Where is the Great Wall of Qi?

The Great Wall of Qi, which was built in the Spring and Autumn Period and completed in the Warring States Period, is built according to the mountain situation, starting from the banks of the Yellow River in the west, reaching the coast of the Yellow Sea in the east and reaching thirteen counties in Shandong, stretching for more than 1,000 miles. Qi is the earliest country to build the Great Wall in the history of our country, and the Great Wall of Qi is one of the places where the relics of the Great Wall built by various countries in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period are protected. Through the investigation of the existing Qichang site, we can see a side of the whole Great Wall building at that time. It is built in the rolling mountains of Taiyi Mountain. Although there is a land of Pinggu along the line, it is mostly mountainous, and the Great Wall is built on the mountain. Its magnificent architecture and spectacular scale condensed the industriousness and wisdom of the working people in China 2,500 years ago, and also condensed the great power of the Eastern Power, which was the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Seven Heroes in the Warring States Period.

It is an important subject in the study of Qi culture to comprehensively investigate and study the direction of the Great Wall. Through the comprehensive investigation and study of the Great Wall, we can see the grand occasion of Qi's political, economic, military, cultural and scientific development and prosperity during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, which was also an important content of the study of Qi's comprehensive national strength at that time. With regard to the Great Wall of Qi, after the founding of the People's Republic of China, many experts conducted on-the-spot investigations and special studies, and many achievements came out, attracting worldwide attention. Our province has conducted a comprehensive and in-depth study of the Great Wall by using field investigation data combined with documents and ancient books, and Mr. Wang is the first to be promoted. From 65438 to 0952, Mr. Lu Dahuang and Mr. Wang made a field trip to the Great Wall. On the basis of this investigation, Mr. Wang made a comprehensive study on the trend of the Great Wall and wrote a special article. Mr. Zhang Weihua of Shandong University made a systematic textual research on the Great Wall built by various countries during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and wrote a special article on the Great Wall of Qi written by 1963.

During the period of 1976, while studying the origin and development of major towns in Zibo, Mr. Peking University Hou Renzhi also made a field trip and made a special study on the Great Wall. Recently, scholars such as Gao, Jiang Zhijing, Lu Hai, Lu Jun, and Luo Medal have also made field visits and special studies on the Great Wall. From 1996, 10, 19 to 1997, 10, 2 1, Comrade Lu Zongyuan of Tai 'an conducted alignment and on-the-spot investigation on the entire Great Wall, measured the length of Qi Great Wall and verified it. On the basis of predecessors' research, this paper will discuss the architectural origin, architectural age, architectural scale and structure, and historical function of the Great Wall with the investigation of the existing relics in Zibo section of the Great Wall as the basic material, combined with its archaeological findings and literature records. The origin of the establishment of the Great Wall of Qi is the reason for the construction of the Great Wall of Qi. Mr. Zhang Weihua pointed out: "During the Spring and Autumn Period, the governors of various countries competed to cut down trees, or set up barriers along rivers or mountains, and their pursuit of self-reliance became stronger and stronger. As for the Warring States period, the system of chariot fighting gradually faded, the use of riding became wider and wider, and the scope of war expanded, so the Great Wall was built. The establishment of the Great Wall is related to this. " Regarding the origin of the Great Wall of Qi, Mr. Luo Medal also pointed out: "In the long-term and frequent war practice, the function of Qi people or defending the enemy was stimulated, and the association that architecture is not a closed wall was sprouted, and a tall rammed earth wall unrelated to water barrier was built on the flat ground. Its motive is not to block water, but to defend the enemy. The Great Wall was born. " This statement is quite right.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China entered a historical period of great change, great turmoil and great development from division to unity. Slavery gradually declined, feudalism rose, and countries successively carried out different degrees of changes according to their national conditions, which made political stability and economic prosperity, and also led to the strength of military forces, which led to a large-scale merger war that lasted for hundreds of years. According to historical records, there were more than 480 wars of different scales in less than 300 years between the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The purpose of war is to preserve oneself, destroy the enemy, expand territory and strengthen strength, so there is a situation in which the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period and the seven heroes in the Warring States Period compete for hegemony. However, wars between countries continue, and it is urgent to strengthen fortifications. At that time, building the Great Wall was a common method in all countries. Qi is located in the east of China, with Luchu in the south, Jin and Song in the west and Zhao Yan in the north. Because the three generations of Shandong, Jin and Spring and Autumn are powerful countries, and they are separated by the boundary between Qilu and Taiyi Mountains, they have the natural geographical conditions to build the Great Wall. Therefore, during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Qi extended the Great Wall to strengthen its defense.

