Geographical knowledge of nursery rhymes.

1, eight planets

Water, gold, fire, wood, Saturn, the king of the ocean, surround the outside;

Only life on earth exists, and warm gas, liquid and water are caused by the edge.

(1) temperature, suitable temperature. Qi, an atmosphere suitable for biological breathing.

2. Characteristics of the Earth

The equator is slightly bulging and the poles are slightly flat. From west to east, time began to change.

The north and south are longitude lines, which are relatively in the same circle. Things are parallel lines, forming parallel circles separately;

The equator is the longest, and polarization is the focus.

3. Division of East, West, North and Southern Hemisphere

20 degrees west longitude, east longitude 160 degrees, the whole line runs through the eastern and western hemispheres.

The northern and southern hemispheres are divided into two parts, and the equator is zero latitude.

4. Day and night alternation and seasonal changes

The earth rotates and changes day and night. Around the sun, four seasons appear.

One day rotates, one year revolves. From west to east, the direction remains the same.

5. Five regions of the earth

The earth has five regions, all separated by four lines; Back to the tropics, the polar circle is divided into cold and warm;

There are two cold temperatures and five areas with uneven temperatures. (1) Temperature refers to temperature.

6. Map direction

Identify the direction of the map and put it in front of you; From north to south, from left to west and from right to east.

The plot is easy to distinguish, but the latitude and longitude network is difficult; O Latitude refers to the north-south and east-west meridians.

Polar projection map, the orientation is special: for the northern hemisphere, the heart is four Nan Zhou;

In the east-west direction of the northern latitude circle, the rotation is counterclockwise. For the southern hemisphere, north and south around the heart;

South latitude circle east and west, rotate clockwise.

7. continents and oceans

The total surface area of the earth is * * * 501 million; The percentage of land and water is 7 1 ocean.

Six continents, including islands and seven continents; Asia, Africa, North and South America, Antarctic Ocean Europe.

Water is four oceans, and peace is the deepest and widest; Daxi "S" shape, Indian Arctic Ocean.

Plate structure, six plates are combined together; The plot is relatively stable, and there are many earthquakes at the junction.

8. Location of oceans and continents

The ocean is bounded by the mainland, and the mainland is bounded by the ocean. The Pacific Ocean is the first of the four oceans and lies between Asia and Australia.

The Atlantic Ocean is in the southwest of North America, and the east coast is very important to Europe and Africa. The Indian Ocean is adjacent to Asia, Africa and Australia, and the south is connected by Sanyo Water.

The Arctic Ocean has the smallest water surface, including Asia, Europe and North America.

9. The boundaries and locations of the seven continents

The surface of the earth covers a large area, and Asia, Europe, Africa and the United States are all in the south. Asia and Europe are integrated, and Ulagao adds points to both sides;

Asia and Africa were originally connected, and the Suai Canal was cut off. Asia and North America are separated by water, with the Bering Strait in the middle;

China and the United States came to bring the North and the South together, and the Bana Canal was blocked. Oceania is small in size and seems to be broken.

Asia, Europe, Africa and the Eastern Hemisphere, North and South America occupy the western half, only Antarctica is independent, and the ice sheet is called plateau.

(1) ocean, Oceania. America, South America and North America. South, Antarctica. ② Wula, Ural Mountain and ural river. Goga, Caucasus mountains. ③ Suez Canal, Suez Canal. (4) Bana Canal and Panama Canal.

10, topography of seven continents

(1) Asia

The terrain in Asia is mixed, and the height in the middle is surrounded by depressions. The alluvial plain is wide and the mountain plateau is large. -River radiation, water resources can be praised.

(2) Europe

The peninsula has many seas and segments; The mountains live in the north and south, and the central plain is low;

Flat terrain, the first altitude.

(3) North America

The eastern plateau is connected with the mountainous area, and the western mountainous area is connected with the plateau. The east and west alternate high continents, which are called lakes and seas in the world.

(4) South America

The Andes are located in the western and eastern plains and plateaus. Topographic world first, plateau and plain first.

The mountains in the west are the longest and the Amazon River basin is very wide. Rainforest ranks first in the world, and grassland is pampas grassland.

