History of British and American development

Initially, Britain had three colonies in what is now the United States. They tried their best to slaughter and sell the colonial people, and then Washington came! Leading the colonial people in the war of independence with the British colonists. At first, Washington's power was insignificant, but later it grew bigger and bigger. Finally, it defeated the British colonists and established the United States of America. From the19th century, the United States began to develop from the original 13 states in the eastern part of the North American continent to the central and western regions, and the area of the United States increased day by day. At the same time, the United States also has many territories overseas.

Later, the civil war broke out. The north of the United States wants democracy and the south wants slavery. As a result, American President Lincoln launched a civil war. Because of the contradiction between the plantation economy in the south and the capitalist economy in the north, most slaves were escorted to the south of the United States and demanded independence. American President Lincoln launched a war and allowed blacks to participate in the war, so the support of slaves was the main factor for the victory of the Civil War.

In 2000- 1500 BC, Celts (called Gauls by the Romans), a branch of the ancient Indo-European language family, marched westward. In BC 1200- 1000, the Germans forced the Celts to continue westward to the British Island. Before they lived on the island, the Picts whose capital was Skan Palace were killed. Until 1296, King Edward I of England of England decided to change the ceremony to Westminster Abbey in London. Until the Norman Conquest, Scotland still owned the Kingdom of pickett.

In 55 and 54 BC, Caesar led the Roman army on an expedition to Britain, and retreated after the Celtics showed some yield. In 43 A.D., the Romans established a province on the British Island, which was divided into two parts: the military area (mountainous area in the northwest) and the administrative area (plain area in the southeast). In fact, the Romans only controlled the administrative area. Scotland in the north and Wales in the west are still in the hands of the Celts. They often rebelled against Roman rule, and the Romans had to build Hadrian's Great Wall to guard against them. In the 4th-5th century, the Roman Empire gradually declined and gradually gave up its control over Britain. The Romans withdrew their troops from 407 to 442, ending 400 years of British rule. After the Celtics gained political independence, they established many small principalities, which fought endlessly for territory, weakened their own strength and provided a good opportunity for foreign invasion.

The Angles live in the southern part of jutland, the Jutes live in the northern part of the peninsula, and the Saxons live in the lower reaches of the Elbe River and the Weser River. They are all branches of the Germans. Angles and Saxons are closely related, and it is difficult to distinguish between language and customs. They were collectively called angels in history? Saxons, Angles? Saxons are the primitive tribes with the lowest romanization among the Moormans, and pirates have harassed Britain since the third century AD. In order to guard against them, the Romans built forts and watchtowers along the southeast coast from Sollente to Wuxi, and equipped troops to deal with them. This area is called "Saxon Coast". Because the neighboring powerful Franks could not develop into Gaul, and the Romans had withdrawn their troops from Britain, they crossed the sea to Britain in the middle of the fifth century when the Huns marched westward.

At this time, Utijilun, the leader of Celtic tribe in Kent, British Island, also asked Jutes to help them resist the pirate attacks of Picts and Squet. In 449, Heintges and Hausa, the military leaders of Jutes, led troops ashore from the Thames and entered Kent. Six years later, the two sides had a dispute over salary, and the Jutes occupied the Kent area by force and officially settled here. This is the first foreign invasion of Britain after the Roman evacuation. At the same time, the Saxons began to land in Davos Bay from the southeast coast of the North Sea and entered the Thames Valley. The Angles crossed the North Sea into central England. The Celts resisted these foreign peoples tenaciously, and the achievements of the Romans for hundreds of years were destroyed in the war. In 500 AD, the invasion was stopped due to the stubborn resistance of the Celts. A brave man named Arudill led the Celtics to clear the field and won great victories in succession, especially in Barton Mountain, which stopped the Anglo-Saxons. Saxons invaded for decades. Before and after the Battle of Mount Barton, a branch of the Celts moved to Al Molik Peninsula to escape the war, hence the name Brittany (Little Britain). In 550, a new round of invasion began, and the Saxons in the south defeated the Celts and advanced into Bristol Bay. In 6 13, the Angles won a great victory in Chester, Nottinghamshire, and advanced to the Irish coast. These three peoples settled on the island. The Celts retreated to Wales, Scotland, Ireland and other places. At present, most residents in these three areas belong to Celtic descendants. In later generations, people from these three places immigrated to North America on a large scale and became the main force to develop North America. Now the Celtic descendants in the southern United States account for a relatively high proportion.