Since the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, the social economy of Qi has developed greatly through intensive cultivation in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period. Qi borders the Yellow Sea in the east and the Bohai Sea in the north, which is convenient for the coastal fish and salt trade. Therefore, since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the State of Qi has adopted the national policy of "being simple because of customs". According to the natural and geographical conditions of Qi State, giving priority to the development of industry and commerce and fish and salt industry has made the commercial economy of Qi State develop rapidly and laid a material foundation for the prosperity of Qi State. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the appearance of Qi's ironware improved productivity. In the period, due to Guanzhong's reform, he adopted the policy of paying equal attention to agriculture, industry and commerce, casting knife coins, encouraging commerce, making Qi strong, becoming a big country in the East, and taking the lead in dominating princes. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, Qi destroyed Qi, Tan, Ju and Lai successively, which extended the territory of Qi to the eastern coast, made the open industrial and commercial economy and inland agricultural economy of Qi develop simultaneously, and created conditions for the further development and prosperity of Qi's social economy. The development of the eastern part of Qi gradually eliminated the hostile forces in the east, and shifted the focus of strategic defense attack to Luchu in the south, Wei, Jin and Song Dynasties in the southwest and Yan State in the north.

Therefore, "Qi Yu in Mandarin" records: "Huan Gong said,' What does your master want to do if you want to attack the south?' Guan Zi said to him,' Give priority to Lu, but attack the land and dive ...' Huan Gong said,' I want to cut the west. "Who's the master?" Guan Dui said, "Defend first, but invade Taiwan, Yuan, Ancient and Qi ..." Huan Gong said, "I want to go north. "Who's the master?" Guan Dui said, "Swallows are the main ones, but dogs bark when they invade Chai Fu. Due to the flat terrain at the junction of Qi and Yan, there are clear and turbid rivers as natural barriers, which do not have the natural geographical conditions for building the Great Wall. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Yan was also weaker than Qi in economic and military strength, so the hostile forces of Qi at that time were mainly Lu in the south and Jin, Wei and Song in the southwest. At that time, Lu and Jin were both powerful countries, which were very powerful in the Spring and Autumn Period. The examples of the battle between Qilu and Qi and Jin contained in Zuo Zhuan and Historical Records all proved this point. Trial hoisting is as follows:

In the eighteenth year of Zuo Zhuan, Xiang Gong said, "Meet each other in October, ask Liang's words, and cut Qi together. Qi Huangong treated Pingyin, cut the door and kept wide. Sha Suwei said:' It is better to guard against danger than to fight.' Listen. A vassal's door was embarrassing, and many people died. "

"Zuo Zhuan" was published for seventeen years: "In the spring of seventeen years, Qi Kezheng, the minister of Jin, met in Qi."

"Zuo Zhuan Xiang Gong" was published for eighteen years: "Cutting Qi in the Jin Dynasty will help the great river."

"Zuo Zhuan" Xiang Gong nineteen years: "Jin Shi invaded Qi and Gu, and returned home after hearing the funeral, with courtesy."

In the twenty-third year of Zuo Zhuan, Xiang Gong said, "Qi Gong attacked Jin and took the song of the dynasty."

To sum up, the political situation of hegemony in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the prosperity and military confrontation between Qi and Shandong, Jin, Wei and Song, the social and economic development and prosperity of Qi in the Spring and Autumn Period, and the historical and geographical conditions that Qilu is located in Taiyi Mountain have created political, economic, military and geographical conditions for Qi to build the Great Wall in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The construction date of the Great Wall of Qi is the earliest country to build the Great Wall in the history of China. Historians have a lot of textual research on the architectural age of the Great Wall. After consulting the literature, Mr. Zhang Weihua pointed out that there are four theories about the architectural age of the Great Wall of Qi: namely, there was the Great Wall of Qi in the Qi Huangong era; Inferring from the inscription of *, there are arguments in the early years of the Warring States and the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period; Qi Great Wall was built in the early years; The Great Wall of Qi was built in Qi Xuanwang. After textual research, Mr. Zhang Weihua proposed: "The southwest section of the Great Wall of Qi started from defense, and was later built as the Great Wall because of its military importance. The Great Wall on its southern border was built in Qi Weiwang. Mr. Wang pointed out: "The western section of the Great Wall of Qi started in the Spring and Autumn Period and was completed in the Warring States Period in the eighteenth year of Duke Xiang of Lu. When the eastern capital was restored, this section was all completed, thus connecting the Great Wall of more than 1,000 miles as the national defense line of southern Xinjiang of Qi. Mr. Jiang Zhijing pointed out: "The Great Wall built in ancient China ... can only originate from Qi in the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period. After analyzing the origin of Qi Great Wall and the difference between the Great Wall and the Great Wall, Mr. Luo Medal pointed out: "The lower limit of the construction time of Xidaofang or the Great Wall is only 555 BC, and its upper limit is 642 BC after death. ..... The time for the large-scale renovation of the Great Wall of Qi should be the upper limit of 43 BC1Chu. " According to Guanzi, "the land of the Great Wall, which accounts for one third of Qi, was not born in the valley", we first confirmed that the date of the establishment of the Great Wall of Qi should be in the Spring and Autumn Period. In recent years, a set of Qiang bells has been unearthed in Taicang tomb, about 35 miles east of Luoyang. There are 13 Qiang bells, and 5 of them are engraved with the inscription "Qi Qi must meet in Pingyin before entering the Great Wall". Pingyin refers to the ancient Pingyin city. "Pingyin County Records and Geography Records" says: "There is a village in the south of Xiaolipu named Dongchang, and there is a village in the southwest named Guangli ... Gupingyin City, which is said that Dongchang Village is its land and the site still exists. "According to field investigation, the western starting point of the Great Wall of Qi is Lingzitou, 500 meters northeast of the village, with east longitude116 34.5' and north latitude 36 21.6'.

