Who were the three talented women in Qing Dynasty?

1 Xie Fangduan, a talented woman in Qing Dynasty

Xie Fangduan, a native of Meilun Water Village in Yangchungang, was born in 1724 and died in 15 13 at the age of 89. She is the eldest daughter of Xie Zhongwan, an upright official. Xie Fangduan lost his mother in childhood, traveled with his father, and was smart and eager to learn. He never forgets to recite. He studied phonology from his father when he was young. When he was young, he loved to write poems and songs and was good at learning. He never stopped writing. He wrote a book "Ci Fu" and "Xiao Lou Yin Draft" (Ci Fu is now lost, and Xiao Lou Yin Draft is stored in Zhongshan Library, Guangdong Province). In the forty-three years of Qing Qianlong, Guangdong Governor Li and Hanlin Academy editor Feng made a preface and biography for Yin Draft respectively, praising their talents and people.

When Xie was a teenager, he traveled all over Hainan and the two lakes, read many famous mountains and rivers and places of interest, and saw countless bleak world situations, which was quite profound. All these have accumulated solid materials for her future writing.

Although Xie Fangduan has lived with his father for a long time, he has deep feelings for his hometown. In her manuscript, you can find many praise poems, which are also very touching to read now. On one occasion, she left home for ten years, and went home from Changning, Hunan Province to Yangjiang with her father by boat. The boat was moored at the edge of the village, and a poem named "Moon Boat in the Water" was presented, with the theme of scenery and a childlike innocence:

The canoe is moored by the bridge, and the famous mulberry garden is in front of you.

It is a picture of the clouds in the desert mountains, with long flowing smoke.

The smell of orange flowers is close to the secluded house, and the fishing song rings.

After ten years of mothering, the mountains and rivers are still there.

She also has deep feelings for her father, which is not only gratitude to her parents for their upbringing, but more importantly, respect for her father's noble character of being an official for 46 years and being clean all his life. Her father's clean life left a deep impression on her. I said in the poem "Farewell to my younger brother is the best way": "My sister is young and hard to leave, and the children and grandchildren of honest officials should not be too poor. Poems and books are still there, but they can be passed down from family to family. " She refused to examine the theft case of India's father's return to China, and was summoned by Emperor Qianlong in Wuchang. She was ecstatic and hurriedly wrote "Xi Fu":

Twenty years of labor, counties? , follow the great river north and south.

The bronze seal is worthy of the bell, and Shao Dan must announce it to Wuchang.

Wanli distinguishes traitors from emperors? Nine times, I asked wide.

Far away, I know that Yang is standing on the ground, and the furnace is full of incense.

When Xie Fangduan was young, he married Liu Zongyan, the top three local scholar in Xinlou Village. Husband and wife love poetry and music and often sing together, but the good times don't last long. At the age of 30, they lost their husbands, leaving two sons and two generations of widows to support them. At this time, she is conscientious in her family career, "raising children and educating women, spinning and teaching day and night, never stopping." In his later years, he lived with his eldest son, Liu (Panyu, etc. 10 Zhou Yu, and later served as a professor in Qinzhou Prefecture) and lived in the government. Living in seclusion, she enthusiastically teaches people to write poems and cultivate peaches and plums. Wherever she goes, she is respected. She is often called a scholar and a loving mother. When she was in her 80 s, she returned from the government. "All the students saw her off, and some chased more than 30 miles and said goodbye with tears."

