New achievements in arctic and Antarctic exploration

The era of large-scale scientific exploration in the Arctic began in 1957 ~ 1958 International Geophysical Year. At that time, more than 65,438+00,000 scientists from 65,438+02 countries conducted large-scale and multidisciplinary investigations in the Arctic and Antarctic, and established 54 land-based comprehensive research stations along the coast of the Arctic Ocean, and established many ice floes and unmanned buoy stations in the Arctic Ocean. Although with the geographical discovery of the Arctic, some countries have started sporadic investigations in oceanography, geology, glaciology, surveying and mapping, meteorology, biology and other disciplines very early, the success of scientific activities in the International Geophysical Year marks that scientific investigations in the Arctic and Antarctica have entered a stage of normalization, modernization and internationalization.

1On August 28th, 990, after more than four years of hard negotiations, representatives of eight countries, including Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, the United States and Russia, which have territorial and territorial waters in the Arctic Circle, signed the Constitution of the International Arctic Science Council in Risalute Bay, Canada, and established the first unified non-governmental international scientific organization, the so-called "Eight-nation Treaty". Although this is a non-governmental organization, the constitution clearly stipulates that only representatives of scientific institutions at the national level are qualified to represent their countries in the Committee. In other words, this is actually a non-governmental international organization with obvious government logo. Because, for a special region like the North Pole or the South Pole, no matter what name it is to carry out activities, such as non-governmental organizations and private individuals, it will be regarded as a "state act" in a certain sense. However, the International Arctic Science Committee is also a scientific institution, which at least formally expresses the desire of governments and scientists to downplay economic, military and political colors. Although apart from a few idealistic scientists, everyone knows that conflicts of interest between different countries in the Arctic cannot be completely avoided. The purpose of the International Arctic Scientific Committee is science, communication and coordination, and it is open to non-Arctic countries that carry out important scientific activities related to the Arctic in the Arctic or non-Arctic areas.

199 1 1 The committee held its first meeting in Oslo, Norway, and accepted six countries as full members: France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Poland and the United Kingdom. At this point, human international scientific cooperation in the Arctic has finally taken a difficult but historic step.

Although the International Arctic Science Committee has not been established for a long time, it has done fruitful work. Based on the principle of "peace, science and cooperation", the Committee actively coordinates and guides the Arctic exploration activities of various countries; Organize a huge international cooperation plan for some major scientific problems; In addition, biological resources, mineral resources, energy and environment in the Arctic have been effectively protected in time through the Convention, agreed measures and current resolutions. The Committee provides a stage and an opportunity for scientists from different social systems, different countries and regions to express their opinions. Scientists from all disciplines and professions can find the same language there.

Folding editing is the most important part of this paragraph.

Folding northeast route

After Franklin's tragedy was made public, people once lost their enthusiasm for the northwest route, but they did not forget the northeast route. With the discovery of a series of islands in northern Eurasia, the outline of how to get through the northeast route seems to be more and more clear. Finally, the honor finally fell into the hands of a Finn. Adolf Jirik 183 1 was born in Finland, and his father was a very famous scientist. At that time, Finland was still a part of Russia. In his twenties, he was expelled for his radical activities and forced to move to Stockholm, where he became Swedish and later became Baron Norden Vaild. 1858, as a geologist, he went to Spizbergen Island with his team for the first time to explore the North Pole. Then, in 1864, two more expeditions were made to the archipelago, and a fairly accurate map was drawn. Later, due to more and more whaling activities near Syndicate Island and Cora Sea, Norden Huld became interested in the vast Siberian coast. He believes that if the routes along the Siberian coast can be opened, the rich and unique resources in that area can be directly transported to the European market. So, starting from 1873, he sailed from Kola Sea to Yenisei River twice in a row, and went upstream until he reached Yenisesk in the mainland. Then, after making full preparations, in July of 1878 and 18, he led four ships and an international team of ***30 people composed of naval and army officers from Sweden, Russia, Denmark, Italy and Norway, as well as scientists, doctors, engineers and technicians and sailors, once again launched an attack on the northeast route, which will complete a historic one. At first, everything seemed to be going well. By the beginning of September, they had entered the Chukchi Sea and victory was in sight. However, on September 28th, it was only193km away from the north corner of the Bering Strait where Captain Cook was located, but their ship was suddenly frozen firmly and could not move. 10 months later, on the first anniversary of their departure, that is, 1879, 18 July, their ship broke free. The strong south wind blew away the ice floes, paving the way for their victory. 1July 20, 879, 1 1, they finally bypassed the northeast corner of the Asian continent and entered the Bering Strait. The smell of the Pacific Ocean came to our face, and human beings struggled for it for centuries. The northeast route, which paid a great price and sacrifice, was finally opened, and this time it took only one year and two days.

