aviation has a long history, even the stones and spears used by the ancients, the mechanical pigeons made by Tass and Ashi in ancient Greece, the boomerangs as far away as Australia, the Kongming lanterns and kites in China are all related to this. As for real flying, as early as in ancient Greek mythology, Icarus was a man who could fly, and China's head of the Yuan Emperor, a parachute in Europe and the gliding flight of a Muslim, Abbas Kadhim Ibn Fuernas, all showed that human beings wanted to fly. /kloc-In the 5th century, Leonardo da Vinci's servant made a flapping-wing machine to do a flight test by imitating the wings of birds, but he not only couldn't fly, but also broke a leg. Aviation in a narrow sense refers to the navigation activities of manned or unmanned aerial vehicles in the atmosphere. Aviation in a broad sense also refers to aviation research, aviation manufacturing, aviation transportation and many other aviation-related fields. Since ancient times, human beings have had the desire to soar in the sky like birds, but it was not until the manned hot air balloon was launched in Europe in the late18th century that it was first realized. At the beginning of the 20th century, with the scientific and technological progress brought by the industrial revolution, the human aviation industry developed rapidly. 1903 12 17 American Wright brothers successfully tested the first human plane that is heavier than air, dynamic, controllable and sustainable, and opened a new era of modern aviation. Aviation is the most active and influential science and technology field in 2 1 century. The important achievements in this field mark the development level of human civilization and also reflect a country's comprehensive national strength and scientific and technological level. The beginning of modern aviation history is that1June 783 1654381October 2 1 day, a hot air balloon designed by French montague brothers carried out the first manned flight experiment. However, the practicality of hot air balloon at that time was very low, because it could only fly with the wind and was limited by the wind direction, so it needed a controllable airship. Jean-Pierre blanchard installed a manual propeller on the balloon in 1784, and successfully used the balloon to cross the English Channel in 1785. Later, different types of airships were developed. For example, Henry Gifard built the first airship powered by power in 1852, the airship designed by David Schwartz in 1896 and Albert Santos Dumont completed a flight around the Eiffel Tower in 190 1 year. Although many planes were able to fly at that time, it is generally believed that the plane that Wright brothers manufactured and successfully flew in June 5438 +0903+June 65438+February 65438 +07 was the pioneer of modern aircraft, but their plane still had many problems. After the improvement of 1 1 year, the first world war broke out, which changed the use of aircraft, mainly responsible for reconnaissance, bombing and even ground attack. Planes have become bigger and more reliable, and some planes are more used for business passengers. As for airships, large rigid airships became air vehicles with high passenger and cargo carrying capacity at that time, which could carry passengers and cargo for long-distance flights, the most famous of which was the German company Zeppelin. Led Zeppelin's most successful airship is the Count Zeppelin. It has been flying over one million miles, including/kloc-0' s round-the-world flight in August, 929. However, the "golden age" of Zeppelin Company ended on June 6, 1937, and the airship was replaced by an airplane with a range of only a few hundred miles. This is based on the Hindenburg air crash that killed 36 people. Even if the airship still has customers, its era is over. 1920 and 1930s were a great progress in aviation history. For example, Charles Lindbergh successfully crossed the Atlantic in 1927. The most successful aircraft at that time was Douglas DC-3, whose high passenger capacity made the airline profitable and wrote a new page in aviation history. During World War II, many cities built airports. The war made aviation science and technology progress, and the world's first rocket and jet plane were also developed in the war. Great changes have taken place in the aviation industry after the war. Many aircraft are used for commercial or private purposes, and a large number of retired fighter pilots and military aircraft are put into civil aviation service. This situation is most obvious in North America. Aircraft manufacturers such as Cessna have expanded their production scale and produced more small and medium-sized aircraft. In 1950s, the comet made by Sir Geoffrey de Havilland Company became the first civil aviation jet, and Boeing 707 became the first widely used civil aviation jet. The role of propeller aircraft can be changed to serve some low-capacity routes. The development of space activities also has a positive impact on aviation activities. On April/KOOC-0/96/KOOC-0/day, yuri gagarin was the first to fly into space, and on July/KOOC-0/969, neil armstrong was the first to land on the moon. In the 1960s, it was found that airplanes made of composite materials were quieter, more fuel-efficient and more applicable than traditional airplanes, but what was more progressive was the improvement of airplane instruments and flight control technology, and GPS, transistors, communication satellites, computers and LED displays appeared. These technologies reduce the number of instruments in the cockpit, save space, and greatly help smaller aircraft. Pilots can not only fly the plane accurately, but also observe the terrain and environment around the plane accurately. 