5] Africa

With an average elevation of 600 meters, it is called the continental plateau continent, connecting the eastern plateau and the western desert plain.

[6] Oceania

The area is small, divided into two regions, a continent and two islands. The continent is high from east to west with a basin in the middle.

(7) Antarctica

Surrounded by Sanyo, it has accumulated ice and snow for many years; More than two thousand meters, the highest altitude. Million dollars

1 1, seabed topography

Shallow sea continental shelf and outer continental slope; The ridge and seabed of the ocean basin are unpredictable.

12, topographic change

Terrain changes, internal forces and external forces add up. The sea has changed and the internal strength has increased; Plate movement, tension and compression, fault fold and high depression; Volcanic earthquake, plate margin. External forces should not be underestimated; Wind and waves, water and ice, erosion changes, with the passage of time, cutting high and filling depressions.

65438+

Weather: short-term sunny, rainy, snowy, cold, hot and windy # Climate: average spring, summer, autumn and winter for many years.

14, temperature distribution law

Temperature distribution is different, from high latitude to low latitude; W Land and ocean are different, with high land temperature and low ocean temperature in summer.

The terrain is also affected, with a difference of 6℃ per kilometer.

15, the harm of global warming

Glaciers melted and the coast was flooded. Measures are urgently needed.

16, the formation of wind

High temperature and high gas rise under low pressure; Gas comes from high pressure and flows to form wind.

17, earth pressure area

High pressure zone 4, low pressure zone 3: between 5 degrees north and south, high temperature gas appears,

Equatorial depression, convenient precipitation; 30 degrees north and south, deflection under airflow,

Sub-hot high air pressure, less rain and frequent droughts; G the air pressure at the poles is low, close to the poles;

60 degrees north and south, extremely low.

18, geowind zone

The pressure zone is separated, and there are six wind zones: the trade winds embrace the equator, the east winds emerge from the poles, and the north-south westerly winds are 40-60 degrees.

19, precipitation formation conditions

The air is full and the temperature drops; Condensed nucleus, collision; Weight gain, rain and snow.

20, precipitation distribution law

Equatorial heat, more precipitation: polar cold, difficult precipitation. X tropic of cancer, divided into the west; Keywords continental west coast, subtropical high,

The trade winds are blowing, and the precipitation is insufficient; The land on the east coast, monsoon, warm climate and abundant precipitation. Mid-latitude, inside; Away from the ocean, the climate is dry.

2 1, factors affecting climate

The factors affecting climate should be considered from four aspects; Latitude is the first, and the equatorial poles are very different;

Followed by land and sea, the summer in the open sea is cool; Terrain is also very important, don't be cold and windy;

Ocean currents should not be underestimated, and warm currents are rich in water.

22. Distribution and characteristics of terrestrial natural zones

Vegetation animals change with the abnormal surface climate. There are three types of heat and temperature in the distribution of natural zones;

Vertical variation of tundra ice sheet belt and mountains in sub-frigid zone On the equatorial edge of the tropical rain forest, high temperature and rainy trees are towering;

Orangutans and apes often appear, and hippos and elephants are not uncommon. The savanna is sandwiched on both sides, and Africa and South America are the most vast;

In wet and dry seasons, the north and the south are opposite, and the trees are sparse and the grass is dense. Lions, rhinos, zebras and giraffes migrate to aquatic plants in the dry season.

Tropical desert Tropic of Cancer, Africa and Australia; There are few vegetation and sand dunes, and ostriches and camels are hungry and drought-tolerant.

Temperate deserts live on land and can be seen in Asia, America, Australia and Africa. It is hot in summer and cold in winter, and the vegetation is not easy to dry.

Temperate grassland has four distinct seasons, many of which are in the middle of the northern hemisphere; When there is little rain, the grass is particularly short, and antelope rabbits are the most common.

Temperate forests are lush, but pandas and sika deer are rare. In the coniferous forest in the northern sub-cold zone, pine spruce can resist cold;

In most parts of Asia, America and Northern Europe, animals change their feathers in winter and summer. The tundra climate is long and cold in winter, the northernmost part of Asia, Europe and America;

Plants lichens and mosses, endemic animals reindeer. Antarctic ice sheets and icebergs, penguin seals near the coast;

In the Arctic and Greenland, the white bear walrus is not afraid of cold.