2

A talented woman died in the Qing Dynasty. The word Ji Zhai, Yi Ji Zhai, the fine print Gu Mo, a silent aunt, is from Jiashan, Zhejiang. Born in Dan. Born with extraordinary wisdom, he can write poems, embroider knives and rulers at the age of nine, all of which are wonderful. Xi Xiaoke, copying Li's sketches and favorite bamboo paintings, sleeps with him. At the age of sixteen, he died without saying a word. Quiet boudoir collection. Poems of plum blossoms

3 Chen Duansheng

(1751-about 1796)

Song writer. The word Yunzhen was born in Qiantang, Zhejiang (now Hangzhou). Marry Fan Qiutang south of Huaihe River. Fan Yi defended the court, ie said that his mother had controlled the rebellion. Duan was born at home to serve and wrote the lyrics of Rebirth. After Fan was pardoned, he died before he got home. "Rebirth" has 20 volumes * * *, and Chen wrote 17, but he died unexpectedly. The remaining three volumes were continued by another female writer, Liang Desheng. Finally, Hou Zhi, a female writer, compiled it into 80 volumes. In the second year of Daoguang (1822), Bao Rentang's print appeared, and then a variety of prints, lithographs and lead prints appeared. This work was adapted into Suzhou Tanci Collection, which had a certain influence.

Qiantang, Zhejiang. Author (lost), Tanci novel (volumes 1 to 17).

His grandfather, Chen Zhaolun (Jushan), was once the minister of Taibu Temple and the editor of General Examination of Continuing Literature.

Father Yu Dun, mother Wang.

Duan Sheng just wrote that he was under 18 years old and was in Beijing.

She was less than twenty years old when she finished sixteen volumes, and she was in Dengzhou, Shandong Province. She stopped writing because her biological mother died and married Fan at the age of 22. The relationship between husband and wife is not bad. Later, due to Fan Shuntian's rural examination, thousands of ghost writers were uncovered and sent to Yili as slaves. At the age of thirty-three, at the urging of relatives and friends, she spent nearly a year writing the seventeenth volume and never wrote it again.

Anyone who has seen Meng Lijun, a Beijing opera, will be deeply impressed by this strange man who disguised himself as a man, won the first prize in scientific research and was hand-picked by the emperor. However, I don't know how many people know that this famous Peking Opera drama is based on Chen Duansheng's (175 1- about 1796) tanci novel Rebirth. Meng Lijun's legendary story attracts people's attention for two reasons. First of all, the hero of the story subverts the traditional gender concept and female social identity in a special way. This breakthrough in concept was accomplished by female writers, which added a special color to the social and ideological significance of the novel. Therefore, it is classified as a "feminist novel" in western Sinology, and even some scholars have conducted in-depth research on it from the perspective of modern feminism. Second, the narrative style of the story is very special. Compared with the plot arrangement of western novels, the plot arrangement of China's traditional novels is slow and loose. After reading it, you don't have to rush to read it again. You can pick it up again in a few days. Even in A Dream of Red Mansions. Rebirth is not the case. Its story arrangement is very similar to that of western novels, with one link after another and one thriller after another, which makes people anxious to know what will happen and don't want to put it down for a moment (the same is true of Jin Daxia's novels). Aside from its content and ideological content, the emergence of such a special female writer in the Qing Dynasty is enough to surprise our contemporary people.

One more thing is very special. Rebirth, like A Dream of Red Mansions, is an unfinished manuscript. Chen Duansheng only wrote the first seventeen volumes and died, leaving a regret for the world. About thirty years later, Xu Zongyan and Liang Dechun felt that the original author "abandoned his previous life halfway" and continued to write the last three volumes, becoming a 20-volume book. Although the sequel is not as good as the original, it is also a great contribution to the completion of this story. This novel has an original version of Tanci and an adapted version of prose (74 times). You can come and have a look if you are interested. You won't be disappointed. Of course, if you read an adapted version of prose, there is no obstacle to writing habits.

The story of rebirth is so famous, but the author's life experience is little known. I think such a talented woman is worth knowing. Fortunately, in his later years, Mr. Chen Yinque devoted himself to "doing useless things to send a life with limited vision" and wrote a long article "On the Destiny of Rebirth" of nearly 80 pages, which made the author's first two lives obscure, made future generations "know others and discuss the world" when we read novels, and deeply understood the relationship between the background of the works and the author's personal experience. Like Liu Chuan, Mr. Chen's papers are textual research, which most people don't understand and don't like to read. They need to be written in a way that ordinary people are used to.