1969, the first supersonic Harmony passenger plane made its maiden voyage. Its flying speed is as high as Mach 2, which is twice as high as that of ordinary civil aircraft, and it was one of the fastest air vehicles at that time. On June 2, 2004 1, the spaceship1became the first private jet capable of flying into space, which opened up a new market for the aviation industry. At the same time, aircraft fuel can also be replaced by other new energy sources, such as electricity, ethanol and even solar energy, which will be widely used in small aircraft. Civil civil, that is, civil aviation. Civil aviation refers to all aviation activities except those of the army, police, customs and other countries, including public air transport and general aviation. Airbus Air Transport Company, American Bombardier Company, Embraer, tupolev Design Bureau of Brazil, Russian Boeing, Airbus and tupolev all mainly produce narrow-body and wide-body passenger aircraft. Bombardier and Embraer mainly produce regional aircraft, and ARJ-2 1 developed by China AVIC Commercial Aircraft Co., Ltd. will join the market. Most aircraft manufacturers are only responsible for design, assembly and flight test, and aircraft parts are provided by different institutions around the world. Until the 1970s, most large airlines were state-owned airlines, which were protected by * * * from competitors. However, since the implementation of the open sky policy, many airlines have been established, which has led to a decline in air ticket prices. Coupled with high oil prices, high wages, the September 200 11incident and the SARS incident, many established airlines have applied for bankruptcy protection, * * * protection or merger, but at the same time, low-cost airlines such as Southwest Airlines have also become the beneficiaries during this period. Airbus -A380 General Aviation General aviation is a kind of civil aviation, which refers to civil aviation activities other than public air transport. General aviation can be used for flight training, skydiving, hot air balloon, gliding flight, aerial photography, ambulance flight, aerobatics, air patrol police or forest firefighters. Every country has different specifications for general aviation, depending on whether it is private or commercial. Its market is mainly aimed at customers who want to own private jets or flight school trainers. With the improvement of avionics system, in the past, only the avionics of large aircraft can be installed on small aircraft, such as GPS. The application of composite materials makes aircraft lighter and fly faster, which has become the driving force for the development of small aircraft. Allowing private flights in many countries can save money and reduce the standard of issuing airworthiness certificates to aircraft. Military as early as18th century, human beings have developed unpowered monitoring hot air balloons. At present, the demand and output of military aircraft are very large, and military aircraft manufacturers are competitors, because only one of them can get a contract from a certain country to provide military aircraft for that country, and the main consideration of * * * is the price, performance and speed of the aircraft. The military aircraft Cessna 208 fighter is used to destroy enemy military aircraft and protect our targets, such as Zero Carrier Fighter and F- 15 heavy fighter. Attack aircraft are used to attack ground targets and implement close fire support, such as A- 10 Thunder II attack aircraft. Bombers are used for strategic or tactical bombing, such as British Gaelic fighter-bomber and B-2 ghost stealth strategic bomber. Transport planes are used to transport manpower or materials, such as C- 130 transport planes. Reconnaissance planes are used for data collection, such as U-2 reconnaissance plane and SR-7 1 reconnaissance plane. Helicopters can be said to be "omnipotent hands", which can be used for battlefield rescue, ground fire attack, reconnaissance and command, force delivery and logistics support. Air Traffic Control (ATC) Traffic control is similar to the traffic police on the ground, and it exists to ensure the air navigation order and the effective use of airspace. Air traffic control is responsible for communicating with pilots, maintaining the distance between planes and ensuring that planes will not collide because they are too close. Air traffic controllers need to know the position of the plane, which is provided by the pilot or seen on the radar of a larger airport. The types of air traffic control are: central controller and console, which are responsible for controlling the aircraft in the airport. Marine controllers are responsible for controlling aircraft, mostly international flights. The terminal controller is responsible for controlling the aircraft about 50-80 kilometers outside the airport. Air traffic control is very important for the B-2 bomber in instrument flight, because the pilot may not see other planes or airports because of the weather. Even if the plane can fly visually in a larger airport, the pilot needs to obey the controller to maintain air order. The controller will provide different information to separate the aircraft because of the workload of the pilot, such as weather report, terrain, flight assistance and so on. However, it is impossible for air traffic controllers to control all flights. Visual flight, which is popular in North America, does not need to pay attention to the controller's orders at all times. In some areas such as northern Canada, it is impossible to fly at low altitude because there is no air traffic control service. Environmental impact is just like combustion activities. Aircraft using energy will release greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and carbon