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Environment refers to the surrounding conditions, and the content of the environment is different for different objects and scientific disciplines.

For biology, the environment refers to the climate, ecosystem, surrounding groups and other populations around the biological life.

For literature, history and social sciences, environment refers to the specific conditions and conditions around people's lives.

For architecture, it refers to indoor conditions and landscape conditions around the building.

For enterprises and management, environment refers to social and psychological conditions, such as working environment.

For thermodynamics, it refers to all the objects around the system that provide heat or absorb heat.

In chemistry or biochemistry, it refers to a solution in which a chemical reaction takes place.

From the macro perspective of environmental protection, it is the home of mankind. The natural environment of human life mainly includes:

lithosphere

steam

atmosphere

ecosphere

The biosphere is most closely related to human life. Since the beginning of human existence, primitive humans have relied on the biosphere for food sources. In the stage of hunting and gathering things, human beings are basically the same as other animals and occupy a place in the whole ecosystem. And humans can use tools and save food, so they occupy an advantageous position and will maintain a growing population with limited food.

At the stage of human development to animal husbandry and agriculture, human beings transformed the biosphere and created artificial ecosystems around themselves, thus destroying the natural ecosystems. With the continuous development and increase of human beings, the scope of artificial ecosystem is expanding, while the scope of the earth is fixed, so the natural ecosystem is shrinking and many wild creatures are dying out.

Since mankind began to mine minerals and use fossil fuels, the scope of human activities began to invade the lithosphere. Human beings have reclaimed wasteland and leveled terraced fields, especially since the industrial revolution, which has destroyed the balance of elements in nature.

Since the second half of the 20th century, due to the vigorous development of human industry and agriculture, a large number of water resources have been exploited, fossil fuels have been overused, and a large number of wastewater and waste gas have been discharged into water bodies and the atmosphere, resulting in the deterioration of the quality of the atmosphere and hydrosphere, which has attracted worldwide attention and led to the emergence of environmental protection.

Now with the development of scientific and technological capabilities, human activities have extended to outer space beyond the earth, and even private people have the ability to launch rockets. At present, there are thousands of rubbish in the orbit around the earth in outer space, from rocket wreckage to the excrement of astronauts in space station, which seriously affects the observation of outer space and the launch of satellites. The human environment has gone beyond the scope of the earth.

Environment is always relative to a central thing. The environment is different because of the different central things, and changes with the change of the central things.

The external space, conditions and conditions around the central thing constitute the environment of the central thing.

The environment we usually say refers to the human environment.

The Environmental Protection Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) expounds the concept of environment from the legal point of view: "The environment mentioned in this law refers to the sum total of various natural and artificially transformed natural factors that affect human survival and development, including atmosphere, water, ocean, land, mineral deposits, forests, grasslands, wild animals, natural relics, cultural relics, scenic spots, nature reserves, cities and villages, etc."

Other definitions: refers to the external world around human beings, which is the synthesis of material conditions on which human beings depend for survival and development. The environment provides a vast space, rich resources and necessary conditions for human social production and life.

Another definition: the external existence of organizational operation activities, including air, water, land, natural resources, plants, animals, people and their relationships.

Edit this paragraph classification

The influence of human activities on the whole environment is all-round, and the environmental system also reacts on human beings from all aspects, and its role is also all-round. Different from other creatures, human beings not only influence the environment and adapt themselves to the environment for their own survival, but also improve the quality of life and transform the environment through their own labor, transforming the natural environment into a new living environment. This new living environment may be more suitable for human survival, but it may also worsen the living environment of human beings. In this tortuous process, the living environment of human beings has formed a huge, complex, multi-level and multi-component dynamic environmental system.

Environmental classification is generally divided according to the size of spatial scope, the difference of environmental elements and the nature of the environment.

Human environment is customarily divided into natural environment and social environment.

The natural environment is also called geographical environment. Refers to the nature around human beings. It includes atmosphere, water, soil, biology and various mineral resources. The natural environment is the material basis for human survival and development. In physical geography, these factors that constitute the whole natural environment are usually divided into five natural circles: atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, geosphere and lithosphere.

Social environment refers to the artificial environment that human beings have gradually created and established through long-term planned and purposeful development on the basis of natural environments such as cities, rural areas and industrial and mining areas in order to continuously improve their material and spiritual living standards. The development and succession of social environment is dominated and restricted by natural laws, economic laws and social laws, and its quality is one of the symbols of human material civilization construction and spiritual civilization construction.

Considering the nature, it can be divided into physical environment, chemical environment and biological environment.

If classified according to environmental factors, it can be divided into atmospheric environment, water environment, geological environment, soil environment and biological environment.

Usually, according to the spatial scope of human living environment, it is divided into settlement environment, geographical environment, geological environment and interstellar environment from near to far. Each level contains various environmental attributes and elements, and consists of natural environment and social environment.