Anglo? Saxons established many small countries in succession in the battle with Celtic, and after a long period of merger, they formed the Seven Kingdoms period in British history. At this time, the kingdom of Northumbria in the north, Mercia in the middle and Wessex in the south once ruled England. The legend of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table happened in this period.

Right here in England? After hundreds of years of hard struggle, the Saxons finally settled in Britain, and soon after, they faced the invasion of other nationalities, this time the Normans. Norman (meaning northerner) is a branch of moorman, also known as Viking, which refers to Norwegians, Swedes and Danes living in Scandinavia and Midlands. Norman people lived in dense forests and scarce cultivated land. They are good at shipbuilding and sailing, and they are a nation with enterprising spirit and adventurous spirit. With the increase of population, local production could no longer support them, so the Normans had to expand in the 8th and 9th centuries. Their expansion reached its climax in the 9th century to 1 1 century, and it still had influence in 13 and14th century. During this period, Norman's expansion mode also changed from plunder to colonization.

Norman expansion was divided into three routes, and the middle line was mainly Danish. In 789 AD, the Danes invaded Britain for the first time. The rich harvest made the Normans remember this place, and they kept coming to harass it. In 85 1 year, they first spent the winter in England, and then established the "Danish dominion" in the northeast of England. At the beginning of the 9th century, King Wessex annexed six countries and unified England, but he was helpless to the Danes. In 879, Alfred of England (reigned 87 1-899) defeated the Danes and signed a peace treaty with them. The peace treaty stipulates that London extends to the chess house in the northwest, and the north and northeast are ruled by Danes. Danish rulers collected "Danish gold" from the local area, and the south still belongs to England. While plundering England, the Normans invaded France in the early 9th century, captured Paris in 845, and robbed Amiens, Bordeaux, Marseille, Rouen, Bordeaux and other cities. In 9 1 1 year, Norman Rollo led an army to occupy a large area of northwest France, calling it "Normandy" (the land of northerners), and he called himself "Duke of Normandy". Some Danes also invaded Italy and went to war with the Byzantine Empire. The expansion of the western front was mainly carried out by Norwegians, who occupied Ireland, Iceland, Greenland and North America. According to later research, they also reached the northeast of North America. Swedes are the main population expanding on the eastern front. They are called "Varyag" by Russians (meaning Nordic wanderers). In the 7th and 8th centuries, they engaged in commercial activities along the Baltic Sea. At the beginning of the 9th century, they entered Slavic land through the Gulf of Finland. In the process of expansion, they also traded and stole. Caravans went south to Constantinople to trade with Greeks and Byzantines, which accelerated the spread of culture in Eastern Europe. In 862, the Swedes established political power in Novgorod and the Russian Principality in Kiev in 882. Later, it was assimilated by the Eastern Slavs and became the ancestor of today's Russians.

At the end of the tenth century, the Danes invaded England on a large scale. 10 16, the Dane Knut occupied the whole of England, and England was not restored until 1035, when Knut died. 1042, Edward, the descendant of King Wessex (reigned 1042- 1066), ascended the throne of England, and he married godwin, the daughter of big noble, England. His father is giselle Reed, King of Wessex, and his mother is Emma, the daughter of the Duke of Normandy. Later, he married Knut. During the Danish occupation of England, he went into exile in Normandy and lived in his grandfather's court. His experience in the disaster period made him feel good about the Normans and appointed a large number of Normans to important positions. The contradiction between the foreign Norman forces and the British local forces represented by godwin intensified. 105 1 year, King Edward forced godwin's family to flee and invited William, Duke of Normandy, to visit London. When William visited London, he discussed with his cousin King Edward of England the question of his succession to the British throne. Edward didn't raise any objection to William's request because he had no children. The following year, Godwin and his son Harold led an army to launch a counterattack and won the support of the British people. Edward had to restore the status of the godwin family and expel the Norman from Korea. 1066, Edward died. As he had no children to inherit the throne, he appointed Harold as the heir to the throne before his death, and the Council of Sages (Advisory Committee) also elected Harold as the king of England.