black. Its environmental impact is as follows: When the aircraft approaches the top of convection, it will release aircraft clouds and aerosols, which will increase cirrus clouds in the sky by up to 0.2%. When the plane approaches the top layer of convection, it will produce chemicals, which will affect the greenhouse gases at that height, especially nitrogen oxides, and increase the concentration of ozone. The gasoline burned by most small piston planes contains tetraethyl lead, which is a highly toxic substance and will pollute the land and airports. The first company with historical development and the five oldest airlines in the world are KLM of the Netherlands, Columbia Airlines of Colombia, Qantas of Australia, Aeromexico of Mexico and Czech Airlines of the Czech Republic. The earliest commercial flight route of American companies in the United States was established on 19 14 1. The earliest airlines are Braniff International Airlines, Pan Am, Delta Air Lines, United Airlines (formerly a subsidiary of Boeing), Trans World Airlines, Northwest Airlines and Eastern Airlines. In the early1965-1920s, there was almost no passenger service, and most airlines transported parcels. 1925, Ford motor company acquired an aircraft manufacturing company and began to manufacture all-metal Ford three-engine aircraft, which was the first successful aircraft in the United States. It can carry 12 passengers, thus making the passenger service more profitable. Air flight has gradually become a supplement to railway transportation in American transportation network. At the same time, Juan Tripp began to build an aviation network connecting the United States and the rest of the world. He founded Pan Am Airlines and used seaplanes to set up routes from Los Angeles to Shanghai and Boston to London. Pan Am and Northwest Airlines (flying from 1920s to Canada) are the only two airlines in the United States with international routes. /kloc-0 The appearance of Boeing 247 and Douglas DC-3 in the 1930s made American airlines generally profitable, and even the Great Depression failed to weaken this trend. This trend continued until the Second World War. 1945 after the postwar development, countries began to set standards and scope for the emerging civil aviation industry, and the United States supported giving airlines the greatest freedom of operation. One of the reasons is that American airlines did not suffer huge losses in the war like airlines in Europe and Asia. So far, the United States still supports this "open space" policy to some extent. World War II, like World War I, greatly promoted the development of the aircraft industry. Many airlines have made a lot of money by signing lease contracts with the military, and predicted the huge demand for civil aviation to transport goods and passengers in the future. They are willing to invest in new aircraft, such as Boeing 377, Lockheed Constellation and Douglas DC-6. Most of these new planes were developed on the basis of American bombers such as the B-29 Super Fort Bomber. The development of these bombers has led to the development of new technologies (such as supercharging). These new technologies have improved the efficiency of these aircraft, so that their speed and load have been improved. Comet haviland, Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8 became the first flagships of western jets in the 1950s. The Boeing 747, Douglas DC-10 and Lockheed L-10/1appeared in the 1970s, which brought great benefits to the aviation industry again. Today, these aircraft are still the main force in the international aviation industry. Tu-144 and Concorde made supersonic flight a reality. Airbus, founded in 1972, is by far the most successful commercial aircraft manufacturer in Europe. Most of these planes have not improved much in speed, but they have greatly improved in passenger capacity, load capacity and flight distance. 1978, the United States relaxed its control over the aviation industry and lowered the requirements for the establishment of new airlines. The economy was depressed at that time. New airlines enter the market. They buy planes, rent hangars and maintain services, train new employees and hire people who have been fired by other airlines. In the 1980 s, half of the world's aviation flights were in the United States. There are tens of thousands of flights every day in America today. At the end of the 20th century, a new type of low-cost airline offered low-cost flights without extra services. Low-cost airlines, such as Southwest Airlines, JetBlue, and Transair, pose severe challenges to major airlines, and Europe, Canada, and Asia also have corresponding trends. Their commercial potential poses a serious competitive threat to traditional airlines. But Trans-Air went out of business again. In the past 50 years, the American aviation industry has developed from profit to extreme loss. 1978 as the first big market to be deregulated, the aviation industry in the United States has been hit harder than any other country or region. Today, except American Airlines, all major airlines are under the bankruptcy protection of Chapter 1 1 of the United States Bankruptcy Law, or have withdrawn from the market. European companies The earliest countries engaged in air transport in Europe are Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. KLM is the oldest airline in the world today and still operates under its original name. Established in 19 19. Its first flight was at 1920, carrying two Englishmen from Amsterdam to London Heathrow Airport. Like other major European airlines at that time, KLM's initial development was mainly through connecting distant colonies. However, after the Dutch Empire lost its colony, KLM was in a bad situation, because the Netherlands is a small country with few possible customers, so it mainly relies on transit passengers to maintain its business. KLM is the first airline to use hub system to realize simple turnover. 