Where does Binzhou pear belong?

Binzhou pear is a geographical indication product of agricultural products.

Binxian local famous fruit. Originally named "LaoYisheng" pear, it has been cultivated for more than 1000 years and is widely distributed in Bin County. In the mid-1950s, new varieties were introduced. At present, crisp pears are the main products. By 2003, the county's Binzhou pear planting area was 23,000 mu, with an annual output of 28,000 tons. Binzhou pear single fruit weighs 300-500 grams, and the largest can reach more than 500 grams. It is famous for its Huang Liang surface, thin peel, white pulp, small stone, rich juice without residue, sweet and sour taste and rich sweetness. It is a tribute of past dynasties. According to the determination, Binzhou pear contains soluble solids 13- 14% and hardness 13.5 lbs. 1957, the people of Binxian sent Binzhou pears to President Mao Zedong for tasting, and my office wrote back to encourage the development of Binzhou pear production. 199 1 year, Binzhou pear won the first prize of Shaanxi Fruit Appraisal Association. 1995 Binzhou pear once again participated in the fruit appraisal meeting of the whole province and won the title of high-quality fruit in Shaanxi Province. Binzhou pears sell well in many provinces and cities nationwide 10, and are well received by consumers.

territorial scope

Binxian county is located between east longitude 107 49'- 108 49' and north latitude 34 5 1'-35 17'. Located in the northwest of Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province, it belongs to the ridge and gully area of Weibei dry plateau. Its layout looks like the word "person" being written. It connects Xunyi and Chunhua in the east, Yongshou and Linyou in the south, Changwu and Lingtai in the west and Zhengning in Gansu in the north, which is the main throat connecting Qinlong. Jinghe River flows obliquely from west to east, with a total length of 104 km, which divides the county into two platforms, north and south, and a river. Binzhou pears are mainly distributed along Jinghechuan Road and its tributaries in Bin County. The distribution areas include Chengguan, Xinbaozi, Yu Tai, Yimen, Xinmin, Tandian, Zhangxiao, Xiangmiao, Gao Long, Yongle, Xipo, Arctic, Zhaidian, Chejiazhuang, Shuikou and other 15 towns, starting from Tuling Village in Gaolong Zhen in the east and reaching Zuitou Village in Chengguan Town in the west.

Natural ecological environment and human and historical factors

(1) Soil landform: Binxian is 715-1m above sea level, of which Jinghe Chuan Dao is 7 15- 1000m above sea level. Sichuan and Chongqing alternate with each other, with deep soil and good texture. The soil is mostly yellow loam, black loessial soil and yellow cover sticky black loessial soil. The average pH value of soil in the county is 8.58, and the average content of organic matter 1.0 15%, total nitrogen content 0.0 17%, total phosphorus content 0. 137% and total potassium content 2.74%.

(2) Hydrological situation: There are rivers 12 in Binxian County. Among them, Jinghe River runs obliquely from west to east, with a total length of 104 km, which provides a large number of floodplains for Binzhou pear production. In addition, there are horses in the larger river.

Jiahe, Anjiahe, Baijiahe, etc. These rivers are rich in water, good in water quality and pollution-free.

Pear tree production in Zhou provided good irrigation conditions.

(3) Climate characteristics: Binxian has a continental monsoon climate, with an annual average temperature of 9.3℃, an annual variation of 27.7℃ and a daily range of11.7℃; The annual average sunshine is 2199.3-2,298.8 hours, and the total radiation is11-117.546 kcal/hour, which is rich in light energy resources. The frost-free period is 176- 180 days. The average annual rainfall is 579.6 mm, and the rainfall is mainly concentrated in July and August.