At that time, Normandy was already the most powerful climate in France. William I (reigned at 1027- 1087, 1066- 1087) ascended the throne in 1035. Because he was only eight years old at that time, the principality was in constant civil strife. 1047, with the help of French king Heinrich I, he put down the rebellion and established his own authority. 1053, he married Matilda, the daughter of Baldwin V, Earl of Flanders, thus forming an alliance between the Principality of Normandy and the richest region in Europe. 1063, he conquered Maine, then took control of Brittany, his power increased greatly, and his ambition returned to the level of his ancestors. According to him, Edward promised to pass on the throne to him. 1064 Harold was shipwrecked in the English Channel and was taken to Normandy by Count Pontius. Harold was forced to swear to him to support his claim to the British throne in order to return to England. Duke William, who thought he had the upper hand in feudal customary law and public opinion, began to gather troops and won the support of the Pope and the kings of France, Germany and Denmark. In the summer of 1066, everything is ready, just waiting for the waiter to leave.

When Harold got the news, he quickly assembled his troops to prepare for the battle. His army is a civilian, poorly equipped, and there are also stone axes in the army. At this time, his brother Tausti supported Halad in The King of Norway? With the support of Hadrada, he led the army to land in Yorkshire in order to compete with him for the throne. 1066 On September 25th, the two armies fought fiercely at Stamford Bridge, Harold's army won a total victory, and the Norwegian king and Tausti were killed. Just as Harold celebrated his victory, William led the army to land in Bowen West on September 28th, and Harold hurried back to the south. At this time, Harold's army had a big battle and was very tired. Edwin and Earl Morcard, two feudal lords in the north, refused to support them out of personal interests. It stands to reason that Harold can't go to war directly with William at once. He can get tired of William's army with the support of the people in the south of England, but Harold's impatience makes him unwilling to wait. 10 10 14, the two sides fought in Hastings. William's army is divided into three roads. On the left is the British army commanded by Count Anand of Brittany, on the right is the mercenary commanded by Eust of Bogen, and in the middle is the Norman led by William, with a total strength of 12000 and Harold's strength of 6300. Harold was brave enough in the battle, but his strategy was not enough. In the early stage of the battle, he repelled the attack of William's army several times and gained the upper hand, but he was tempted by William's army to leave the favorable terrain and pretend to retreat, and was attacked by William cavalry. The result of this battle was William's victory and Harold's death. On February 25th, 65438, William ascended the throne in London, known as William I, which was the Norman Conquest. After that, the English Angles? Saxons waged a long-term armed struggle against Norman rule, but failed. At the beginning, Edwin and Count Morcard, two big feudal lords who ignored the overall situation, were also eliminated. William conquered the whole of England in 1072. He established feudal manors all over the country, turned free peasants into serfs, and quickly completed the feudalization process in Britain. William I in addition to keep the Angles? Outside the territory of Saxon knights, the territory of other nobles was deprived. He wantonly enfeoffed his subordinates, because the enfeoffment of land was carried out with the war, so it was quite scattered, and it was impossible for all localities to form a unified local force against the king, which inadvertently strengthened the royal power. William I himself occupies one-seventh of the country's arable land and most of the forests, which constitutes a strong material foundation for the kingship, and he also puts religious power under the kingship. 1086, he ordered a nationwide land survey and compiled a land expropriation survey, which was also called the "doomsday judgment book" because the investigation method was similar to the trial. He did this in order to understand the population and land situation of the whole country, so that citizens should not be suspicious when they undertake feudal obligations and tax obligations. In this survey, a large number of free peasants became serfs, because many free peasants were registered as serfs at the time of the survey.