Chen Duansheng is from Hangzhou. Jiangnan not only produces talents, but also many talented women. I remember going to Hangzhou last summer. After dinner, I took a walk near the West Lake. When I arrived at a place, I saw a low wall with the words "rebirth" written on it, occupying the whole wall. I was worried and stayed there for a while. Unfortunately, it is too late to find out what it is, even the former residence of Chen Duansheng. The next day, I left Hangzhou in a hurry, leaving a suspense. Be sure to visit again when you have a chance in the future.

The Chen family are several generations of literati. Chen Duansheng's grandfather, Chen Zhaolun, was a scholar in Yongzheng, and he was the author of the Collection of Purple Bamboo Mountain Houses, which was highly praised by people at that time. His father, Chen Yudun, was a juren and worked as a local official in Yunnan and Shandong. Chen Duansheng's grandfather is a very enlightened old scholar, who once wrote Talented Women. He thinks that women's satire on "learning stories", "recognizing allusions" and "inspiring spirituality" is not helpless, but can make women "gentle and honest", so he comes to the conclusion that "talent and morality are accompanied" Although the ultimate goal of talented women in his eyes is to be a more competent housewife, after all, he raised his cultural literacy to a useful position, which at least opened the door for his female descendants to receive cultural education. Chen Duansheng and her sister Chen Changsheng both have good literary talents and should benefit from their grandfather's enlightenment.

Chen Duansheng's mother, Wang, was born differently. She is the daughter of Shangyu, the former magistrate of Yunnan and Dali. It is natural that Wang Shang is a scholar and his daughter is educated. It is not surprising that Chen Duansheng, who was educated by her daughter, is very literary. In addition, Chen Duansheng, a native of Hangzhou, set the starting point of the story Rebirth in Yunnan, and put many activities of the hero and heroine in the capital of Yunnan, which is very puzzling. Knowing her mother's family background can tell everything. Presumably, Chen Duansheng heard a lot about Yunnan from his mother when he was a child, and was deeply attracted, and he had a lot of fantasies and mysteries about Yunnan. Writing novels naturally starts from the mysterious Yunnan. It may also be that Yunnan is far from the traditional capital, people's thoughts are not so restrained, and it is very open-minded for Wang's thoughts to be passed on to his children. Only by examining the traditional social concepts can Chen Duan be unconstrained and unconstrained, and can he write such works as Rebirth. On the other hand, mm seems to be circumstantial evidence.

Chen Yudun and Wang seem to have no sons but only three daughters. Life is long, followed by birthdays, and longevity is the smallest, but birthdays are young, but in fact only two sisters are life partners. Duansheng and Changsheng sisters are brilliant in literary talent. It goes without saying that birth is self-evident, as evidenced by "rebirth". Immortality is not inferior. At that time, the Jiangnan world was more open-minded and not strict with men and women. Her sister Changsheng was one of the "female disciples" of Yuan Mei, a literary giant at that time. Marrying former imperial academy editor Ye Shaogong (Qin Ke) is another cultural marriage. Ye Jia has a characteristic: women are full of talents and excellent poetic skills, and the high level amazed people at that time. Yuan Mei once commented: "My hometown is full of beautiful women, but it is more prosperous than Ye Fangbo's home. His two wives, two sons and one daughter (referring to longevity) are all flying generals in the poem. " Addendum 3 to Poems in the Garden From the fact that Jiangnan women are versatile and good at singing in groups, we can see that the sorority described in A Dream of Red Mansions is not a fabrication or ideal of Cao Xueqin, but a very common phenomenon in aristocratic families at that time. In a family or living environment, it is really difficult to cultivate the mindset that men are strong and women are weak, because it is not your sister or your mother who moves you or worships you. Well, the situation in my family can be circumstantial. Therefore, Chen Duansheng's ability to break the traditional way of thinking and write Rebirth is probably related to the family environment around women (and talented women).

