The Yellow River is a famous "river above ground" in the world. What can we learn from the situation of the Yellow River?

The cut-off of the Yellow River tells us that the surplus and shortage of water resources, in a sense, are closely related to the socio-economic situation and development of the region and to environmental protection. The interruption of the Yellow River reflects the intensification of the contradiction between environment and development in river basins and large regions. Ignoring the rational development and effective utilization of water resources, the mighty Yellow River will also have a big problem of long-term cutoff. From the perspective of social and economic development, the Yellow River Basin is a water shortage area. The main way to solve the problem is to cut off the flow, followed by open source and strengthen the unified dispatching and management of water resources. Only by using water scientifically and improving the effective utilization rate of water can the limited water resources play the biggest and best benefits. 1. The influence of the Yellow River is cut off! The roaring Yellow River in history has burst twice in three years and changed its course once in a hundred years, but it has actually stopped flowing. Where did the water of the Yellow River go? In 1970s, the Yellow River began to cut off frequently. During the 25 years of 1972- 1996, 19 was cut off for 57 times, lasting 682 days. The longest intercepting year is 1997, and * * * intercepts for 226 days. The longest cut-off reach is about 704 kilometers from the estuary to Kaifeng. Since the 1990s, the Yellow River has been cut off for a long time, and the number of times has increased, and the cut-off reach has also been growing, gradually developing upstream. Among them, the cut-off began in February every year, concentrated in March to July, and has been in a state of cut-off in June for four years. The harm caused by the interruption of the Yellow River is manifold. It has a great influence on the stability of the river, that is, the balance of water and sediment, the increase of river sediment deposition and so on. As the water level rises, the flood discharge capacity decreases. It has a great impact on the downstream water consumption outside the river, and it has a great impact on the industrial and agricultural water consumption along the Yellow River. Tens of millions of acres of farmland, villages in cities and factories along the Yellow River depend on the water of the Yellow River, and the direct economic losses caused by water shortage are also huge. In dry years, water shortage disturbs people's normal work and life order and affects social stability. The cut-off of the Yellow River also has a great impact on the ecological environment of the lower reaches of the Yellow River and its surrounding areas and the estuary delta, but the impact of the cut-off of the Yellow River on the ecology has not yet attracted great attention. The Yellow River Delta is formed by sediment deposition of the Yellow River, and the sediment of the Yellow River is transported to the estuary, which makes the Yellow River Delta expand at a land-making speed of more than 20 square kilometers per year and become the fastest growing area of land resources in the world. However, since 1980s, the speed of land reclamation has greatly slowed down with the decrease of the amount of water and sediment flowing into the sea from the Yellow River. If the Yellow River cut-off problem intensifies and the sediment entering the sea is greatly reduced, the coastline of the Yellow River Delta will be dominated by net erosion, not siltation. The Yellow River Estuary and its adjacent waters are rich in biological resources, high in primary productivity, rich in bait biological foundation, and rich in economic invertebrates and intertidal organisms, especially shellfish resources. The Yellow River Estuary and its adjacent waters are the concentrated distribution areas and economic fishing grounds for various larvae. The Yellow River Estuary is rich in resources, mainly because the Yellow River has brought a lot of terrestrial biological nutrients. The interruption of the Yellow River will have many adverse effects on the biological resources in this area: the Bohai Sea will lose its important source of bait, which will seriously affect the reproduction of marine life; A large number of migratory fish will swim to other places, causing the rupture of the biological chain in the Yellow River estuary and its adjacent waters, which will bring irreparable harm. Wetlands in the Yellow River Delta are important protected areas of wetlands and aquatic organisms with international significance, and also important protected areas of marine coastal ecosystems. There are more than 800 species of aquatic biological resources in the 6.5438+0.53 million hectares of tidal flat wetland in the nature reserve, including precious amphioxus, finless porpoise and Songjiang perch. Hundreds of wild plants, some of which are endangered plants under special state protection; Birds 187 species, mostly national first-and second-class protected wild animals. The cutoff of the Yellow River will cut off the fresh water resources, soil resources and various nutrients in this area. Under the action of seawater intrusion, soil salinization and desertification, the ecological environment will deteriorate, leading to the loss of ecosystem, biological population and genetic diversity. The long-term interruption of the Yellow River and the decrease of water volume will seriously affect the ecology of the downstream rivers and the spawning and reproduction of fish. 2. Reasons for the Yellow River's cut-off There are different opinions about the reasons for the Yellow River's cut-off, and the meteorological department said that it was a meteorological factor; The downstream provinces think that there is too much water in the upper and middle reaches, and there is no consideration for the downstream; Some departments have also suggested that the downstream water diversion is too large; Many units have put forward problems such as reservoir operation in the main stream of the Yellow River. Although these arguments are discussed from different angles, they all have some truth. First of all, the decrease of incoming water caused by climate change. According to the statistics of the measured precipitation data, the precipitation in the Yellow River Basin 1990- 1995 is less. The annual average precipitation above Huayuankou is 388 mm, accounting for 89% of the average precipitation for many years, of which the annual average precipitation above Lanzhou is 357.8 mm, accounting for 86% of the average for many years. The annual average precipitation along the Yellow River below Huayuankou is 635. 