Folding northwest route

The British searched for the northwest route to China for centuries, which basically ended in Franklin's failure. Unexpectedly, this gold medal fell into the hands of Norwegians.

1872 16 In July, Amundsen was born in Norway, half of which is located in the Arctic Circle. Even when he was young, he set an ambition to surpass the North Pole. 1897, he interrupted his medical school and joined the Belgian fleet as the first mate to inspect the Antarctic, where he spent the winter, which further increased his interest in polar exploration. 1899 After returning to Norway, he turned his attention to the North Pole.

1at midnight on June 6th, 903, it was raining in Mao Mao. In order to avoid the intimidation and obstruction of creditors, he and six carefully selected partners quietly left the Oslo pier and sailed for the vast sea. On August 20th, he entered the Lacast Strait, and two days later, he boarded Franklin's island for the winter. Then, I spent my first winter in King William Island. Franklin's expedition was wiped out here, but they were much luckier. They not only hunt reindeer, but also make many Eskimo friends.

1On August 26th, 905, they finally walked out of the maze of islands and icebergs in the Canadian Arctic and entered the vast Beaufort Sea. Suddenly, a ship appeared on the horizon, which surprised them. This is an American whaling ship from San Francisco, belonging to the Bering Sea Whaling Fleet. This means that the goal that people have struggled for centuries has finally come true. Finding the northwest route has finally turned from a dream into a reality. A year later, on the last day of August 1906, Amundsen sailed into Nome Port on the west coast of Alaska with a long whistle, announcing the final victory of his historic voyage.

Fold first.

The human dream beyond the North Pole has a long history. As early as 1527, an American businessman named Tony wrote to Henry VIII that it was necessary to find a way to China through the North Pole. Later, Willoughby tried to find a way to China through the North Pole of 1553, Barents of 1596 and Hades of 1607. Although they all ended in failure, they opened up a new route for merchant ships.

200 years later, for the same reason, Moppes tried to cross the Arctic again in 1773, Skoles in 1806, Bokan in18/8, and Pan Rui in 1827 to find a way to the east. Later, Americans changed the original intention of this process. First Grace, then Piri, regarded the March to the North Pole as a pure sports competition and won the final victory. After the first test failed, Piri launched a second impact on the North Pole at 1905. This time, he brought more than 200 dogs and several Eskimo families, men, women and children. Men can carry things, women can sew clothes and children can adjust the atmosphere. Although this effort also failed, it reached 87 06' north latitude, only 273.58 kilometers away from the North Pole. Then, in July of 1908, Piri launched the third and final impact on the North Pole. At this time, all the sponsors formed a "Piri Arctic Club" to help him solve the required financial problems. This time there were 22 people, including the captain, the doctor, the secretary and the black assistant Henson who had been following him. There are 59 Eskimos who have 246 dogs. In early September, "Roosevelt" arrived in the Arctic waters and transported everything to the land base in Cape Columbia. On the last day of February, 1909, * * 24 people, 133 dogs set out from the base and embarked on a long expedition to the North Pole. The freezing cold of minus 50-60 degrees caused severe frostbite, and the wind rolled the flying snow, which fascinated people's eyes. The undulating iceberg crashed the sled. Later, they met a wide crack and blocked their way. After six days, the ice seam finally closed and they could move on. On April 1 day, they traveled for a month, and walked more than 450 kilometers, 2 14 kilometers away from the North Pole. At this time, Piri sent back the last batch of support personnel, only taking Henson and four Eskimos for the final sprint. Fortunately, they met with fine weather for several days. 1April 6, 909, they finally reached their final destination, and the North Pole was at their feet! It was later confirmed that their position was 89 57' north latitude. People have been pursuing something for more than 300 years, and it only took them more than 30 days to turn it into reality.