The first sixteen volumes of Rebirth were written by Chen Duansheng when he was eighteen or nineteen. At that time, she was still in the boudoir. Although some people say that her grandfather is frugal and his family looks poor, after all, his official position is very high and he is not as poor as the average poor. I started writing in the autumn of 1768:

There is nothing wrong with the boudoir curtain in front of the window, and the early cold in autumn turns sleepless.

The shadow of the lamp leans to the edge of the book, and the rain falls to the edge of the bar.

It is difficult to make sentences with new ideas, but it is difficult to make sentences with only a few sentences.

Tonight, the right to peace of mind is appropriate. Let's talk about writing a beautiful marriage with crayons.

This is the beginning of Rebirth, which shows the writing season. The specific time is about September in the thirty-fourth year of Qianlong (1769). Chen Duansheng lived eighteen years in vain that year. Ancient and modern talented women are precocious, and Grandma Zhang became famous as a teenager. People like us who haven't reached the age of success should feel at ease and be ordinary people. Smile.

When Chen Duansheng began to write Rebirth, he lived in Beijing Wailangying (mm). At this time, her grandfather is an official in Beijing, and the whole family is accompanying her in Beijing. In September, her grandmother and uncle's parents went back to Hangzhou, her father stayed in Beijing to work, and the Chen Duansheng family didn't go back to the south. Chen Duansheng should be more free than usual now, and the home environment is quiet, which is a good time to write. It is worth noting that Chen Duansheng and Cao Xueqin (17 17- 1763) are almost contemporaries. Chen Duansheng was twelve years old when Cao Xueqin died. Six years later, she began to write Rebirth in Beijing. A Dream of Red Mansions has been circulating in Beijing for many years. Did Chen Duansheng have a chance to read A Dream of Red Mansions? Teacher Chen said that she may not have read A Dream of Red Mansions, which may be reasonable, but it may not be that she has not read it. If you have seen it, what would Chen Duansheng think of Sister Lin, a talented woman, and the two sisters in the Grand View Garden and their fate?

Chen Duansheng's writing is not utilitarian. The earliest readers were probably only her mother and sister, but she was very diligent in writing and often burned the midnight oil. Chen Duansheng said that in the cold winter, she was still thinking about writing:

The freezing weather has been extremely cold, and the hunting of the west wind has been ruined.

A short day can't bear to embroider frequently, which is still a continuation of "rebirth".

Say it again:

Although the book is a clear and peaceful January, the world should know the end of the year.

The window loves to take advantage of the warm morning sun to care about the cold night.

The reason why she writes so hard is completely driven by irresistible writing impulse, which is similar to what Sister Lin said: "The poet's helplessness and ignorance." When the writing impulse comes, the writer can't stop if he wants to, and thinks it is a godsend. Ancient and modern Chinese and foreign masterpieces are probably such products, and it is not enough to rely on the efforts of the day after tomorrow.

At that time, the writing activity was very pleasant, and Chen Duansheng described it like this:

Sister bed listening to the rain at night, spring porch rhyme poems.

The partition wall is covered with red apricots and sunny snow, and the couch is covered with sunset clouds.

Embroidery in the afternoon tired the whole line, and the trial of spring tea added spring.

In the first month of the following year, Chen Duansheng's grandfather left Beijing for Hangzhou, but Chen Duansheng's father was still an official in Beijing, and the sisters and mother stayed in Beijing. By May, she had written the first eight volumes in about eight months.

In August, my father worked in Dengzhou, Shandong, and the whole family followed him. Dengzhou Prefecture is located in Penglai City today. Penglai is near the sea, with beautiful scenery, myths and legends. Life there makes talented woman Chen Duansheng feel very comfortable and at ease:

Near the East China Sea, the tide rises and falls, and Pengshan lives.