(4) Human history: Fruit trees in Binxian have a long history, and pears have been cultivated in Binxian for hundreds to thousands of years. During Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, Zhang Jindu, Sima of Binzhou, wrote in the poem "Persuade agriculture for reality": "I was born in a hundred years and turned over a new leaf, and I can't forget the July wind. I like pears and dates in my hometown, and I will go to court when I am ripe. " A Qing poet Tan Sitong wrote a poem "Binzhou", "Birds are singing under pear trees, and Taoli Creek is white and red. Spring is like a hundred miles of the sea, and the fox city is hidden among thousands of flowers. " This poem is widely circulated in Binxian and surrounding counties. 1957 Mid-Autumn Festival, after tasting _ Zhou Li, President Mao Zedong instructed my office to reply and encouraged Bin County to develop _ Zhou Li vigorously. Binzhou pear has a long history and is famous far and near, mainly referring to the ancient local varieties before liberation. In 1950s, Binxian began to introduce a batch of excellent pear varieties with early fruit and high yield. In 1980s, the area of pears in Binxian County expanded rapidly, and excellent foreign varieties were introduced. Due to the unique natural conditions in Binxian County, the pear juice produced is rich in flavor, sweet and delicious, and of good quality, which is favored by consumers. People are used to calling the pears produced in Binxian County Binzhou Pear. At present, there are 9 local pear varieties preserved in Binzhou, namely Old Legacy, Water Legacy, Pingli, Li Xia, Seba, Guangpi, Henghamer, Muli and Li Yin. Dangshan crisp pear is the main cultivated variety in production, and other varieties include Xuehua pear, Changba pear, horseshoe crisp pear, Suqin pear, Zaosu pear, Fengshui pear, Xingshui pear and Crystal pear. Binzhou pear is beautiful in appearance, big and sweet, with thick juice and small core, thick meat and no residue, and its soluble solid content is above 14%. By 1999, it was rated as "famous brand product of China International Agricultural Expo' 99" and was rated as high-quality product of Shaanxi Province for many times.

Fruit has won the gold medal of Hou Ji of Yangling Agricultural High School for many times.

Production technical requirements

(1) Origin selection: Binzhou pear is suitable for planting in areas with convenient transportation, abundant water, loose soil, deep soil layer, low groundwater level, good drainage and sunny and leeward. The environment of producing area meets the requirements of Environmental Conditions of Producing Area for Pollution-free Food, Forest and Fruit Products (NY50 13-2006).

(2) Variety selection: The varieties are mainly the 9 local varieties currently preserved, namely, Laoyisheng, Shuiyisheng, Pingli, Li Xia, Sebali, Guangpi, Gong Wei, Muli and Li Yin, and Dangshan Crisp, Zaosu, August Red, Qiujing, June Crisp, Jinfeng, Zhongli No.3, Emerald and Yinli can also be selected.

(3) Production process management:

① Planting: The planting density is 2.5-3m× 4m, and 55-60 plants are planted per mu. Pollination tree configuration 20%, planting direction north and south.

② Soil management: First, deep ploughing and soil improvement. It is divided into hole-expanding deep ploughing and whole-garden deep ploughing, and it is carried out in autumn after fruit harvesting every year in combination with base fertilizer application. Second, the orchard grows grass. The grass species selected are white clover, ryegrass and pea, which are suitable for row sowing in late spring, early summer and early autumn after rain. The third is orchard fertilization. Give priority to with organic fertilizer, supplemented by chemical fertilizer; Early application, heavy application of base fertilizer, timely and appropriate topdressing. The required fertilizer should not adversely affect the orchard environment and fruit quality.

The types of fertilizers allowed to be used in pear orchards are: farm manure: including manure, toilet manure, biogas manure, green manure, crop straw fertilizer, cake fertilizer, etc. Except biogas manure and green manure, other fertilizers shall be used after composting, and the content of harmful elements shall not exceed the standard. Commercial fertilizers: including organic compound fertilizer, humic acid fertilizer, microbial fertilizer, inorganic (mineral) fertilizer, foliar fertilizer, etc. Other fertilizers: all kinds of fertilizers made of organic materials such as food, fish residue, cow hair waste, bone meal, amino acid residue, bone glue waste, livestock and poultry processing waste, sweet and sour factory waste and so on. , registered by the agricultural department and allowed to use. It is forbidden to use chemical fertilizers: urban garbage without harmless treatment or garbage containing harmful substances such as metals, rubber and plastics. Nitrate nitrogen fertilizer and undecomposed human excrement. Fertilizer prohibited by the state or province and unregistered fertilizer products. Fertilization amount is determined by local soil conditions and fertilization characteristics. The amount of fertilization is calculated according to the output of pear orchard in full fruit period. Pure nitrogen 1 kg and 0.8 kg of phosphorus and potassium are required for each 100 kg of high-quality pear fruit. Organic fertilizer should be applied to every 100 kg of pear fruit 150-200 kg.