After William I conquered England, it still owned the Principality of Normandy. Although it was a vassal of the French king in feudal obligations, Normandy has actually become a part of Britain, and the French royal family has been trying to recover this huge loss for generations. At that time, the influence of the French royal family was still very small, and the territory was strip by strip. The only big cities are Paris and Orleans, and the king is only a nominal king. When the French king had a dispute with William I, he obtained the suzerain's jurisdiction mainly through diplomacy and feudal customary law. He first picked out the relationship between William I's eldest son Robert and William I, and supported him in asking his father to inherit the position of Duke of Normandy. Father and son started a war. 1087, after the death of William I, his second son, William of Rufus, succeeded to the British throne, named William II. Robert finally won the title of Duke of Normandy, and Britain and Normandy were divided. Many British big noble owned territories in these two places, so they had to bear feudal obligations to two monarchs at the same time. The French king took advantage of this to stir up chaos, which led to the civil strife during the reign of William II 13 years. 1 100, when William II was hunting, his brother Henry I ascended the throne (11135 reigned).

Henry I knew that the root of civil strife in the country was that Normandy was not controlled by the king, but was picked out by the French king. After consolidating his position in England, he attacked Duke Robert in 1 105. 11In September 2006, the two sides fought fiercely in Dunchbury, and Duke Robert was captured. 1 109, Archbishop Anselmus who fought against Heinrich I also died, and Heinrich I completely controlled Normandy. In the same year, Heinrich I's daughter was engaged to the Holy Roman Emperor and German King Henry V.

All this gave the French king a strong shock. The unification of England and Normandy made Britain's influence go deep into the heart of France, and the marriage between Britain and Germany made France suffer from both sides. France had to fight back, and the two-century war between Britain and France began. Due to his weak influence, Louis VI (1108-1137) had to combine small-scale wars with diplomatic activities to help William, the son of Duke Robert. Clayto went to war with Britain on the grounds of regaining territory. Britain weakened France through ingenious inheritance and diplomatic marriage. 1 1 19, the French army was defeated, and the two countries negotiated peace under the mediation of the Pope. 1 124, the two countries went to war again, and Heinrich I, the joint son-in-law of Caesar Henry V, tried to attack France from the southwest and northeast. The French nation was shocked, and Louis VI called on the "Golden Flame Flag" to gather 200,000 people and foiled the attack.

1 120 Heinrich I's only son died in a shipwreck, and Heinrich I chose him to marry Maud, the daughter of the Kaiser, as his heir. 1 125, Maud's husband Henry V died, and Heinrich I married Maud to the most powerful Count of Anjou in northern France. In1135,65438+February, Heinrich I died, and William I's grandson Stephen was the first to announce the succession. His father is the Earl of Bourgois in France, and his mother, Aadilah, is the fourth in William I. As the legal heir, Maud refused to give up, and the two sides continued to fight 10 for many years, which plunged most parts of Britain into chaos. 1 150, Henry, the son of Maud and Count Anjou, grew up and was made Duke of Normandy by his mother. 1 15 1 year, his father died, and he also held the titles of anjou rouge, turing and earl of Mann. He often visited King Louis VII of France in the French palace, and fell in love with Elena, Queen of aquitaine at that time. Elina has always been dissatisfied with Louis VII, because he is devout and not keen on family life, so she divorced him. Two months later, she fell into Henry's arms, and with the territory she brought, Henry owned half of the French territory. Louis VII had to let Stefan go first and attack Normandy, but he was defeated. 11In June, 53, Henry led an army across the sea to attack Stefan, forcing him to sign a contract and agree that Henry was his successor. Stephen died in June of 1 154, and Henry succeeded him as Henry II (158). The original name of this dynasty was Anjou Dynasty. But because the coat of arms is decorated with broom branches, people usually call it broom dynasty.