23. World natural resources

1) Land resources

Land resources and living conditions; Returning farmland to forests and grasslands, deforestation and land reclamation, soil erosion, land desertification, population increase and land reduction, measures shall be taken to control * * *.

2) Water resources There are many waters and large areas of seawater on the earth; Only fresh water resources can be used. Underground rivers and lakes are more distributed; It is more difficult to meet the demand. Protect resources and save money first; Planting trees and preventing pollution. Seawater desalination, for a long time.

(3) Forest resources

Forest use: providing wood, containing water and increasing humidity; Protect fields from wind and soil erosion; Purify the air, ① "natural scheduling". Protect resources and insert synchronization. ① Adjust and adjust the atmospheric composition. Clean and purify.

(4) Mineral resources

There are many kinds of minerals, among which coal, iron and oil are the most important. Russian, Pakistani, China, Australian, Indian, Canadian and American countries have high iron ore reserves. Coal mines are from China, the United States and Russia, and the coal quality in Asia, Europe and North America is good; Oil is concentrated in the Middle East, Russia, the United States, China, Mexico and Britain. (1) Pakistan and Brazil. India. India.

24. World population distribution

The world population lives in East Asia and South Asia; North America and Eastern Europe are densely populated;

This is a coastal plain with a humid and warm climate. Agriculture has a long history and industrial and commercial cities are developed.

Population issues.

The population is developing too fast, and the environmental resources are damaged; The migration of population to cities has brought many unfavorable factors:

Housing, transportation, water and electricity, medical education and employment.

26, the world race problem

Racial differences in the world depend on skin, hair and eyes. Bai lives in Europe and America, and Huang lives in Yadong.

Black people are no strangers to the United States, and racial discrimination is light. Ocean, Oceania, the word "foreign" behind it is the same.

27, the world's major languages

There are 2000 nationalities in the world, many of which have their own languages. Chinese is used the most, in southeast China and Asia;

English is widely used in Britain, Australia, North America and India. Russian is relatively concentrated, and Latin American Spanish invades ②;

French is very beautiful in the world, mainly in France; Arabic, Asia and Africa is an important international language.

28. Three major religions in the world

World Religion III, Fujian Islam. One billion Christians are widely distributed in Europe and America. Buddhism originated in India and returned to true Islam.

600 million Muslims, the most common in Asia and Africa. (1) Europe and America, Europe, America and Oceania.

Countries with a world population of over 1 100 million.

China, India, the United States, Nigeria and Russia, as well as Pakistan, Nigeria and Bangladesh. India. India. Nepal, Indonesia.

② Ba, the first word "Ba" refers to Brazil, and the second word "Ba" refers to Pakistan. Nigeria. This sentence can be remembered by the image language "I was hungry because I was short of rice (the homonym of Nepal), and I dreamed of it on the eighth day".

30. Questions about countries around the world

There are 180 countries in the world, covering a region of Russia, Canada and China, with territorial sea, land, sea and air and national borders between the two countries.

The political system is subordinate and most countries are underdeveloped; International communication should be equal, and the five principles should guarantee this.

3 1, World Region Department

According to human, land and nature, the world is divided into thirteen regions. There are five regions in Asia: east, west, south, middle and southeast; Hand in hand theory

Africa is divided into two parts, Sarah is divided into north and south lines; America is also divided into two parts, with Latin America accounting for the south;

Europe is divided into West Asia, East Asia and North Asia, with only the Antarctic Ocean. ① Man-land, human geographical factors and geographical location. (2) East is connected with North Asia, and eastern Europe and North Asia are combined into a region.

2. East Asian countries

There are five countries in East Asia: China, Korea, Japan and Mongolia. Mongolia lives inland and its animal husbandry is prosperous; North Korea is divided into north and south, and it is rich in resources.

South Korea's economic development is also called "Little Dragon" with Japan; China is more important, and we will comment later. (1) North Korea refers to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. (2) North Korea refers to the Korean Peninsula.