1. Living environment

Settlement refers to the center and place where human beings live together. Human settlement environment is a living environment created by human beings' purposeful and planned use and transformation of the natural environment, and it is the working and living environment that is most closely and directly related to human production and life. Man-made environmental factors dominate the settlement environment, which is also a social environment. Human living environment, from caves and scattered in nature, until the formation of dense villages and urban habitats. Obviously, with the change and development of living environment, it provides a safe, clean, comfortable and convenient living environment for human beings. However, due to the over-concentration of population, uncontrolled frequent human activities and the overload demand for natural resources and energy, the living environment and even the surrounding ecological environment are under great pressure at the same time, resulting in local, regional and even global environmental pollution. Therefore, settlement environment has always been concerned and valued by people, and it is also an important and priority research field of environmental science.

2. Geographical environment

Geography refers to the geographical environment located on the earth's surface, where the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, PEDOSPHERE and biosphere are mutually restricted, infiltrated and transformed. It rises from the surface of the lithosphere to the tropopause in the lower atmosphere, with a thickness of about 10 ~ 20 km, including all the PEDOSPHERE, and its range is roughly equivalent to the hydrosphere and biosphere. Generally speaking, geographical environment is a complex unity of opposites composed of abiotic factors and biological factors closely related to human survival and development, which directly affects human food, clothing, housing and transportation. It is a multi-level natural system with a certain structure, and water, soil, air and biosphere are its subsystems. Each subsystem has its specific position and function in the whole system. Abiotic environment is the main environmental factor on which living things (plants, animals and microorganisms) depend, and they together with biological population constitute the living environment of living things. Here is the blending zone of internal energy from the earth and external energy from solar radiation, which has physical, chemical and biological conditions suitable for human survival, thus forming the foundation of human activities.

3. Geological environment

Geological environment mainly refers to the hard crust below the surface, that is, the lithosphere. It consists of two parts: rock and its weathering product-residual soil. Rock is a solid part of the earth's surface, and residual soil with an average thickness of about 30Km is a loose covering composed of soil and rock fragments, and its thickness is generally between tens of meters and thousands of meters. Geographical environment is essentially based on geological environment and developed under the influence of interstellar environment. There is a constant exchange and circulation of matter and energy among geographical environment, geological environment and interstellar environment. For example, under the action of solar radiation, rocks release substances consolidated in rocks during weathering, participate in geographical environment, and then return to geological environment or interstellar environment through complex transformation. If the geographical environment provides a large number of means of subsistence, that is, renewable resources, then the geological environment provides a large number of means of production, especially rich mineral resources, that is, resources that are difficult to be regenerated, and its influence on the development of human society will increase day by day.

4. Cosmic environment

The cosmic environment, also known as interstellar environment, refers to the cosmic space environment outside the earth's atmosphere, which is composed of vast space, various celestial bodies, dispersed substances and various aircraft. It is a concept put forward by human activities in the process of entering celestial bodies near the earth and outer space, and it is the outermost layer of human living environment. Solar radiation can provide the main energy for human survival on the earth. The change of solar radiation energy and its gravitational effect on the earth will affect the geographical environment of the earth, which is obviously related to natural disasters such as precipitation, tidal phenomena, storms and tsunamis. With the development of science and technology, human activities are increasingly extended to space outside the atmosphere. Launched satellites, launch vehicles, space exploration tools and other aircraft themselves are invalid and abandoned, which will bring new environmental problems to the cosmic environment and the adjacent earth environment.

Attachment: Various environments

Regional environment:

Refers to the sum of natural and social factors within a certain geographical scope. This is an environment with complex structure and diverse functions. It is divided into natural regional environment (such as forests, grasslands, glaciers and oceans), social regional environment (such as administrative districts, cities and industrial areas at all levels), agricultural regional environment (such as crop areas, pastoral areas and farming-pastoral areas) and tourist regional environment (such as West Lake, Guilin, Lushan Mountain and Huangshan Mountain).

Ecological environment:

The sum of ecological conditions around living organisms. It is composed of many ecological factors. Ecological factors include biological factors (such as plants, microorganisms, animals, etc. ) and abiotic factors such as water, atmosphere, soil, etc. ) to display their respective functions under comprehensive conditions. The destruction of ecological environment is often closely related to environmental pollution.

Marine environment:

The total amount of water in the vast ocean on the earth. Including seawater, substances dissolved and suspended in seawater, seabed sediments and marine life. It is the cradle of life and the treasure house of human resources. With the continuous expansion of human exploitation of marine resources, the ocean has been affected and polluted by human activities.

Investment environment:

Refers to various situations that affect the investment benefit. The contents mainly include: (1) the political and economic system and economic legislation of the investment place; (2) Market size and capacity; (3) Infrastructure and cooperation conditions; (4) Working conditions such as personnel quality and salary level; (5) Preferential policies and so on.