At that time, Henry II not only owned Britain, but also France's Anjou, Normandy, Mann, Turing, poitiers, aquitaine and other places, occupying a large area of France, equivalent to six times the territory of the French king at that time. The situation is very unfavorable to the king of France. However, Henry II did not really control these territories, but was a hodgepodge of marriage, inheritance and other ways, and was also a vassal of the French king in feudal principle.

After Henry II succeeded to the throne, he began to rectify the feudal order, severely suppressed the big feudal lords who were in turmoil during the civil strife, demolished more than 300 castles they built, and appointed his cronies as county chiefs. He also reformed the military system. At that time, the tradition was that feudal princes served the king for 40 days a year, which was not conducive to long-term operations, resulting in the kingship relying on the military strength of feudal lords. Therefore, he suggested that the lords pay shield money instead of military service in the form of money, and he used the money to assemble the army. At the same time, he also restored the people's army, and all the freemen were equipped with weapons of their choice and ready to fight at any time. In the judicial aspect, he stipulated that freemen could directly appeal to the king's court outside the Lord after paying a certain fee, so that knights, citizens and all freemen could get rid of the shackles of the Lord's judicial power and thus support the kingship more. He also replaced the "trial by ordeal" with the "sworn testimony", that is, when the king's circuit judge tried the case locally, the local residents participated in the jury and testified in court. The jury is generally 65,438+02, selected from knights and wealthy civilians, which expands the authority of the king's court, weakens the power of the local lords' court and attracts a large number of supporters for the kingship. This series of measures strengthened centralization and reduced the oppressors on the people's heads, which was progressive at that time.

At the same time, French Louis VII tried to consolidate its kingship. There is constant war between Britain and France. In order to save strength to fight again, Henry II made peace with Louis VII, Henry II's eldest son was engaged to Louis VII's daughter, and Louis VII took the opportunity to break the father-son relationship. Prince Henry really fell for it and fell out with his father. Other princes followed suit and rebelled.

1 179, Philip II ascended the throne. During his reign, he made fruitful contributions to the expansion of French royal territory and the strengthening of royal power, and was known as "Augustus". 1 187, Philip II defeated Henry II and won Isuman and Freese Val. 11In July, 89, Philip II and Richard, the second son of Henry II, attacked Henry II, forcing him to surrender and handing over Grasett to Philip II. Henry II died when he saw the name of his favorite youngest son, John, on the list. As the eldest son died at this time, the second son Richard ascended the throne, calling Richard I (1189-199 reigned) the king of lions' hearts, and he was known as the "flower of medieval knights", and found his figure in the legends about Robin Hood and Ivanhoe. Philip II thought that he was more harmful to France than Henry II, and the contradiction between them gradually rose. 1 190, they participated in the third crusade together, and Richard made outstanding contributions to the expedition, which caused the jealousy of Philip II. 1 19 1 year, Philip II returned to France on the pretext of being ill, and colluded with Richard's younger brother John, the prince who had been an enemy of Charlie for a long time in The Legend of Robin Hood and Ivanhoe, to prepare to attack British territory in France. Richard hurried back after hearing the news. On the way, Charlie was detained by the duke of Austria, who had a deep hatred with him, and was released after paying a large ransom. After Richard II returned to England, he withdrew his troops and marched into France with the intention of fighting against Philip II. Their war in France is very rhythmic, and there is a ceasefire every year. When the weather and basic conditions permit, the two armies will go to war again. Later, Richard built a magnificent castle on the cliff at the corner of the Seine River near Underley, which he called a "beautiful castle", which angered Philip II. The two armies fought fiercely again, and Richard won one after another. However, in 1 199, he was killed accidentally while fighting with a rebel leader in Riazan, and Philip II was killed. Richard I fought for years, and the financial situation was tight, which caused widespread dissatisfaction in China, and the feudal aristocratic forces rose again.