There are thousands of castles in the air, and what time are the sails hanging outside the island?

It is not hard to imagine that life in Chen Duansheng is very pleasant. Apart from the beautiful natural scenery, it goes without saying that her family is not an ordinary person there, but a local governor, who was officially released by Beijing and enjoyed special treatment. You can't find that sense of superiority in Beijing. However, the superior and comfortable material life did not erode Chen Duansheng's spiritual pursuit. During her stay in Penglai, she continued to write diligently. Her writing speed is fast, which can be said to be the climax of her writing. She lived in Dengzhou for about seven months and finished nine to sixteen volumes. Mr. Chen speculated that her difficulty in writing might be related to her mother's poor health. She was afraid that her mother would die before she finished writing.

Unfortunately, the climax of her writing ended with the completion of sixteen volumes. Because after that, Chen Duan's creation was interrupted, and it was forty-nine years after Qianlong (1784), that is, ten years later, that he resumed writing and continued to write the seventeenth time. This is another story.

After writing sixteen volumes, Chen Duansheng had a sigh that time flies:

At first, the grass was green and the rain was good.

In the end, the apricot blossoms and red drops have disappeared in spring.

It is a pity, it is a pity,

Running water, time is fading;

Don't pack up your leisure,

I will wait, and I will get 17 new words.

The word "Flowing Time" was published in "Peony Pavilion", which is exactly what Daiyu once said sadly: "As beautiful as flowers and jade, as water flies". Teacher Chen said that Cao Xueqin was only trying to figure out a woman's state of mind, which was an article of indirect imagination, while Chen Duansheng was a language of direct experience, so the word "rebirth" was worth pondering. I think this similarity can at least convince those who don't believe that there are sentimental seeds in the world: Du Like Li Niang and Lin Sister.

Chen Duansheng didn't continue to write after he finished sixteen volumes, because his mother was ill and died in July. Calculate the age, her mother will not be over 50 when she dies. According to today's life expectancy, she will reach middle age. Presumably, mother Chen is also a talented woman, which is why it is so inappropriate. Chen Duansheng said, "Since the last years of Gunter Hall, I have made Yunchen Caihua donate." Mother is actually her first bosom friend. During her writing, the readers were only her mother and sister. Chen Duansheng's sisters are closely related to their mothers. They not only take care of them in life, but also teach them to read and write. Their talent depends on their mother's supervision of the class. The main reason why Chen Duansheng worked so hard to write Rebirth was to please his mother. I'm afraid Chen Duansheng lost her mother for the first time in her life. The biggest loss for people in this world is the loss of bosom friends, especially those who are talented and need to be appreciated and encouraged. A bosom friend is more important than anyone else, not to mention a bosom friend is your loving mother. How can I be in the mood to write without my mother?

The following year, in the summer of the thirty-sixth year of Qianlong (1770), she returned to her hometown in Hangzhou with her family about her father's departure. Back to the south, I first took a bus from Penglai to Dezhou, and then took a boat from Dezhou by water, which made the delicate Chen Duansheng walk very hard. At that time, the traffic was not as developed as it is now, and no matter how rich people are, they have to go through rough times.

This year, Chen Duansheng was twenty years old.

Back in Hangzhou, I seem to have no energy to continue writing. I just made some changes and touches to the old draft. The next few years will probably be the period when blind date is ready to get married, and there will be many things and some twists and turns in the middle. Three years later, 23-year-old Chen Duansheng finally married her famous son Fan Hong. At that time, Wei Fan was a student, but he had not been selected. However, Fan Hong is over 30 years old and may be married. Chen Duansheng is a stepwife, not an original match. Fan Hong is the son of Chen Duan's grandfather's good friend Fan Can, a native of Xiushui, Zhejiang Province, and a fellow countryman of Chen Duansheng's mother. His family has lived in Huzhou for generations and is closely related to Duan's longevity husband's family. The marriage between Fan and Chen seems logical. Fan Can was a scholar in Yongzheng period, and once served as the governor of Hubei, the governor of Anhui, senior minister and assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry. Chen Duansheng was right to marry his son. So Chen Duansheng's material life will not change much. She hit it off with her husband and was very happy. She described her married life like this:

Fortunately, Aunt Lai is poor and weak, and her husband is a Confucian crown.