Special environment:

An environment that people rarely encounter. Such as ultra-low temperature in the North and South poles, lack of oxygen in mountainous areas, desert drought, sandstorm, equatorial jungle, high temperature and high humidity, epidemic areas, underwater environment, outer space environment, as well as impact, explosion, radiation, strong magnetic field, high frequency noise and other environments.

Geographical environment:

The surface environment between the surface layer of the earth's lithosphere and the top of the troposphere. It is the sum of natural factors such as rocks, soil, water, atmosphere, biology and social factors formed by human activities. It includes natural environment, economic environment and social and cultural environment. It is closely related to human life and production activities.

Create an environment:

A social environment that can inspire people to create. Including social organization structure, ideological atmosphere and incentive methods, such as making good use of creative talents, the mechanism suitable for and encouraging the flow of talents, respecting the living habits and personality characteristics of creative talents, spiritual and material incentives, etc.

Urban environment:

Generally refers to various external conditions that affect human activities in cities. Including natural environment, artificial environment, social environment and economic environment. It is a highly artificial living environment created by human beings. It creates superior conditions for residents' material and cultural life, but it is often seriously polluted and destroyed, so effective measures should be taken to prevent adverse effects.

Native environment:

An area in the natural environment that is not disturbed by human activities. Such as inaccessible mountains and deserts, virgin forests, tundra areas and central areas of the ocean. Material transformation, species evolution, energy and information transmission are all carried out in the primitive environment according to the primitive process of nature. With the continuous expansion of human activities, the native environment is shrinking.

Secondary environment:

An area in the natural environment that is greatly influenced by human activities. Such as cultivated land, plantations, fish ponds, artificial lakes, pastures, industrial areas, cities and market towns. It is an artificial ecological environment evolved from primitive environment. Its development and evolution are still restricted by natural laws.

Typical environment:

Refers to the specific social environment in which typical characters in literary and artistic works live, form their character and drive their actions, that is, the specific relationship between the protagonist and the people around them.

Market environment:

Various objective conditions and factors that directly or indirectly affect the production and operation activities of enterprises under the conditions of market economy. It mainly includes: the perfection of national laws, regulations and economic policies; Macroeconomic situation; The supply of production factors needed for enterprise production and operation and the market demand of enterprise products; Competitiveness of peer enterprises; Public opinion orientation of mass media; Natural conditions and scientific and technological progress.

Hardware environment: that is, hardware facilities, which refers to the environment constructed by the sum of material conditions and physical conditions required for communication activities. Such as highways, power grids, telecommunication networks, etc.

Software environment: that is, humanistic environment, refers to the environment constructed by the sum of intangible conditions and intangible conditions required for communication activities. Such as the quality of citizens, political system, public opinion and so on.

Edit the relevant environmental protection laws in this paragraph.

Articles 9, 10, 22 and 26 of the Constitution of People's Republic of China (PRC) stipulate the protection of the environment and resources. Specific laws and regulations:

1. Environmental protection: including environmental protection law, water pollution prevention law, air pollution prevention law, solid waste pollution prevention law, environmental noise pollution prevention law and marine environmental protection law.

2. Resource protection: including forest law, grassland law, fishery law, agricultural law, mineral resources law, land management law, water law, soil and water conservation law, wildlife protection law and coal management law.

Three. Environment and resource protection: it mainly includes the detailed rules for the implementation of the Water Pollution Prevention Law, the detailed rules for the implementation of the Air Pollution Prevention Law, the regulations for the management of preventing and controlling land-based pollutants from polluting the marine environment, the regulations for preventing and controlling pollution damage to the marine environment caused by coastal projects, the regulations for nature reserves, the regulations for the radiation protection of radioisotopes and ray devices, the regulations for the safety management of dangerous chemicals, the Provisional Regulations for the prevention and control of water pollution in Huaihe River Basin, the regulations for the environmental management of offshore oil exploration and development, the regulations for the implementation of terrestrial wildlife protection and the management of scenic spots.

Four, the new criminal law in the sixth chapter "crime of disrupting social management" increased the crime of damaging the protection of environmental resources. 92. What is a crime against the environment?

The crime of endangering the environment refers to the behavior that the perpetrator violates environmental laws and regulations, pollutes and destroys the environment, and causes serious harm to personal health or life and property, which should be punished.

Edit the topic about World Environment Day in this paragraph.

Brief introduction of World Environment Day

1972 On June 5th, the United Nations Conference on Human Environment was held in Stockholm, Sweden. The meeting adopted the Declaration on the Human Environment, and proposed to designate June 5th of each year as the "World Environment Day". In June 5438+in the same year 10, the 27th UN General Assembly adopted a resolution to accept the proposal. The establishment of World Environment Day reflects people's understanding and attitude towards environmental issues all over the world, and expresses our yearning and pursuit for a beautiful environment.