According to this inscription, it refers to the battle of Qi and Jin in the eighteenth year of Duke Xiang of Lu, that is, in the seventeenth year (555 BC), and the Great Wall refers to the Great Wall of Qi, indicating that the Great Wall was built in Qi. We also analyzed from Guanzi: "The land of the Great Wall, which is 500 miles in Fiona Fang, is one third of Qi, and was not born in the valley." The geographical scope of Qi should also be before the mid-Spring and Autumn Period.

Due to the elimination of Lai, Ju and Ji in the late Spring and Autumn Period, the territory of Qi extended to the cliffs of the East China Sea. At that time, the territory of Qi was not 500 Li, but 2,000 Li. This document and the inscription on the unearthed cultural relics confirm each other, proving that the Great Wall existed in Qi before the mid-Spring and Autumn Period. The West Great Wall built in the Spring and Autumn Period of Qi State is called "defense or great defense". Is there a strict difference between the nature and use of the Great Wall extending eastward during the Warring States Period? We believe that the West Great Wall built in the Spring and Autumn Period is made of earth, with a huge project, which is known as the largest defense in the world. Although its purpose is to stop water, it has been reinforced and rebuilt on the barrier facilities of the dam, and its main function has been used to defend the enemy in the war, so we think it should be an important part of the Great Wall of Qi. Although the eastern and western sections of the Great Wall of Qi were built in different times, their uses and functions are the same.

From the historical development and economic prosperity of Qi State at that time, it is in line with the historical situation of Qi State to build the Great Wall of Qi in Qi Huangong during the Spring and Autumn Period. During the Spring and Autumn Period in Qi Huangong, the social economy of Qi developed by leaps and bounds, and the last prosperous period of slave economy appeared. Guan Zhong reformed the tax system and adopted the policy of "decreasing taxes according to local conditions", which led to the early emergence of feudal production relations in Qi State and further improved productivity. In particular, Guan Zhong advocated encouraging business and developing agriculture, which greatly developed the agricultural economy and coastal industrial and commercial economy of Qi State, and the situation of economic prosperity and military strength appeared in Qi State. Since Zhou Pingwang moved eastward to Luoyang in 770 BC, there has always been a situation of vassal hegemony in Chinese history. In order to compete for the vassal power, countries adopted the policy of building cities to protect their families and merging with foreign countries, so as to expand their territory and strengthen their national strength, and thus seize the hegemonic position of "relying on the emperor to make the vassal"

At this time, Qi was a big country in the East, ranking first among the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period. In the early Spring and Autumn Period, the State of Qi had to fight from the south to the north for hegemony. However, in order to resist foreign invasion, consolidate the rear area and enhance the national defense capability, it only strengthened the facilities connecting water barriers and weirs in military strategic locations in China to guard against the enemy, that is, it began to build the Great Wall.