Ban Du tea soup waste, carving candles to urge poetry to laugh.

Jinse is a happy combination, and pearl fleas hang in the palm of your hand.

Life is smooth sailing, but writing has not returned to its former state. Although her husband may also be her confidant, this confidant is definitely not her confidant, and the fit between people varies from person to person. Not that particular person, a particular inspiration can't come out. However, I think happiness is more important than continuing to generate writing inspiration. Chen Duansheng must feel the same way, so she has no impulse to write in a happy life. However, she completed another creation, giving birth to a daughter a year after marriage and a son a few years later.

It is not difficult for people to be happy in the world. What is difficult is how to stay happy for a long time. This seems to be a difficult problem for most people, because happiness is always so fleeting, while misfortune is often so stubborn. Chen Duansheng, a rich woman married into a famous family, never imagined that bad luck would suddenly befall her.

Chen Duansheng's husband hasn't been chosen yet, let alone a scholar. With his family background, social relations and marriage with Chen Duansheng, it is inevitable that he will gain both fame and fortune. Therefore, Chen Duansheng said, "I am extremely happy about the prosperity of the cross channel, but it is bound by the name." Yes, there is a good life, why not? But in that social atmosphere and family environment, you can't get rid of the "lock of fame". However, for Chen Duansheng's husband, whether it is "profit" or "fame" in "lock and rein" is a draw with a sieve, but "lock" and "rein" have become a real reality.

In the forty-five years of Qianlong (1780), a cheating case occurred in Shuntian. A man named Chen Qi is the main culprit, and Chen Duansheng's husband Fan Wei is even involved! The case is roughly a rural exam, and the examiner caught several candidates with notes and impostors on the spot. Chen Qi is the principal offender. After his arrest, he gave up Fan Hong. Two brothers, flag bearers, also participated in the crime. Mr. Chen confirmed that Fan Hong was not an accomplice of Chen Qi, but was framed. Chen Qi probably has a lot of contacts, because the official documents never specify his name, just by ranking. I'm afraid saying my real name will bring trouble to people with bigger names. Investigators also sentenced the gourd monk gourd case, let the real accomplice go, let Fan Wei take the fall.

The imperial examination hall incident was a rare case during the Qianlong period, which caused Long Yan's anger. Qianlong issued a letter to severely punish seven criminals. Chen Qi was sentenced to detention by hanging (suspended), and six others were sent to Yili, Xinjiang to serve their sentences. Fan Hong naturally had no chance to see Chen Duansheng again, so he was sent to Xinjiang.

My husband was sent to Xinjiang, which was a great blow to Chen Duansheng. We cannot overestimate it. First of all, loving couples have separated, and sentimental Chen Duansheng can't stand it. Chen Duansheng was twenty-nine when her husband was exiled, and she had only been married for six years. For today's people, six years of marriage may be unbearable, but for those who have been married at that time, six years may still seem to be in the middle of marriage. Besides, Chen Duansheng's married life is really harmonious. In this way, we can't see the difference between life and death. Chen Duansheng's pain is natural:

A shocking string is absolutely unexpected, and half a broken mirror is hard to round.

Lost in the sunset, wandering and troubled people will never be stopped.

Since then, yet I feel the harmonious heart-beat of the Sacred Unicorn, I have been heartbroken for many years.

The feelings of the unpaid master are difficult, and he strongly caresses Shuang'er's ambition and self-determination.

Sitting in a sad city, tears solidified, and God flew to Wan Li to stop the wind and smoke.