33. East Asian topography

East Asian coastline twists and turns, and peninsula islands are like stars; There are many plateau mountains in the west and hills in the east;

The terrain is high in the west and low in the east, and the rivers in the east flow into the sea.

34. East Asian monsoon climate

The East Asian monsoon is remarkable, and the western mainland of the East China Sea. The specific heat of land and ocean is different, and the air pressure fluctuates with the seasons.

In summer, the land temperature rises rapidly, forming a low pressure area; Seawater absorbs heat late, with low temperature and high pressure;

The monsoon blows from the sea to the land, and the offshore precipitation is abundant. There are two kinds of climate, temperate subtropical monsoon.

35. Differences between East Asia's coastal and inland areas

East Asia coast is warm and humid, with dense population; The plain has vast arable land and is rich in rice and tea shreds;

There are many good ports along the coast, which are beneficial to economy and trade. The population in the west is small and there are many plateaus and mountains;

Grassland climate is dry and animal husbandry is suitable for processing.

36.japan

Japan's four major islands, this continent is the most important; The coastline is tortuous and the population is dense and narrow;

Frequent seismic activity and obvious marine monsoon; Forest is rich in water power and few in mineral resources;

Rapid economic development and high level of science and technology; The four economic zones depend on the import of raw materials;

Shen Heng Honshu Island Foreign Trade Port. Tokyo is a hub with high railway speed;

Cold current and warm current meet and fish Hokkaido; Small plots of land rely on machinery, and agricultural output is high;

Culture has both East and West, representing the cherry blossom country.

37. Join hands with Southeast Asian geography education.

"Nanyang" Southeast Asia, * * * ten countries; Archipelago country, Indonesia. When Europe moves eastward, it must pass through Malacca;

"Crossroads" between India and Taiwan Province. Between the mountains and rivers on the peninsula, they are distributed in vertical columns. The upstream V-shaped valley is rich in water resources and electricity.

The downstream is broad and gentle, alluvial into a plain; Soil and fertilizer irrigation, thick people, prosperous agriculture. There are many volcanoes in the archipelago, between the three plates;

Indonesia, known as the "volcano country", farmers are not afraid of risks and farm in the crater.

38. Two climate types in Southeast Asia.

On the equatorial edge of tropical rain forest, Malay Peninsula Islands; Convective rain dominated the whole year, and the precipitation load exceeded 2000;

There are a lot of plants in the rain and heat, and farming is not idle in the four seasons. The tropical monsoon is divided into rain and drought, and the Indo-China Peninsula is north of the Philippines.

The rainy season is from June to1October, and the drought is from 1 1 month to May. Annual precipitation 1500, sowing in rainy season and harvesting in drought.

39. People and products in Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia is outstanding and rich in products: rubber oil, brown tin, rich in Malaya; Coconuts and bananas, the Philippines can boast;

Rice is the staple food, and the quality in Thailand is good; In Brunei, Indonesia, oil is being developed; Many people believe in Buddhism and build essence;

Angkor Wat in Cambodia and Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon; With the development of economy, China people have made great contributions.

1) Malaya, Malaysia.

Singapore in the Malay Peninsula, an island country shaped like a lion city; The island is as small as a star and densely populated, with more than three quarters of Chinese.

"Crossroads" Malacca, the only place for lunar navigation. Independent emerging industrial countries that are poor in resources and dependent on imports.

Superior geographical location, good port and numerous foreign trade and shipping; Open the door to attract capital and technology, and industrial development will be a "little dragon".

This garden city has a beautiful environment and a lot of foreign exchange earned by tourism.

Indonesia, 4 1

Indonesia, an archipelago country. The output ranks first in the world, Muhutengjinna (1); The same is true for oil exports; Tropical rain forest scenery, jade chain hanging; Bandung has an elegant environment and good recuperation tourism; Jakarta, the capital, is located in Java Island. (1) wood, kapok, Hu, pepper. Jinna, cinchona.

42. Geography and climate in South Asia

South Asia subcontinent, the terrain is divided into three parts: the north is mountainous, and the three countries live inland; Nandegan Plateau is rich in soil, fertilizer and minerals. In the central agricultural area, the plains are connected in an arc. Three rivers flow out from the alluvial plain; Irrigation is carried out by diverting water from the river, and the downstream of Hengbu River meets ①. The climate is a hot monsoon with a lot of precipitation. ① Heng, Ganges River. Cloth, Yarlung Zangbo River; The source of this river is in China, and China is called Yarlung Zangbo River.

