Selected geographical knowledge that children must recite.

Part I

1. Generally speaking, the seasonal displacement of pressure zone and wind zone moves northward in summer and southward in winter.

2. Name and scope of five zones: tropical zone, north temperate zone, south temperate zone, north frigid zone and south frigid zone.

3. The geographical significance of the earth's revolution: the change of the height of the sun at noon, the change of the length of day and night, and the change of seasons

4. The significance of the atmosphere to the earth protects the survival of living things, affects the natural environment of the earth, and maintains life activities

5. The composition of the lower atmosphere: clean air, water vapor and solid impurities

< Constitute an organism; Absorb ultraviolet rays; Photosynthesis and heat preservation; Clouds cause rain

8. The "greenhouse effect" of atmospheric pollution of carbon dioxide, the destruction of ozone layer by chlorofluorocarbons

9. Vertical stratification of atmosphere: troposphere, stratosphere (ozone layer) and upper atmosphere (ionosphere)

1. The main features of troposphere are: upper cold and lower hot, obvious convection, and complex and changeable weather phenomena. Has the closest relationship with human beings.

11. The main feature of the stratosphere: ozone absorbs ultraviolet rays. Advection is beneficial to high-altitude flight,

12. The upper boundary of the atmosphere is about 2-3 kilometers from the ground.

13. The most important factor affecting the intensity of solar radiation: solar altitude angle

14. The weakening effect of the atmosphere on solar radiation: absorption, reflection and scattering.

15. The higher the temperature of the substance, the shorter the wavelength of the part in the radiation; On the contrary, the longer.

16. Ground radiation is the main direct heat source of troposphere atmosphere.

17. Atmospheric inverse radiation Clouds are warmer at night, and it is sunny and cold at night.

18. Thermal insulation effect of the atmosphere. Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the troposphere have a strong ability to absorb long-wave radiation on the ground.

19. Global heat balance The average income and expenditure of the earth for many years are equal.

2. The root cause of atmospheric motion is the uneven cold and heat between latitudes.

Part II

1. Thermal circulation The air circulation formed by uneven ground temperature.

2. The direct cause of wind is the horizontal pressure gradient force.

3. Direction and magnitude of horizontal pressure gradient force. High pressure points vertically to low pressure. The greater the air pressure difference per unit distance, the greater the wind force.

4. The direction of geostrophic deflection is to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere.

5. Influence of friction on wind direction Because of the influence of friction, the wind direction is not parallel to the isobar, but has an intersection angle.

6. Steps of judging wind direction according to isobars ① High pressure points vertically to low pressure ② Right deviation in the northern hemisphere and left deviation in the southern hemisphere ③ Draw resultant force

7. Microclimate: urban wind, sea-land wind and mountain-valley wind

8. Isobars at sea level and low pressure center of wind power, high pressure center. The denser the isobar, the stronger the wind.

9. Significance of atmospheric circulation Adjusting the global distribution of water and heat is an important factor in weather changes and climate formation in various places.

1. Distribution of pressure belt and wind belt on the earth: northeast trade wind, subtropical high, mid-latitude westerly wind, sub-polar low pressure, polar easterly wind and polar high

11, 24 solar terms: spring rain surprises spring, clear valley is clear, summer is full, summer is full, summer is hot, autumn is exposed, frost falls, winter snow falls, winter is mild, and winter is cold

12.

13. Main pressure centers on land and sea in summer: Asian low (mainland), Hawaiian high (Pacific Ocean), azores high (Atlantic Ocean)

14. Causes of monsoon ① Differences in thermal properties between land and sea ② Seasonal movement of pressure belt and wind belt

15. East Asian monsoon (northwest and southeast wind) in typical distribution areas of monsoon. South Asian monsoon (northeast and southwest winds).

Part III

1. Climate factors: temperature and precipitation.

2. Climate forming factors include solar radiation, atmospheric circulation, underlying surface and human activities.

3. Comparison between continental climate and maritime climate: daily range, annual range, temperature month and lowest temperature month.

4. Names of world climate types: tropical (four kinds), subtropical (two kinds), temperate (three kinds) and frigid (one kind)

5. Steps to judge climate types ① judge the northern and southern hemispheres, ② judge the heat zone and ③ judge the rain pattern.

6. Characteristics, causes and distribution of subtropical monsoon climate: high temperature and rainy in summer and mild and little rain in winter; Affected by the monsoon; East coast of the mainland 2-35

7. Characteristics, causes and distribution of Mediterranean climate: hot and dry in summer and mild and rainy in winter. Controlled alternately by subtropical high and westerly wind. 3-4 West Coast

8. Characteristics, causes and distribution of temperate monsoon climate: it is hot and rainy in summer and dry at low temperature in winter. Monsoon. 4-6 east coast of the continent.

9. Characteristics, causes and distribution of temperate maritime climate. It is warm in winter and cool in summer, with even precipitation. The west wind prevails all year round. 4-6 continental west coast.

1. Characteristics, causes and distribution of temperate continental climate: severe cold in winter, hot in summer and little rain all year round. Controlled by continental air mass all year round. Temperate inland

11. Classification of fronts and cold front, warm front and quasi-static front. Temperature, pressure, weather.

12. Examples of the influence of the front on the weather in China: the rainstorm (cold front) in northern summer, the cold wave (cold front) in winter in China

13. The pressure, airflow and weather characteristics of cyclones are low; Updraft; Rainy. The horizontal airflow in the northern hemisphere is counterclockwise.

14. The pressure, airflow and weather characteristics of the anticyclone are high; Downward flow; Sunny. The horizontal airflow in the northern hemisphere is clockwise.

15. The weather behind the front of the frontal cyclone. It is rainy on one side of the cold air mass.