1mm, which is 93.4% of the multi-year average. The lack of precipitation since the 1990s is a factor leading to the cutoff of the Yellow River. The recent decrease in the runoff of the Yellow River is caused by the change of the underlying surface, in addition to the climatic reasons. Planting trees and grass on the loess plateau, small watershed management, soil and water conservation of terraced fields, mountain greening, etc. , are important measures to save water. These measures have promoted local soil and water conservation and reduced local runoff. In other words, this is a good measure to change the local natural environment, but it will consume a large part of water. Second, due to the upstream social and economic development, industrial, agricultural and domestic water consumption above Huayuankou is also increasing year by year. With the increase of water consumption, the water consumption of the Yellow River has also increased dramatically. With the increase of groundwater exploitation, groundwater level will decrease and precipitation infiltration will increase, which is also an important aspect of reducing surface runoff. There is no groundwater problem in the scheme of diverting water from the Yellow River, and the exploitation of groundwater along the Yellow River has a great influence on the flow of surface water products of the Yellow River. Not only along the Yellow River, but also in various areas of the basin, the exploitation of groundwater will have a certain impact on the runoff of surface water. At present, the groundwater exploitation in water-deficient areas is increasing day by day, from 4.4 billion cubic meters in 1980 to 654.38+0.2 billion cubic meters in 1993. The groundwater level has generally declined, and large groundwater funnels have been formed in some areas, leading to large-scale over-exploitation of groundwater. The influence of underlying surface change on surface runoff, infiltration recharge increases and surface runoff decreases. In some serious areas, surface runoff will be reduced by 30-50%. Third, the Yellow River is short of water resources. The total water resources of the Yellow River refer to river runoff and shallow groundwater (fresh water). River runoff is 58 billion cubic meters, and shallow groundwater is 40.35 billion cubic meters (including 365438+500 million cubic meters below Huayuankou, and internal flow area165438+800 million cubic meters). The duplication of the two is 26.5 billion cubic meters. The total water resources is 70.7 billion cubic meters. Including the inland river basin, the total water resources are 710.90 billion cubic meters). The development and utilization of water resources in the Yellow River is increasing. 1993 The water consumption of the Yellow River Basin was 40.64 billion cubic meters (Yellow River Commission: 4,065,438+83 million cubic meters), which was an increase of 12. 1980/3%. Farmland irrigation only increased by 1.26%, industrial and urban life increased by 90%, and water consumption increased from 4.4 billion cubic meters to 8.35 billion cubic meters. In the next 20-50 years, so will the water consumption trend. In 50% water year, the available water supply in the basin is about 42.3 ~ 42.5 billion cubic meters; 75% of the whole year is about 41700 million cubic meters. According to the analysis of the present situation, the industrial, agricultural and domestic water demand in the Yellow River Basin is about 49 billion cubic meters, and the water shortage is about 2.5 billion cubic meters, mainly for agriculture, and a few cities lack water (about 200 million cubic meters). It is also necessary to ensure that the sediment discharge in the lower reaches of the Yellow River is not less than 20 billion cubic meters. Let the limited water resources of the Yellow River bear such a heavy burden, which shows that the water of the Yellow River is precious. It is inevitable that there is a serious waste of water resources in the Yellow River Diversion Area. The waste of water resources in Ningmeng irrigation area is well known (although there are some objective reasons), and the irrigation quota in the downstream yellow river diversion irrigation area is also very high. The industrial water quota is also high, which has certain water-saving potential. In the Yellow River basin, water saving should be an important work that can not be ignored. Due to the influence of climate and human activities, the runoff above Huayuankou decreased by 28.8 billion cubic meters in 1990s compared with 1950s, including 2.45 billion cubic meters in non-flood season. Fourth, reservoir operation. The Longyangxia-Qingtongxia reach in the upper reaches of the Yellow River is planned to be constructed 15 cascade project with a total storage capacity of 45.9 billion m3. Cascade projects such as Longyangxia, Liujiaxia, Yanguoxia, Bapanxia and Qingtongxia have been completed, which can realize multi-year regulation of upstream water resources. The operation of these reservoirs has greatly changed the face of the Yellow River runoff and brought many adverse effects on the matching of water and sediment in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. Due to the different functions, different management departments and different dispatching methods and purposes of the reservoirs built upstream, sometimes the downstream inflow will be reduced during the dry season. Fifth, the amount of water diverted from the Yellow River below Huayuankou has greatly increased. The irrigation area of Huanghuai and Haiyuan Plain in the lower reaches of the Yellow River is nearly 40 million mu (including the area of diverting water from the Yellow River to replenish the source), which is the largest irrigation area and an important grain and cotton base in China. Large and medium-sized cities with the Yellow River as their water source include Xinxiang, Zhengzhou, Kaifeng and Puyang in Henan. Shandong has Dezhou, Heze, Jining, Liaocheng, Jinan, Zibo, Huimin, Binzhou, Dongying and Qingdao. Most of these cities rely on more than 60% of the Yellow River water. Both Zhongyuan Oilfield and Shengli Oilfield depend on the Yellow River for production and domestic water. At present, the amount of water diverted from the Yellow River below Huayuankou reaches 96-1200 million cubic meters. (In the 1990s, the annual water intake of the Yellow River below Huayuankou was 65.438+0.007 billion cubic meters, which was also increased by 65.438+0.08 billion cubic meters. In short, on the one hand, the Yellow River is cut off because of