19 19, France and Morocco started air mail service. 1927, this service was privatized, and the company was named Aéropostale, which gained a lot of capital and became an important international airline. 1933, the company went bankrupt, was nationalized, and merged with several other airlines to form Air France. 1923 September 12 was founded in Helsinki charter company Aero O/Y. It is the predecessor of Finnair and one of the oldest airlines still operating in the world. The earliest aircraft used by this company was a Ke Rong F 13, which was delivered on March 1924. The earliest flight was from Helsinki to Tallinn, Estonia on March 20th, 1924. Lufthansa was founded in 1926. Unlike most other airlines at that time, Lufthansa became a big investor outside Europe, investing in Embraer and Columbia Airlines. The Junk, Dornier and Fokker planes used by German Airlines were the most advanced in the world at that time. The peak of German air transport was in the middle of1930s, when the Nazi propaganda minister approved Led Zeppelin's commercial services. These huge airships became symbols of industrial capacity. However, their use of flammable hydrogen caused safety problems, which eventually led to the air crash of the 1937 Hindenburg spacecraft. 1965438+On August 25th, 2009, British company started the service between London and Paris, which was the first international flight in the world. The most important airline in Britain at this time is Imperial Airlines, which was renamed British Overseas Airlines on 1939. Imperial Airlines used the huge Handley-Petit biplane to fly between London, the Middle East and India: Imperial Airlines' plane was repaired by Bedouins in the Rubhari Desert, which is one of the most famous pictures left by the British Empire. Deregulation 65438+ The deregulation of the aviation industry by the European Union in the early 1990s had a great impact on the aviation industry. With the shortened flight distance, Yi Jie and Ryanair have created great competition for traditional national airlines. These state-owned airlines themselves are being privatized, such as Aer Lingus and British Airways. Some airlines, such as Alitalia, were hit by rising oil prices in early 2008. Domestic development According to the statistics of the International Airport Association, the global airport passenger throughput in 20 10 was 3.336 billion passengers, up 6.2% year-on-year. Among them, the Asia-Pacific region has the fastest growth, with a year-on-year increase of 12.3%. In the context of a good recovery of the global civil aviation industry, the China market has also performed well. In 20 10, there were 175 transportation airports in China, covering 9 1% of the national economic aggregate, 76% of the population and 70% of county-level administrative units. The passenger volume of civil aviation increased from1600,000 in 2006. From the perspective of domestic air ticket agents, there are many domestic air passenger transport sales agents, but the concentration is low. 1998, there were only about 500 air ticket agents and direct call centers in China. However, after more than ten years of development, by 20 10, there were about 8,000 first-and second-tier distributors with agency qualifications in China, and the number of air ticket agents sold through the external website system may exceed/kloc-0.000 million, but the average annual sales of air tickets for each agent enterprise is less than 30,000. Online ticket sales in OTA mode by companies such as Ctrip, E Long and Tenbon, ticket vertical search engine mode by websites such as Kuxun and Qunar, and ticket bidding platforms such as Voucher Alliance and 5 1BOOK are the main camps of domestic ticket distribution channels. In the past two years, hundreds of domestic third-party platforms have risen rapidly and gained market recognition. The amount of air tickets traded through the platform every day reaches 200 million yuan, accounting for 40%-50% of the total air ticket transactions in the country. The third-party platform meets the needs of multi-level consumers in the market with a new e-commerce model. From the perspective of foreign air ticket agents, in the United States, the proportion of air ticket direct sales has reached 665,438+0%, and agents only account for 39% of the market share; In Europe, the direct sales share of British Airways, Lufthansa and Air France also reached 50%. Even if zero air ticket agency fee is implemented, the agents have not completely disappeared, but the direct sales and agents are basically equally divided, and the market share of air ticket agents is highly concentrated. Although the commission ratio has a long-term downward trend, direct selling and distribution, as two channels of air ticket sales, will remain for a long time. Airline direct selling and agent distribution have their own advantages, facing different market segments and complementing each other. Although the increase in the proportion of direct air ticket sales is the general trend, its short-term impact on the agency industry is limited. For airlines, agency sales is their main sales channel, and airlines can realize the promotion of their sales scale through large-scale agency enterprises. If airlines implement the vertical integration strategy to enter the field of ticket sales, they need to expand the investment of capital and manpower, which will increase the complexity of management; Seeking cooperation with matching enterprises can reduce management expenses and marginal costs and maximize benefits. From the