43.india

South Asian countries, capital Madrid; The population is the second in the world and the cultivated land is the first in Asia; Hemp tea ranks first in the world, and cotton cane is the economy; Bangladesh and Canada are two main ports (1), cotton and linen industrial zone. (1) Meng, Mumbai. Besides, Calcutta.

44. Major crops in India

Rice, wheat, cotton tea, peanuts, sugar cane and jute.

45.pakistan

Pakistan is the first industrial cotton textile country in South Asia and West Asia. Agriculture mainly depends on irrigation, and the Ganges drought can solve the crisis. Islamabad is the capital and Karachi is the city port.

46. Central Asia

There are five countries in Central Asia, Hataji Tuwu. Eurasian Railway Bridge, the "Silk Road" is ancient; 5. Living on the land of China, he is the master of the plateau and plain;

The climate is dry, and the Kara Desert is ②; There are many flows in rivers and lakes, and irrigation leads to Eminem. Country 130, Islam.

"Platinum Country" Wu ④ is the third largest cotton producer in the world. Mineral reserves are large, with coal, iron and oil days. Wudu Tashkent, Dacheng Hub Station.

① Ha, Kazakhstan. Tower, Tajikistan. Kyrgyzstan, Kyrgyzstan.

Turkey, Turkmenistan. Ukraine, Uzbekistan; The following (4) also refers to this country and will not be explained separately. ② Kara Desert, Karakum Desert. (3) Eminem, Amu Darya. ⑤ Days, natural gas.

47. Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan in Central Asia, a landlocked country in the world; Russian Kazak (1) has a large area of cultivated grasslands, industrial bodies for energy exploitation, a large number of oil and coal mines, industrial land in Karaganda, the capital of Almaty. Russia, Russia. cloth

48. Population and geographical location in West Asia and North Africa.

There are many Arabs in West Asia and North Africa; Teach Islam, except four countries in West Asia. Five seas and three continents, traffic in West Asia;

Education has had the Silk Road since ancient times, and the land, sea and air have talked about it today. Six countries in North Africa, many coastal ports, also known as Isaiah of the Suez Canal,

Communicate two oceans and transport oil through them. These four countries refer to Israel, Cyprus, Armenia and Georgia. These countries mainly believe in Christianity. ② Sai, Port Said, Asia and Alexandria. Yes, Tripoli. Ah, Algiers. Card, Casablanca.

49. Topography and Climate Education Forum for West Asia and North Africa.

The terrain of the two areas is mainly plateau, and the Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle. Subtropical high northeast trade wind zone, dry and hot desert cloth;

Agriculture mainly depends on irrigation, and mountain oases can graze; Winter precipitation is distributed in the Mediterranean, West Asia and North Africa.

50. Oil in West Asia and North Africa

These two regions are the richest in oil, and their reserves are exported to the whole world. The seven major oil-producing countries (1) have shallow burial and good oil quality.

Exported to western Europe, the United States and Japan by tankers and pipelines. Japan must pass through Malacca, and Europe and America often go around the Cape of Good Hope.

(1) The seven major oil producing countries refer to Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kuwait, Iraq, Libya, Algeria and Egypt.

5 1, products from West Asia and North Africa

West Asia and North Africa are good products, and Afghanistan produces purple lamb skin; Allah wool Turkey (1), Iranian wool woven carpet;

Dates are a specialty of Iraq, and Mogo is rich in olives. Allah, Ankara. ② Mogo, Morocco.

52. Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia, a tropical desert country. Terrain is dominated by plateau, and fresh water resources are scarce.

It ranks first in the world in terms of reserves and output, and is an oil country. Sandy soil turns into farmland, and there are new measures for investment.

Mecca is called the Holy City, with Riyadh as its capital.

53.egypt

Egypt has a heavy position, and Asia, Africa and Europe are in a hurry. It spans two continents with Suez in the middle. The Nile runs through the whole territory, and the "green corridor" is green. Aswan Dam, the miracle of the pyramids.