the increase in water consumption, which is mainly due to population growth and economic development. Another reason is climate change. In recent ten years, the weather has been dry and the precipitation has been less. According to the water transfer scheme of the Yellow River Basin in 1980s, it is found that Qinghai, Gansu, Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces have not reached the allocation quota at present, and some provinces use less water, only Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region have reached or approached the allocation quota. If they all reach the level of water transfer scheme, there will be less water coming from the upper and middle reaches, and the problem of water stoppage will be more serious. The water diversion scheme is multi-year average. In dry years, it is obvious that the water consumption should be lower than the water allocation quota. In dry years, the water consumption of agriculture will increase greatly, and the water consumption will increase when there is less incoming water, so the amount of water that can be transported downstream will be less. It is urgent to study the interruption of the Yellow River. The cut-off of the Yellow River tells us that the surplus and shortage of water resources, in a sense, are closely related to the socio-economic situation and development of the region and to environmental protection. The interruption of the Yellow River reflects the intensification of the contradiction between environment and development in river basins and large regions. Ignoring the rational development and effective utilization of water resources, the mighty Yellow River will also have a big problem of long-term cutoff. From the perspective of social and economic development, the Yellow River Basin is a water shortage area. The main way to solve the problem is to cut off the flow, followed by open source and strengthen the unified dispatching and management of water resources. Only by using water scientifically and improving the effective utilization rate of water can the limited water resources play the biggest and best benefits. 3. Importance of Yellow River Basin Management Water saving is the fundamental strategic measure to solve the problem of Yellow River cutoff. Industrial, urban and agricultural water use in the Yellow River basin has water-saving potential. On the one hand, we should do a good job in education and publicity, on the other hand, we should strengthen the management of water resources in the Yellow River basin. The emphasis on river basin water management is because the river basin is a natural unit, a natural socio-economic region closely related to each other in economy, society and culture, and an economic belt of current macroeconomic planning. Water is the basic condition that runs through the upper, middle and lower reaches of the basin and maintains the survival of the people in the basin. It is also an important condition for transportation and an important natural factor for economic development. To strengthen the management of water resources in river basins is to take water saving as the fundamental purpose, coordinate water use in the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, rationally allocate water resources and improve water utilization efficiency. The lack of water resources in the Yellow River basin and the lack of unified management and rational dispatching of water resources in the Yellow River are the reasons that cannot be ignored. The waste of water resources is serious, and there is a lack of unified management and scheduling of water transfer. It is urgent to strengthen the unified management, dispatching and distribution of water resources, realize the rational allocation of water resources and improve the effective utilization rate of water resources. Because the management of Yellow River diversion in the lower reaches of the Yellow River is the responsibility of the Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission, the irrigation areas in the middle reaches of the Yellow River are the responsibility of provinces and cities, and some large reservoirs in the upper reaches are managed by the electric power department. Therefore, how to dispatch and rationally allocate the water resources of the Yellow River has always been a difficult problem to solve. The unified regulation of water resources in the Yellow River is very important. At present, the State Council has approved the State Planning Commission and the Ministry of Water Resources to promulgate and implement the "Annual Allocation of Available Water Resources in the Yellow River and Water Dispatching Scheme in the Main Stream" and the "Measures for the Management of Water Dispatching in the Yellow River", giving the Ministry of Water Resources and the Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission certain power to allocate and dispatch water, and the problem of cutoff of the Yellow River has been obviously improved. Although the drought in the Yellow River basin has been serious since 1998, due to the proper management and dispatching of the Yellow River, many areas have the feeling that the Yellow River is cut off, which gives us profound enlightenment. Over the years, the drying up of inland rivers and lakes (such as Lop Nur, the shrinking of Tarim River and Bosten Lake) has not attracted our attention. Haihe river system was cut off from time to time, and most of it became intermittent rivers or dry rivers until Baiyangdian dried up. In recent years, the Huaihe River has also been cut off, and the Songhua River has also been cut off, indicating that the "cut-off" is moving southward and the scope of the "cut-off" problem is expanding. Not to mention what impact the problem will have on the water cycle on which human beings depend if it continues to develop. The water situation is getting worse, to say the least. Paying attention to the interruption of the Yellow River is not only related to the current water consumption and social and economic development of the population in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, but also affects the aquatic ecology and terrestrial ecology. It is to ask people to have a long-term vision and cherish their "environment". We call on people to pay attention to environmental protection and water resources. However, it is hoped that the relevant departments will strengthen the unified management of water resources in administrative areas, strengthen river basin water management, raise water resources management to a higher level, and raise environmental protection, ecological protection and water resources protection to a new level.