Fold the flies first.

1926 On May 9th, American polar exploration pilot Byrd and his companion Bennett flew a three-engine plane from Wang Wan in Spizbergen Islands and circled over the North Pole. Although he claimed to have flown over the North Pole, he dared not land for any investigation and exploration, so not only their success was considered meaningless, but even whether they really flew over the North Pole was doubted.

Two days later, at 8: 50 am on May 1926+0 1 Sunday, Amundsen of Norway, ellsworth of the United States and Noble, an Italian airship designer, set out from the same place and piloted the steerable airship Noga. After a flight of 16 hours and 40 minutes, they landed at the North Pole smoothly, which made Amundsen the first person to visit the South Pole and the North Pole at the same time. Then after a 72-hour long-distance flight, it landed in a small village in Alaska on the morning of May 14. This is also the first flight from Europe across the Arctic Ocean to America, with a total length of 5,460.3 kilometers.

Since then, people have still made a fuss about the North Pole, the top of the earth, and created many firsts. For example, 1937, two Russians landed at the North Pole by plane for the first time. 1958, the nuclear-powered submarine of the United States crossed the North Pole under the ice for the first time. 1959, the American submarine Scott broke through the hard ice for the first time and surfaced in the Arctic. 1968, an American explorer reached the North Pole by snowmobile for the first time since Piri. 1969, an English expedition set out from Barrow by dog sled and also reached the North Pole. 1977, the Soviet icebreaker Arctic broke the ice and waves for the first time and sailed for the North Pole.

Fold the first Asians.

Uemura Naomi

1978, Naokimura, a brave Japanese solo explorer, drove a dog and pulled a sled alone, completing the first difficult journey to the North Pole alone in human history. So far, he is also the only Asian who has reached the North Pole alone. Six years later, he went hiking alone again and never came back. He finally ended the journey of his exploration career and slept under the ice peak of Mackenzie Snow Mountain in Alaska.

The earliest folding China people.

During the period of 1947, Professor Dean of the School of Engineering of Chongqing University attended the Paris International Conference on Culture and Education on behalf of China. Later, with the help of Lei, the Chargé d 'affaires of the China Embassy in Norway at that time, he went into the Norwegian Arctic alone to carry out investigation. After returning home, he wrote the Northern Lights I saw in Northern Europe. On the eve of Chongqing's liberation, Mr. Feng was threatened by the Kuomintang to take his family to Taiwan Province Province and died in 1962. He was the first China scientist to make a scientific expedition to the North Pole.

Professor Gao of Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping 1949- 195 1 was employed as an engineer of the Canadian Federal Government Geodetic Bureau. During this period, he took several assistants into a no-man's land in Canada's Arctic Circle for geodesy. When they walked to the vicinity of Busia Bay and Busia Peninsula, they were suddenly surprised to find that the magnetic needle on their compass was like a tie and could not move left and right as before. Look at the weft plotter again. It turns out that their position is 7 1 north latitude and 96/west longitude, which is at the north magnetic pole of the earth! Finding the north magnetic pole is a rare luck! Because the north magnetic pole always moves around a circle of 160 km, it is fascinating. Fortunately, Liu Ran entered the North Magnetic Pole from high altitude. By 1985, the north magnetic pole has "run" to 78 north latitude and 102 west longitude, and the horizontal direction is nearly 800 kilometers.