John succeeded to the throne. After John ascended the throne, he used the strengthened kingship to deprive all walks of life, which caused all walks of life in China to deviate from the kingship. Philip II also helped John's next generation, Arthur, Duke of Brittany, to oppose John. 1200, John made peace with France, and France got several places in Normandy, such as Wekson, Evreux, Overwien and Berry, and John's niece Blanche? De? Castel married French Crown Prince Louis.

Shortly thereafter, because John married Isabella, the fiancee of Duke Hugue, the Sinian family in aquitaine, there was a contradiction with the family. Philip II didn't miss this opportunity, pretending to be the sovereign state to adjust the relationship between suzerain and vassal, and ordered King John of England to appear in court in France. Of course, John refused. 1In April 2004, Philip II tried John in absentia and deprived him of all his rights on French territory. The French army immediately entered Normandy. 1In the summer of 2004, the two sides fought the Tokaya War, and the French king occupied Normandy. 1204—— 1206, John lost in the battle with France, and the "beautiful castle" fell, and then he lost Anjou, Mann, Durham and Brittany. Britain's overseas territories are only Keane and Gascony and some islands in the Strait. 12 13, John and the church were split because of the election of the archbishop. Pope Innocent III has long wanted to intervene in western European affairs in order to control western Europe. 12 12, the Pope announced that John's throne was deposed and handed over to Philip II. John also responded by confiscating church property, but due to lack of domestic support, he finally had to appeal to the Pope. Because Philip II recently annexed most of the British territory in France and gained great prestige, other forces on the mainland did not want to see the balance of power broken, so John quickly formed an alliance with the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, Otto I, Earl of Flanders and Earl of boulogne. They attacked France from the southeast and northwest. Philip II took advantage of the British nobles' dissatisfaction with John, first defeated John, and then sent Prince Louis to attack the British mainland and win the City of London. At the time of national survival, many British nobles who had previously taken refuge in Philip II turned to support John, and finally the French army withdrew from Britain under the intervention of the Pope.

John, who was defeated in the French battlefield, was persecuted by domestic nobles. He and the nobles met in Lannimide, 12 15 June, and discussed the Magna Carta, which was adopted in 19 June. This was a struggle between feudal lords who advocated decentralized autonomy and unified kingship, and it was a retrogression of the trend of strengthening kingship in Britain at that time. However, with the change of the situation, it has become a tool for the emerging bourgeoisie to fight for freedom, because some provisions for protecting the people set up by the nobles to win over the upper class of civilians in those years have become the legal basis for the struggle between the third class and the monarchy, providing the earliest theoretical basis for the bourgeois revolution in Britain in the future and becoming the "cornerstone of British freedom". However, John signed the Magna Carta only as a stopgap measure, and he didn't really want to abide by it. He took advantage of the Pope's dissatisfaction with the restrictions on religious rights in the Charter to wage war on the nobles, who simply supported the French prince Louis as the king of England and controlled most of the region. John couldn't take the initiative for a long time. 12 16 John died of illness in the battle, and his son Henry III (1207- 1272, 12 16- 1272 reigned) succeeded him at the age of nine. The domestic political situation began to stabilize because the ministers who assisted him were very virtuous.

1223, Philip II died. Under his rule, France once became the richest and most powerful country in Europe. His son Louis VIII succeeded to the throne, but he died on 1226, and his son Louis IX succeeded to the throne. Many French big noble were dissatisfied with him, which led to the civil war. Henry III took the opportunity to participate. He invaded France twice, but big noble in France had different plans. There are many contradictions between Henry III and British nobles, and the available forces are limited. Louis IX defeated Henry III in the Battle of Sant, and the two sides signed a peace treaty.