Valley delta, long-staple cotton. Industrial oil exploitation, freight revenue rose. Cairo, the capital, an ancient African city; Alexander has an important position.

Suez, Suez Canal. (3) the Nile, Nile. ③ Transportation and canals. Overseas Chinese, remittance. Egypt is rich in labor resources, and many people go to work in West Asia, earning a lot of remittance income every year.

54. Geographical conditions in sub-Saharan Africa

There are many plateaus in sub-Saharan Africa. East African Rift Valley, subsidence stratum fault.

Kilimanjaro, the top of Africa. Lake Victoria is a basin depression.

There is a basin in the middle and the Congo River in the middle. Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic coast.

Madagascar is located in the southwest of the big island. Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, the southwestern tip of the mainland.

55. The climate W of sub-Saharan Africa is a tropical continent of Africa, with the equator passing through the middle.

The climate is slightly banded, with a symmetrical distribution in the north and south. The central tropical rain forest is hot and rainy all year round.

Trilateral savanna, the dry and wet seasons in the north and south are opposite. The law of tropical desert, the return of north and south is correct.

The southern end of Mediterranean style is rainy in winter and dry in summer. 1 regression, Tropic of Cancer.

56. Natural resources in sub-Saharan Africa

Resource animals and plants are famous for their minerals. Precious tree species, rosewood and sandalwood (1),

Bobbab tree has a long life and grows on the hot grassland. Animals are not unique, and the scarlet river is like deer spots.

Ethiopia, Nature Zoo. Gold and diamonds are stored and produced at the same time.

Guinea bauxite, oil reserves are also considerable. (1) sandalwood, sandalwood. 2 no, Africa. 3 gorillas, gorillas. Rivers, hippos. Elephants, African elephants. Deer and giraffes. Spotted zebra.

57. C? te d 'Ivoire

Ivory Coast of C? te d 'Ivoire. Give priority to with agriculture, afforestation and gardening. Cocoa Kingdom, the first production. 3S

Coffee and wood, the top of Africa. Abidjan, "Little Paris".

Diversification of agricultural products to get rid of difficulties. (1) The output, output and export volume rank first in the world.

Asia Review.

(1) climate

The climate is complex and the distribution of water and heat is quite different. The eastern monsoon is rainy and snowy, and the western mainland is windy and dusty.

It is warm at low latitudes in the south and cold at high latitudes in the north.

(2) Plateau and mountainous areas

Pamirs, surrounded by mountains; Himalayas, the top of Mount Everest;

Tianshan Altai, the capital of kushner. Qinghai-Tibet Plain, Deccan, North Mongolia; Central Siberia, Iowa, is separated by a bay.

(3) The lakes, rivers and Caspian lakes in the northwest belong to Europe; The Dead Sea Lake Baikal is the saltiest and deepest genus.

The first river of the Yangtze River, the black vein enters Taibo (2); Xerox flows east in the north, and flows across the river in the south. (1) ia, Iranian plateau and Arabian plateau. (2) The Black Mekong River flows into the Pacific Ocean, and Heilongjiang and Mekong Rivers flow into the Pacific Ocean. (3) Ley River, Lena River, Yenisei River and ob river.

59. Overview of Western Europe

Know the western part of the European continent and remember four, three, two and one. Four peninsulas live in the north and south, three in the ocean and black,

Two islands are listed in the ice, one on the North Sea and the other on the Bay of Biscay.

① The four peninsulas refer to the Iberian Peninsula in the south, the Apennine Peninsula in the north, the Balkans and Scandinavia.

② Black Sea, Baltic Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea.

(3) ice, refers to the British Isles and Iceland.

60. The topography and climate of Western Europe.

The topography of western Europe is divided into three parts, with mountains and plains alternating; The surface is complex and eroded by glaciers.

Climate in the west, temperate ocean is obvious; L belongs to the eastern temperate continent, and its remoteness is decreasing;

Southern Mediterranean style, cool in summer and cold in winter in the north.

6 1, resident of western Europe and R country

Western Europe, more than 30 countries. The smallest Vatican is called "pocket country".