In addition, the earliest record of China people entering the Arctic is 1958 1 1. 10, Li Nan, a correspondent of Xinhua News Agency in Russia, took a Soviet helicopter and went to the Soviet No.6 and No.7 ice floes on the Arctic ice sheet for on-the-spot interview. On this trip, he passed the North Pole through the air. 1993, Hongkong photographer Li Leshi landed in the North Pole by plane. As the first China person to reach the pole, she unfurled a bright five-star red flag at the top of the earth. In the 1990s, the situation in the Arctic became peaceful and began to accept all people who were fascinated by it. Since then, a group of scientists, such as Gao, Wei and others, have successively entered this field and studied it from different angles.

Since the 1990s, some scientists from China have also participated in the Arctic exploration in relevant countries through various channels, or carried out some research work with the support of existing local conditions.

Since 199 1, lasg has cooperated with Norwegian Arctic Institute and University of Svalbard to carry out research on weather, climate and atmospheric physics in Svalbard.

Since 1992, some researchers from Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences have been invited to join the Arctic geological exploration in Britain, Norway and Germany.

Since 1993, the Second Institute of Oceanography of the State Oceanic Administration has cooperated with the Max Planck Foundation of Germany and other institutions to carry out research on Arctic Ocean biology and sea ice changes.

From 65438 to 0993, Lanzhou Institute of Glacier and Frozen Soil, Chinese Academy of Sciences cooperated with McMaster University in Canada to carry out research on frozen soil hydrology and frozen soil environment changes in Canadian Arctic islands. 1Since March, 1994, the Institute of Geography of China Academy of Sciences and Lanzhou Institute of Glacier and Frozen Soil have cooperated with the government of the northern slope of Alaska in the United States to conduct an investigation and study on the climate and environmental changes in the northern slope of Alaska since 1000. From May 65438 to May 1994, Qingdao Institute of Oceanography of China Academy of Sciences cooperated with the government of North Slope Autonomous Region of Alaska, USA, and investigated the cetacean population and ecological habits in the shallow waters of Beaufort Sea.

From 65438 to 0995, Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Permafrost, Chinese Academy of Sciences cooperated with Norwegian Arctic Institute and Svalbard University to carry out glaciology research in Svalbard, and three people participated in field trips successively.

1April, 1996, Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping cooperated with Hong Kong Polar Science Promotion Center to carry out surveying and mapping research in Greenland.

Fold China's first expedition.

The Arctic usually refers to the area north of the Arctic Circle (66 33 ′ n), including most of the waters of the Arctic Ocean, Greenland, Iceland and other islands, as well as Eurasia and northern North America, with a total area of about 2 1 10,000 km (square), of which the land area is nearly 8 million km (square). Some scholars regard the land isotherm of the hottest month 10℃ and the ocean isotherm of 5℃ as the southern boundary of the Arctic region, with a total area of about 27 million km (square), of which the land is close to120,000 km (square).

The indigenous people in the Arctic are Inuit, with a total population of nearly 5 million, including Lapu et al. 19 branches, which are mainly distributed along the coast of the Arctic Ocean and belong to Mongolian race.

The Arctic is one of the initiators of global climate change, and the changes of sea ice, ocean currents and air masses directly lead to global changes or abnormal jumps. The tundra is located in the Arctic, covering an area of 654.38+0.3 million square kilometers, and it is the largest carbon storage site in the world. In the past 200 years, the belt has shrunk by 300-480 kilometers to the north, resulting in a large amount of carbon sequestration oxidation entering the atmosphere, which has intensified the rhythm of the greenhouse effect. In recent 100 years, the average temperature in tundra zone, Arctic has increased by 2-4℃, which has had an immeasurable impact on the surrounding areas. The fragile and changeable natural environment of the Arctic makes it an important "indicator" of global change. Aurora, whistle, magnetic storm and other information about the effect of space on the earth can only be captured in the polar regions, which not only provides a natural "test field" for studying the relationship between the sun and the earth, but also provides space science. Three large-scale marches into the Arctic in human history not only formed a unique ice and snow civilization, but also provided a typical example of the interaction between man and nature. Especially today, when human beings are faced with the common proposition of survival and development, it is more important to explore and analyze the relationship between man and land in the Arctic. Environmental pollution such as acid rain and smog in the Arctic has begun to spread to the middle and low latitudes, and China has also been harmed by it. Studying its distribution mechanism and path can provide scientific basis for the adjustment of human settlements in China in the 2nd1century.