(3) Water management: The main irrigation period is the budding or swelling period of young fruits after flowering, from fruit picking to freezing. The irrigation amount requires the pear rhizosphere soil to be completely wet after irrigation, that is, 60% of the maximum water capacity in the field is taken as the irrigation index. Irrigation methods include storing fertilizer water in caves, micro-irrigation, infiltration irrigation and drip irrigation.

④ Shaping and pruning: The commonly used tree forms in pear orchards include improved spindle shape and slender spindle shape. Plant 50 plants per mu.

Next, choose "improved spindle shape". That is, the trunk height is 70-80cm, the tree height is about 3.5 meters, the crown width is 3/4 of the row spacing, the central trunk is straight, and the ratio to the main branch is 3-4: 1. Select small main branches and plant them on the central trunk with an opening angle of 80 degrees. The three main branches under the crown are inclined to rows, with branch spread 1.2- 1.5m, and 7-9 branches in the middle and upper part of the crown, with branch spread1.0-1.2m. If more than 64 plants are planted per mu, "slender spindle shape" should be selected. That is, the stem height is 90- 100cm, the tree height is about 3 meters, and the crown width is 3/4 of the row spacing. The central trunk is straight, and the ratio of thickness to main branch is 3: 1. Select and cultivate 14- 15 branchlets on the central trunk, with an opening angle of 70-85 degrees, slightly shorter under the crown and slightly longer inside the crown, showing a "spindle shape".

The main measures of pruning: raising the trunk and thickening the central trunk; Clean up branches and sparse harmful branches; Control tree height and reduce crown width; Reduce the number of backbone branches and increase the angle of main branches; Keep the main branch big and small, extend uniaxial, cut off branches to fill the gap, and spiral upward.

⑤ Protection of flowers and fruits: The main measures are as follows: Spraying the mixed solution of 0.3% borax, 0. 1% urea and 1% common sugar (honey is the best) at the initial and full flowering stages. 65438+ 0-2 days before flowering, putting a box of bees in an orchard 500 meters away can meet the pollination requirements of 5- 10 mu orchard. You can also introduce ecstasy bees and ecstasy bees and hang a hive at a height of 50-60 meters. Combined with bud thinning, pollen is collected, and artificial point feeding or mechanical powder spraying is carried out in the morning when flowers bloom.

⑥ flower thinning and fruit thinning: the fruit is determined according to the branch-fruit ratio, leaf-fruit ratio or fruit distance. The branch-fruit ratio of Dangshan crisp pear is 3.5: 1, the leaf-fruit ratio is 25-30: 1, and the fruit spacing is 20cm. Step 1: Thinning the flower branches: according to the fruit-branch ratio of 3-5: 1, thinning the excessive and weak flower branches and cutting off a bunch of flower branches. Step 2: Sparse buds and flowers: the selected inflorescence retains 1-2 lateral buds or flowers, while the other buds and flowers are sparse. The third step, fruit thinning and fruit setting: first, fruit thinning such as small fruit, lateral deviation, deformity, pests and diseases will be removed, and fruit will be set before May 20.

⑦ Fruit bagging: Bagging varieties with high added value should be selected; Choose an orchard with clean appearance and high management level; Choose younger, stronger and better structured trees; Select the edge fruit with correct shape and good disease-free condition.