World Environment Day is one of the main media of the United Nations to promote global environmental awareness, raise the government's attention to environmental issues and take action.

The United Nations system and governments around the world will carry out various activities every June 5th to publicize and emphasize the importance of protecting and improving the human environment.

On June 5th every year, the United Nations Environment Programme selects a member country to hold a commemorative event of "World Environment Day", publishes an annual report on the state of the environment and commends the "Top 500 in the world", and formulates the annual theme of "World Environment Day" according to the world's major environmental problems and environmental hotspots in that year.

The significance of World Environment Day is to remind the world of the state of the earth and the harm of human activities to the environment. The United Nations system and governments are required to carry out various activities on this day, emphasizing the importance of protecting and improving the human environment.

The United Nations Environment Programme publishes the theme of World Environment Day at the beginning of each year and the annual report on the state of the environment in World Environment Day every year. During this period, the State Environmental Protection Administration of China issued a bulletin on the environmental situation in China.

The theme of environmental protection for many years

1974 There is only one earth.

Only one earth

● 1975 human settlement

Human settlements

● 1976 water: an important source of life

Water: an important resource of life

● 1977 Pay attention to ozone layer destruction and soil erosion.

Environmental problems of ozone layer; Land loss and soil degradation; firewood

Non-destructive development in1978

Development without destruction

● 1979 for children and the future-development without destruction.

Our children have only one future-development without destruction.

● 1980 New Decade, New Challenge-Undamaged Development

New challenges in the new decade: development without destruction

● 198 1 year to protect groundwater and human food chain and prevent toxic chemical pollution.

Groundwater; Toxic chemicals in human food chain and environmental economics

● 1982 10th anniversary of Stockholm conference on human environment-raising environmental awareness.

Ten years after Stockholm (renewed attention to environmental issues)

● 1983 Manage and dispose of hazardous wastes, prevent acid rain hazards and improve energy utilization.

Management and Treatment of Hazardous Wastes: Acid Rain and Energy

● Desertification in 1984

desertification

● 1985 youth, population and environment

Youth: Population and Environment

● 1986 environment and peace

The Peace Tree

● 1987 environment and residence

Environment and shelter: not just a roof.

● 1988 environmental protection, sustainable development and public participation

When people put the environment first, development will last.

● 1989 be alert to global warming

Global warming; A Global Warning?

● 1990 children and the environment

Children and the environment

● 199 1 climate change-global cooperation is needed.

Climate change. Need for global partnership

● 1992 There is only one earth-care and share together.

There is only one earth, caring and sharing.

● 1993 poverty and environment-getting rid of the vicious circle

Poverty and Environment —— Breaking the vicious circle

● 1994 One Earth, One Family

One earth, one family.

● 1995 People of all countries unite to create a better future.

We the people: unite to protect the global environment.

● 1996 Our Earth, Residence and Home

Our earth, our habitat, our home.

● Life on Earth 1997.

For life on earth.

● 1998 Life on Earth-Save our oceans.

For life on earth-save our oceans.

● 1999 Saving the earth means saving the future.

Our earth-our future-save it!

● 2000 2000 Environmental Millennium-Let's act!

Environmental Millennium 2000-Take Action

2001the web of life of all things in the world

Connect with the World Wide Web of life.

In 2002, the earth was full of vitality.

Give the earth a chance

Water in 2003-the life of 2 billion people.

Water-2 billion people are eager to get it!

In 2004, everyone was responsible for the survival of the ocean.

Wanted! The ocean-dead or alive

● Create a green city in 2005 and care for the earth's home.

Green city-planning for the earth!

Don't turn dry land into desert in 2006.

Deserts and desertification-don't abandon dry land!

● Is the melting of glaciers a hot topic in 2007?

Melting ice-a hot topic?

The theme of World Environment Day in 2008 is: Get rid of hobbies! Facing low-carbon economy

Quit this habit! Towards a low-carbon economy.

Cities and countries that have received World Environment Day in the past:

2008-Wellington, New Zealand

2007–terroso.

2006–Algiers, Algeria

2005-San Francisco, USA

Barcelona, Spain, 2004

Beirut, Lebanon, 2003

In 2002, Shenzhen, China

200 1- Turin, Italy and Havana, Cuba

2000-Adelaide, Australia

1999- Tokyo, Japan

1998- Moscow, Russia

1997- Seoul, Korea

1996- Istanbul, Turkey

1995- Pretoria, South Africa

1994–London, UK

1993- Beijing, China

1992–Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

199 1- Stockholm, Sweden

1990- Mexico City, Mexico

1989–Brussels, Belgium

1988- Bangkok, Thailand

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