The abundant natural resources in the Arctic will be important resources in the new century, especially the energy base. The development of Arctic resources will inevitably lead to many environmental problems. It has become a common concern of human beings all over the world to study the fragility of the environment and make scientific and reasonable development plans.

International Arctic scientific research has a history of hundreds of years, involving almost all disciplines. In this process, a few scientists in China also participated in some investigation and research projects in various forms, but the formal team investigation in China began with 1995. March 1993 and 10 were initiated by seven national societies, including the Chinese Geographical Society, and approved by the China Association for Science and Technology, the "Preparatory Group for Scientific Expedition in the Arctic of China" was established. On June 24th, Sun Shu, Zhou Xiuji, Zongjin Ma, Chen Yuntai and other academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and related polar experts comprehensively demonstrated the plans and ideas of the preparatory group for the Arctic scientific expedition and the global change profile study. It is agreed that it should be regarded as a long-term plan for China's Arctic scientific research, with the purpose of conducting research on Arctic and global changes and providing scientific basis for the adjustment of China's living environment in the 2nd/KLOC-0 century. 1On February 24-26, 1994, the preparatory group held the first seminar on scientific expedition to the Arctic in China, in which Sun Honglie, Zhou Xiuji, Ma Xingyuan, Li Tingdong and other academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and related polar experts participated. The priority areas and key projects of China's Arctic scientific expedition were examined and approved, and the two-stage scientific expedition routes, projects and implementation plans of 1995 and 1996 were drawn up. On this basis, after repeated brewing by relevant research institutions and academic groups, that is, around the core of global change, the work content and implementation plan of the first Arctic scientific expedition were formed. Carry out research on ice, snow, ocean, environment, remote sensing and biological ecology. All the topics are put forward on the basis of a large number of foreign similar research results, which are not exhaustive, but focus on the growing points that may be bred under the existing conditions.

199565438+1October 19 -27, closed simulation training was conducted on the ice of Songhua River in Northeast China to test the physical and mental state of all reserve players and the operability of instruments and equipment. After that, the demonstration meetings at all levels reviewed the implementation plan of the project and the capacity of the undertaker in detail, and completed the team with the approval of the competent department. China's first Arctic scientific expedition was a large-scale overseas expedition sponsored by China Association for Science and Technology and organized by China Academy of Sciences. It is operated with government support and private financing, and has received strong support and extensive participation from the press, scientific and business circles. There are 25 people on the expedition team, except 1 from Hong Kong, the rest are from 7 ministries and commissions in China, involving 18 units.

65438+1March 3, 19951,all the team members left the country and went to Hudson Bay, Canada for weight lifting skiing and dog sledding training via the United States. On April 22nd, seven expedition members set out from Le Sollert Base (74 N) in Cornwallis Island, Canadian Arctic Islands, headed for the North Pole at 80 W along the ice surface, crossed Beaufort Sea circulation zone and polar ocean current zone, two important systems of the Arctic Ocean, and arrived at the North Pole on May 6th 10: 55 Beijing time. * * * Collect 542 samples of various types, obtain tens of thousands of observation data, shoot thousands of typical sample images, and record a large number of words and TV. The successful completion of this scientific research task has filled the gap in the field of natural science research in China and proved that Chinese scientists have the ability to carry out scientific research observation and sampling in the hinterland of the Arctic Ocean. Some scientific research achievements and field implementation have been submitted to199565438+the Second International Arctic Science Conference held in the United States on February 2 1, which laid the foundation for China to join the International Arctic Science Committee. Soon after, the first Arctic expedition made nearly 400 academicians of China Academy of Sciences and China Academy of Engineering jointly rated as the top ten science and technology news in China on 1995.