Henry III died in 1272, and his eldest son, English Edward I of England (1272- 1307, 1239- 1307), succeeded him. He took part in the Crusades, conquered Wales during his reign, and appointed his eldest son Edward as the Prince of Wales. In the future, all British Crown Princes will be named Prince of Wales first. Magna Carta was perfected during his administration, and he created a "model parliament". In order to meet the needs of the war, he reformed the British military system and set up well-equipped heavily armored cavalry, making longbowmen an important part of the army. Because of his height, he was named "Long Legs" and was the king of England in Braveheart. 1282, English Edward I of England occupied Ireland. Since then, the Irish uprising has never stopped, and it was not until the joint decrees of 1536 and 1542 that England and Wales were unified administratively, politically and legally. Fabius II, King of Scotland, died unexpectedly while hunting, and Scotland was caught in an inheritance crisis. At that time, a 14-year-old girl named "Norwegian girl" was the heir. The little girl died at sea on her way home. Robert, who is close to the Norwegian girl? Bruce competed for the throne with another nobleman who was closely related to fabius II. Edward I of England of England adopted a strategy similar to that of the French king. He supported another relatively weak aristocrat to attack the powerful Robert? Bruce, start invading Scotland. Uprising of Scottish nobles and civilians broke out one after another, and Edward I of England took a tough attitude towards it.

1293, British and French sailors clashed in the English Channel, which triggered the Battle of Mach. King Philip IV of France at that time forced King Edward I of England of England to make a symbolic concession. 1294, Edward I of England declared war on France. At first, the British army fought smoothly and won many victories.

Then William showed up in Scotland? Wallace, under his leadership, the Scots repeatedly defeated the English army, and the visiting team became stronger and stronger. He also occupied Yorkshire, England. From 65438 to 0295, Philip IV concluded a peace treaty with Scotland. The French king gave Scotland 50,000 pounds a year, and Scotland spent four months fighting against Britain every year. The wars between the Scots and the British broke out one after another, and a large number of British troops were involved, and the French army began to win on the battlefield. Edward I of England in England had no choice but to make a truce with the French in 1297 to deal with Scotland. Philip IV had to call a truce because of his defeat in the war with Flanders and his struggle with the Pope. When Edward I of England returned to England, he tried his best to deal with William? Wallace, William? Wallace was defeated at 1299. 1303, Britain and France signed the Paris Peace Treaty. Philip IV sent Gasconi back to England and married his daughter Isabella to the British Crown Prince. The signing of this treaty marks the end of nearly two centuries of war, which made both sides feel exhausted. William? Wallace was captured by the British in 1305 and executed after several years of guerrilla warfare.

1306, Robert? Bruce (Robert mentioned earlier? Bruce's son was crowned king of Scotland at the traditional coronation site, Scone Palace. 1307, Edward I of England expedition Robert? Bruce died and his eldest son Edward II (1307- 1327, 1284- 1329) succeeded him. He is a hopeless homosexual. Because of his incompetence, Robert? Bruce won the Battle of Ban Lokpa in 13 14, and finally won independence for Scotland. Now Robert? Bruce and William? A statue of Wallace.

Isabella, the queen of Edward II, later called "the mother wolf of France", fell into the arms of Count Montimore. On 1325, she returned to France with her son Edward, intending to overthrow Edward II with her younger brother Charles IV, who succeeded Philip IV at that time. 1326, she staged a coup and took control of the state power. 1327, she manipulated Parliament to depose Edward II and exiled him to South Wales. Killed him at Buckley Castle two years later. His son Edward III (1327- 1377 reigned, 13 12- 1377 succeeded). 1330, he executed Count Modimo, then took power and imprisoned his mother. Edward III recognized the independence of Scotland in 1328, but the war between the Scots and the British lasted for centuries.

1328, Charles iv of the Gabe dynasty in France died, and Philip VI, a branch of the Hualuowa family, succeeded to the throne (1328- 1350 reigned), which began the rule of the Hualuowa dynasty. He is the nephew of Charles IV. Because Isabella, the mother of King Edward III of England, was the sister of Charles IV, Edward III wanted to fight for the throne as a nephew and was punished?