consumer's point of view, a large agency that can provide guaranteed services and diversified choices at the same time is a better choice. Due to the low flight density of a single airline, passengers have limited choices, especially business travelers who are not sensitive to price. Travel time is their primary consideration. Large agency enterprises can better meet this demand by integrating the ticket supply of several airlines. In addition, large-scale agency enterprises can also provide "one-stop" services for hotel reservation, car rental, tourist routes and other products, saving a lot of time and preparation for passengers, thus being favored by consumers. Therefore, the agency will still exist for a long time and occupy an important position in the air ticket sales channel. Although China's civil aviation industry has developed rapidly, its service capacity is still insufficient, and the problems of imbalance, uncoordinated and unsustainable development still exist. During the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period, China's civil aviation will show a trend of popularization and diversification, and rapid growth will remain the basic feature of this stage. According to the Twelfth Five-Year Plan of China Civil Aviation Development, by 20 15, the number of transport airports in China will reach more than 230, and an airport system with reasonable layout, perfect functions, distinct levels, safety and efficiency will be initially established; Passenger traffic will reach 450 million passengers, with a compound annual growth rate of 1 1%. Assuming that the proportion of direct sales of TravelSky will increase to 30% by then, the market size of air passenger transport sales agency will reach 20-24 billion yuan according to the average air ticket price 1 100 yuan and the comprehensive commission rate of 6-7%, and there is huge room for future development. With the intensification of competition in the air passenger transport sales agency industry, domestic excellent air passenger transport sales agency enterprises pay more and more attention to the research on the industry market. Because of this, a large number of excellent domestic air passenger transport sales agency enterprises have risen rapidly and gradually become the leader in the air passenger transport sales agency industry! Schematic diagram of the distribution of major aviation training colleges in China Latin American companies The five oldest airlines in the world are Aeromexico of Mexico and Czech Airlines of the Czech Republic, Columbia Airlines of Colombia, Qantas of Australia and KLM of the Netherlands. Chile's national airline is located in Santiago, Chile. The first companies in Latin America with air flights are Chile's national airline, Colombian Airlines, Aeromexico, Embraer and Central American countries (Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Guatemala and Nicaragua). These airlines all started to operate before World War II. Aeromexico was founded in 1934, formerly known as Aeromexico. Airlines in other regions, such as Argentine Airlines, are similar. All these airlines are still operating. The air transport market in Latin America is developing rapidly. These airlines serve their domestic flights, but also connect Latin American countries and fly to North America, Europe, Australia, Africa and Asia. Only Chilean National Airlines has overseas branches in Peru, Ecuador, Argentina and Dominica. Latin American air transport hubs include Sao Paulo, Brazil, Bogota, Colombia, Lima, Peru, Mexico City, Mexico, Buenos Aires, Argentina and Santiago, Chile. One of the earliest Asian countries where Asian companies started to own air transport enterprises was the Philippines. 194 1 Philippine Airlines was established on February 26th. It is the oldest airline in Asia and still operates under its original name. The airline was organized by a group of business people in the Philippines at that time, and its maiden voyage started from Manila to Baguio on March 15 of that year. Later, it began to use larger aircraft, such as Douglas DC-3. JAL's first plane (DC-3) was rented from Philippine Airlines. On July 3 1946, a Douglas DC-4 chartered by Philippine Airlines took 40 Americans from Manila Nelson Airport and flew to Oakland, California, USA via Guam, wake island, Johnston Atoll and Honolulu Lu Lu, becoming the first Asian airline to cross the Pacific Ocean. In the same year, the airline started flights between Manila and San Francisco in 65438+February, and became the national airline of the Philippines on 1946. Another airline that started earlier is air india, and 1932 was established in the name of "Tata Airlines". It was a branch of the enterprise of Indian industrialist Jamseki Tata (today's Tata Group). 1932 65438+1October 15 Tata himself flew a small single-engine plane to transport mail from Karachi to Mumbai for Imperial Airlines. Since then, a Royal Air Force has continued to fly planes to Chennai. After the outbreak of World War II, many newly established national airlines converted their planes to military use, so civil aviation in Asia basically stopped. After World War II, India resumed civil aviation. On July 29th, 1946, Tata Airlines became part of the state-owned enterprise and changed its name to Air India. After India's independence, * * * held a 49% stake in Air China. The airline has the right to fly international flights from India and is the national airline of India. India's neighbors soon began to engage in civil aviation. Pakistan International Airlines (formerly Eastern Airlines) and Cathay Pacific Airlines were established in 1946, Singapore Airlines and Malaysia Airlines in 1947, Garuda Indonesia in 195 1, Japan Airlines in 1 and China Airlines in/.