Qi Great Wall is a large-scale project stretching thousands of miles from east to west. A king (public) can never accomplish it by manpower. According to the above, we believe that the Great Wall of Qi was built in Qi Huangong in the Spring and Autumn Period, and continued through the ages, and was finally completed in Qi Xuanwang during the Warring States Period, which lasted more than 260 years. From the analysis of the construction scale and function of Qi Great Wall, before the mid-Spring and Autumn Period, Qi Great Wall only completed the construction of the western section, that is, the junction of Qilu and Qilu at that time. "Taiping Universe" records: "Qi Xuanwang built the Great Wall here, from qi zhou in the west to the sea in the east, and there are still sites." According to the "Notes on Water Classics", Volume I, Daxian Mountain: "The county is 150 miles northeast, and there is Muling Pass on it; It is the boundary between the north and the south, and the Great Wall is built here. " Accordingly, we think that the dividing line between the eastern and western sections of the Great Wall of Qi lies in Boshan, Zibo. Regarding the boundary between the eastern section and the western section of the Great Wall of Qi, Mr. Wang believes that according to the records in Zhangqiu County Records that the Great Wall was built by Qi to save Chu and the field investigation at the junction of Laiwu and Zhangqiu, it is uncertain whether the Great Wall in the eastern section starts here. Going out of Boshan and Qingshiguan to the south is the main road to Qufu, Lu, and the junction of Qilu and Qilu. Based on the above records and the analysis of the geographical location of Boshan, the boundary between the eastern and western sections of the Great Wall of Qi should be in Boshan area, and the east of Yiyuan today is the eastern section of the Great Wall that Tian Qi continued to repair during the Warring States Period.

During the Warring States period, cavalry replaced chariots and infantry replaced soldiers, which led to the emergence of new ways of war and the expansion of war scale and time and space. In order to meet the needs of the war, the original Great Wall extended eastward in Qi Weiwang in the early years of the Warring States Period, and was finally completed in Qi Xuanwang. The Great Wall was built to the coast of the Yellow Sea. Regarding the construction of the Great Wall in Qi Weiwang in the early years of the Warring States Period, the literature records are as follows:

Biography of Historical Records of Su Qin only quoted the saying of the past years: "In the twenty years of Liang, Min built the Great Wall."

The Notes on Water Classics (Volume 26) says: "Hui Liang has been king for twenty years, but Qi Changfang thought it was the Great Wall."

"Historical Records of Zhao" said: "(Chenghou) seven years, Qi Nan invaded the Great Wall."

"Lu Chunqiu Quan Xun" says: "Hou Wen can be described as a good minister, ... the East is better than the Great Wall."

And so is the history of Qi Xuanwang's burial and construction of the Great Wall:

"Historical Records of Chu Family" contains: "Qi Xuanwang rode one of the mountains, built the Great Wall, east to the sea, and west to Jeju for more than a thousand miles."

"Archaeological Records of Shandong Province" examines Chu territory and Qi Great Wall: "Regarding Qi territory, Qingzhou is south and Jinan is south of Mount Tai, so the Great Wall is built, along the river, across Mount Tai, and thousands of miles to Langxietai into the sea."

Another wife who studies Qi Liang also said: "... when the Great Wall was built, it was more than a hundred years since it was built in Zhuanggong, and the Great Wall of Qi was not built by Qin."

The above historical records prove that both Qi Weiwang and Wang Xuan built the Great Wall during the Warring States Period. During the Warring States period, Qi was a powerful country, dominating the East and having a great influence on the world. At that time, it was the heyday of Qi and one of the Seven Heroes. At that time, Chu had destroyed Lu and southern Shandong successively, covering southeastern Shandong and posing a direct threat to Qi. Therefore, with the development of the situation, the original Great Wall was added to the west, continued to expand eastward, and continued to build it to the seaside as the defense line of Chu State. At that time, Chu was also a powerful country, one of the seven heroes, and the country was powerful, which destroyed Lu and threatened Qi, so the whole Great Wall of Qi was dominated by guarding Chu during the Warring States Period.

To sum up, the Great Wall of Qi is a huge project, which cannot be completed in a short time. We believe that the construction of the western section of the Great Wall of Qi started in Qi Huangong in the Spring and Autumn Period, and was completed at the latest in the 18th year of Duke Xiang of Lu (555 BC). It was built for more than one hundred years (about 685-555 BC). This section of the Great Wall was also gradually restored from west to east. The long wall made of slate to the west of Changqing was first built, and then gradually built to the west of Boshan, and the construction of the western section of the Great Wall was completed in the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period. In the early Warring States period, Qi Weiwang joined the Boshan Great Wall and continued to build it eastward. In Qi Xuanwang, the Great Wall was built by the sea, and finally several Great Walls were built. The Great Wall in the eastern section was built for more than 70 years (356-284 BC).

After nearly 170 years of hard work in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the Great Wall of Qi connected with the east and west, and finally completed the construction of the Great Wall of Qi 'nan national defense line.