Bag by thread. In addition, before bagging, spray medicine in time. You can choose the world high 3000 times, polyoxin 1500 times, cyhalothrin No.3 1500 times or fenpropathrin 4000 times.

⑧ Integrated pest control: Based on agricultural and physical control, taking biological control as the core, scientifically adopting chemical control according to the occurrence law of pests and diseases, effectively controlling pests and diseases. Principle of drug use: AA and A grade green food production materials and pesticide products are allowed to be used; Among AA and A grade green foods,

When the means of production of pesticide products cannot meet the needs of plant protection, the following pesticides and methods are allowed to be used:

Pesticides from plants, animals and microorganisms are moderately or below toxic.

Sulfur preparation and copper preparation in mineral pesticides; Limit the use of some organic synthetic pesticides, and use pesticides scientifically and rationally according to the relevant guidelines for pesticide use.

Choose low-toxic and low-toxic pesticides; Prohibit the use of highly toxic, highly toxic, high residue or carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic pesticides; Each organic synthetic pesticide is only allowed to be used once in a crop growth period; Strictly control the dose and safety interval; Pay attention to the alternate use and reasonable mixture of pesticides with different crop mechanisms.

It is forbidden to use grade A green food and pollution-free food, and pesticides prohibited in pear production.

(4) product harvesting and post-harvest treatment: Binzhou pears can be harvested when they are ripe. The general methods to judge the maturity include looking at the color of peel, measuring the hardness of pulp, and calculating the days of fruit development. When picking, you should follow the order of "outside first, then inside, first down and then up", and use a ladder to avoid touching the bud leaves with your feet. Don't pick fruits in rainy days and when the dew is still wet. The method of picking fruit is to hold the fruit lightly with the palm of your hand, with your index finger against the base of the fruit stalk and gently tilt it in the direction of pressing the index finger, so that the fruit stalk and the fruit branches can be separated naturally. The fruit should be carefully picked to avoid man-made injury and keep the fruit handle; Pick while picking, and pick out the sick, deformed, too small and damaged. The harvested fruits should be immediately transported to a cool place for precooling to avoid sun and rain, and then classified and packaged after the "field heat" is removed.

(5) Requirements for production records: During the whole process of pear production in Binzhou, field production files should be established, which should be completely recorded and properly kept for future reference.

Typical product quality characteristics and product quality and safety regulations

(1) External sensory characteristics: Binzhou pear is symmetrical and beautiful in appearance. Single fruit weight 100-300g. Bright yellow when ripe, clean fruit surface, no pests, fruit surface shrinkage and mechanical damage.

(2) Internal quality index: Binzhou pear is crisp and sweet, with thick juice, small stone and thick meat, and the soluble solid content is generally14%-17.1%; The hardness of Binzhou pear is generally around 12.96/cm2, which is relatively resistant to storage.

(3) Safety requirements: Binzhou pears should meet the hygiene requirements in "Non-pollution Food-Renguo" (NY501-2006).

Packaging identification and other relevant regulations.

(1) classification: According to the national standard "Fresh Pear" (GB 10650- 1989), Binzhou pears are divided into three grades: excellent, first and second.

(2) Packaging: The packaging materials are mainly cartons. Used box board, partition board, honeycomb partition board, fruit pad, wrapping paper and its printing color, glue, sealing tape, etc. It should be clean and non-toxic. There are 4-6 air holes at both ends of the box, and the diameter is about15 mm.

(3) Identification: the product should have a clear label, which includes: product name, product implementation standard, manufacturer and detailed address, place of origin, net content, packaging date, etc. , and require clear, complete and accurate handwriting. Logo users shall uniformly use geographical indications of agricultural products (the combination of Binzhou pear name and public logo pattern) on their products or their packaging.

(4) Others: Suitable storage temperature is 0℃-5℃ and humidity is 90%-95%. Storage methods include cold storage, cave storage and modified atmosphere storage. Storage and transportation shall be carried out in accordance with Green Food Storage and Transportation Guide (NY/T 1056-2006).