During this investigation, snow and ice chemistry research was carried out, and points were distributed at unequal intervals in the sub-Arctic region, with the distance from 88 degrees north latitude to the north pole of 10km, and snow pits, sea ice core drilling and observation and sampling of meteorological elements were carried out at each point. On the basis of laboratory analysis, the composition characteristics and environmental significance of chemical elements in the surface ice and snow of the Arctic Ocean were preliminarily identified. Compared with the chemical composition of surface ice and snow in sub-arctic region, the concentration of modern environmental pollution is not only high in sub-arctic region and hinterland of Arctic Ocean, but also increasing year by year. Environmental information stored in ice and snow also shows that the temperature in the Arctic has been rising in recent years. Compared with the conclusion of Antarctic surface ice and snow research, the Arctic region not only shows the phenomenon that human environmental factors disturb the natural process, but also has the characteristics of reduced sensitivity to human activities.

Because the sea area of this expedition is covered with floating ice, traditional oceanographic research can only be realized by drilling ice at the site. There are five stations, and 1 station is located at 82 and 84 N respectively. At each station, the temperature and salinity depth were observed with the data density of 100 groups/m, and the velocity and direction of seawater were observed with the data density of 100-500 groups/m. Water samples were collected at intervals of 0m, 30m, 100m and 200m, and the stratification characteristics, profile characteristics, shear characteristics and water balance of the flow field in Beaufort vortex area were preliminarily revealed. Fully understand the temperature and salt characteristics in this area, and divide the water system and water mass range. The marine microcirculation, its vertical stability and convection characteristics were studied. Through the analysis of nutrient elements and chemical elements in water, the distribution characteristics of heavy metal elements and nutrient elements in this area are revealed. The chemical elements in water are of great tracing significance to the Arctic Ocean environment. The study of polar ice dynamics mainly includes ice drift and ice thickness. The average Lagrangian drift of sea ice during the observation period is determined by repeated position measurements before camping every night and before departure in the morning. The study shows that the drift speed of sea ice is the largest at the intersection of the trans-polar ocean current and the Beaufort Sea vortex near 89 north latitude. The sea ice thickness is measured by combining small-scale observation with large-scale observation, and the distance from the center point 100 m is1-10 m. The large-scale observation is based on small-scale observation and calculated by arithmetic average method. Basically mastered the drift law of sea ice near the pole, the distribution of ice thickness and its difference from previous years, and cooperated with oceanographic research,

The thermodynamic processes of seawater and sea ice in the Arctic Ocean are discussed.

The expedition team also investigated the characteristics of various natural geographical elements in the coastal areas of the Arctic Ocean, collected various sediment profiles and tree ring samples, collected information about observation stations, and combined with laboratory analysis, comprehensively understood the natural environment structure and evolution process in this area; In the Arctic Ocean, daily meteorological elements are recorded, surface ice and snow samples are collected, and the influence of human activities on the polar ocean is analyzed. Collect atmospheric aerosol samples and analyze the characteristics of aerosols in different areas; The composition of heavy metal elements in different geographical units reflects the influence intensity and changing process of global industrial development on the environment in the Arctic region since World War II. There are obvious zonal differences in environmental self-purification ability in cold regions, which will be a problem worthy of special attention in polar sustainable development; The study of sediments shows that the climate in modern Arctic tends to be dry and warm. Compared with other regions, the North American Arctic seems to have the characteristics of time advance and amplitude amplification, and it is an important early warning area for global change.

The investigation team investigated the composition and geographical distribution of biological communities in tundra zone and tundra-desert transitional zone, and measured the CO2 metabolism of plant communities. Monitoring the recent changes of ecological and environmental factors; Investigate soil quadrats, collect various soil samples, and analyze geochemical processes in extreme environments; The investigation of biodiversity and eco-environmental factors in different zones reveals the correlation between polar eco-environmental factors. The establishment of polar biodiversity information database provides a basis for the study of ecosystem.