If ordinary people change into such sadness, they may feel something, but they can't say it. The pain will be much lighter. Chen Duansheng is extremely sentimental and expressive. That kind of kindness and good expression is tantamount to self-indulgence on the wound and will make the pain more painful. This is why talented women in ancient and modern times are more painful than ordinary people. If Chen Duansheng is the Meng Lijun in her story, it doesn't matter if her husband is exiled. She can dress up as a man, go out and start a career, and finally touch the emperor and return her husband. If she were Liu, she would try to get through the joints and save her husband. Unfortunately, in real life, she is nothing. In the face of the disaster from the sky, she can only "scratch her head and ask for heaven, ask for heaven?" Chen Duansheng's helplessness, helplessness, really makes people cry.

Losing her husband is a disaster, and I'm afraid there will be another disaster at that time. She and everyone in the Fan family will be politically implicated. Because at that time, Qianlong not only punished seven people who violated the ban, but also the parents of two of them were dismissed because of lax discipline of their children. When problems arise, politics in China is always very difficult to handle. Speaking of the front line, there is really a kind of horror that dark clouds overwhelm the city. I remember that more than ten years ago, my neighbor's husband went abroad because of one thing, and his neighbor's house was also randomly raided by the police. At that time, the neighbors were all holding their children under one year old and watching the police raid their home, afraid to say a word. I think she must be very scared, because I don't know what impact this will have on her life, work and future, and it will also have an impact on her family, not to mention the future of her children. As Fan's family, they have suffered a lot in order to survive this disaster safely. Therefore, Chen Duansheng's relatives and friends kept their mouths shut at that time, and no one dared to leave any news about Fan Wei in the article. So now people study Chen Duansheng's experience with little information. Only Chen Duansheng dared to miss a criminal who was sent to the frontier by the emperor and wrote all his true feelings. This is superhuman courage, taking a huge risk. At this point, she is indeed somewhat biased.

However, no matter how loudly Chen Duansheng appeals to heaven, God only helps those who can help themselves. It seems that God is not so kind to a helpless weak woman like Chen Duansheng. Her husband left for ten years and didn't go home until she died. This is another story.

What Chen Duansheng went through, which I wrote today, is only a page or two, but it tells what it was like at that time. If Chen Duansheng wrote it himself, he couldn't even write hundreds of pages. It's a pity that she didn't write a few words in detail except in the seventeenth volume of Rebirth.

Chen Duansheng's present situation is similar to that of Li Wan in A Dream of Red Mansions, but she is more difficult than Li Wan. Li Wan's husband died of illness, and the so-called "widow unemployment" won the sympathy of many people and the support of the old lady. Chen Duansheng is not a widow. Her husband is still alive, but he carried a heavy cross and was sent to the front of the criminals. I wonder how the interpersonal relationship of the Fan family is? According to her own statement, Weng Gu felt sorry for her. However, in the old big family, there are not only aunts, but also others. If there are so many little people, she should be the most vulnerable to gossip and exclusion. But Chen Duansheng still has a strong side. From what she said, "Make a determined effort to appease Shuang'er's ambition", we can see that her nerves are thick. And her sister's support and help. I'll write it later. So in these difficult days, besides raising children, Chen Duansheng is still active in the cultural circle.

The first sixteen volumes of Rebirth were written in Beijing and Shandong, and the readers were only my mother and my sister. After she returned to her hometown in Hangzhou, "Rebirth" soon spread in a province in Zhejiang:

But this book has long been known, and it was handed down from a province in Zhejiang.

When I was a playwright, I felt very happy, but I was better than that, and my articles were worthless.

The boudoir bosom friend, the elders in the court are all smiles.

Even more earnestly, I must let Feng Peng Luan continue to play the old string.

Not only "boudoir confidants" and "court elders" are vying to read her "Rebirth", but everyone is still unfinished, urging her to continue and let everyone see the final ending. As mentioned earlier, the story of Rebirth is connected by a link, and the thrill is connected with the thrill. At first, I couldn't let go. At that time, so many people spread it, urging Chen Duansheng to continue writing. Cao Xueqin's outstanding work A Dream of Red Mansions was not so widely circulated before his death. His reputation is over. Chen Duansheng is not. She was famous before her death, and many fans of fate followed her closely. This is Chen Duansheng's luck. Although writing was of no practical benefit to a woman at that time, talented people love to compete for fame, and talented women seek bosom friends. There are so many people who agree with her writing, which is more precious than money. In A Dream of Red Mansions, Baoyu said that he would show off his words outside, and the sisters were very worried. Chen Duansheng, on the other hand, not only doesn't mind the spread of his works, but also is very proud. It seems that she does have the "crab" gene in her bones. Because the reader's response was very enthusiastic, she felt it necessary to continue writing:

A bosom friend loves me. Don't worry. I will continue to succeed in my spare time.

In rainy days, Bai Mudan sends wax, and red plums burn in the spring.

Xiangyang takes advantage of the three-pole day and lights frequently at night.

It is absolutely not true that people are worried about others, and the old heart is not old.

If there is any mistake or mistake in it, it will bother you, and the reader will add an axe to cut the mark.

In the early spring of forty-nine years of Qianlong (1784), twelve years after his mother died and four years after her husband was exiled, Chen Duan finally resumed the writing of Rebirth. /kloc-stopped writing for 0/2 years, as she said: "Everything happened in 12 years was in a drunken room in Tang Ming". "Tang Ming is drunk" means that the gender of Li Mingtang (Meng Lijun) has aroused people's suspicion in the palace. He is drunk and is about to take off his boots to check whether he has little feet. At the same time of soul-stirring, the story came to an abrupt end, and it stopped for twelve years. Unexpectedly, the twelve-year blank was filled with Chen Duansheng's own joys and sorrows. The bitter outsiders don't know, but Chen Duansheng knows, can't help but sigh.

Of course, the current writing mood and living environment have changed a lot. As she said, "I'm so worried about people, so worried about people." The writing speed is greatly reduced, and Chen Duansheng's ambition to finish Rebirth has not been realized. She only wrote volume 17, and never wrote it again.

Chen Duansheng, male, born in May, 1945, native of Qu County, Zhejiang Province. Senior engineer. 1970 graduated from Fudan university. Now he works in mengshan county Science and Technology Commission. In his early years, he successfully designed generators with 5, 20 and 200KW third harmonic excitation. In recent years, we have applied for some patents. For example: lens headlights, low cost, no scattered light. The condenser can effectively convert the scattered polychromatic light emitted by the electric light source into a condensed light beam, which can be condensed into a small light beam. It is a cheap multi-color optical flow with high energy density, and the power and efficiency of spring far exceed that of laser. Its color picker can pick up monochromatic light in any frequency band (that is, monochromatic light) very conveniently in the process of dimming. When applied to laser, it can not only make the resonant cavity have sheet and pile structure, but also have the system of color selection, recovery and residual light utilization of excitation light, which greatly improves the power and efficiency of the current laser. Applying it to the telescope can not only make it extremely light in structure, but also greatly improve the angular magnification and brightness. The invention can conveniently convert single-phase alternating current into three-phase alternating current meeting the requirements of power supply quality, thus realizing the desire of transmitting electric energy by single wire. The invention has low cost, can monitor all three-phase motors from small to large with the same monitor, and is convenient, reliable and durable. The main works are: On Prime Numbers and Their Pairs (this paper not only proves Goldbach's conjecture, but also solves a series of difficult problems related to prime numbers, such as the formula for finding prime numbers). On the reform of three-phase AC power transmission and transformation system (this paper puts forward two new transmission systems: two-phase three-wire and single-phase single-wire). Geometric straight lines and geometric surfaces related to optical reflection (this paper points out that the direct drawing method of quadratic function curves without table calculation is accurate and fast).