What are the geographical features of some areas in China?

geographical position

Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region has a vast territory, spanning northeast, northwest and north China, starting from 126 degrees 29 minutes in the east and 97 degrees 10 minutes in the west, with a straight line distance of more than 400 kilometers from east to west. Inner Mongolia borders Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces in the east, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi and Ningxia provinces in the south and southwest, Gansu province in the west, Mongolia in the north and Russia in the northeast, with a border of 422 1km. The total land area is1183,000 square kilometers, accounting for 12.3% of the national total area.

Geological landform

The topography of Inner Mongolia is mainly plateau, which extends for 3,000 kilometers from northeast to southwest, and slowly inclines from south to north and from west to east. The altitude in general area is 1000 m-1500 m. Inner Mongolia Plateau can be divided into Hulunbeier Plateau, Xilingol Plateau, Wulanchabu Plateau, Bayannaoer Plateau, Alashan Plateau and Ordos Plateau. There are vast grasslands on the plateau, which are famous natural pastures in China, and some deserts are also distributed. The mountains on the edge of the plateau mainly include Daxinganling, Yinshan and Helan Mountains. The position and trend of these mountains constitute the dividing line between animal husbandry and agricultural areas. Besides the plateau, there are Hetao Plain, Ordos Plateau and Liaonen Plain. Except for poor soil quality and drought, the other two areas in Ordos Plateau are fertile and fertile, which is the main agricultural area in the autonomous region.

Climatic characteristics

Inner Mongolia belongs to a typical mid-temperate monsoon climate, which is characterized by less and uneven precipitation and drastic changes in temperature and warmth. Winter is long and cold, and the cold season lasts for five to six months in most areas. Among them, 65438+ 10 is the coldest month, and the monthly average temperature drops from minus 10oC from south to north to minus 32 degrees Celsius. Summer is warm and short, with only one to two months in most areas and no summer in some areas. The hottest month is in July, the monthly average temperature is between 16OC-27OC, and the highest temperature is 36oC-43oC. The temperature changes dramatically, and there is a great disparity between cold and warm. Affected by topography and ocean distance, the precipitation decreased from 500 mm to about 50 mm from east to west. On the contrary, the evaporation decreases from 3000 mm to 1000 mm from west to east. The corresponding climatic zones are banded and gradually transition from humid and semi-humid areas to semi-arid and arid areas from east to west. There are many sunny days and few cloudy days here, and the sunshine hours are generally more than 2700 hours, reaching 3400 hours for a long time. It is windy in winter and spring, with an average annual wind speed of more than 3 meters per second. It is rich in light, heat and wind energy resources.

loess plateau

geomorphic type

Mountains, plains and Sichuan are the main landforms of the Loess Plateau. The mountains towering on the plateau are like islands in the ocean. Such as Wuqu Mountain, Huajialing Mountain and Maxian Mountain in the Longzhong Plateau west of Liupanshan Mountain, Ziwuling Mountain, Bai Yushan Mountain and Huanglong Mountain in the northern Shaanxi Plateau in eastern Gansu. The original (or tableland) refers to the flat loess plateau, and the famous ones are Longdong Dongdong Dongzhi tableland and Luochuan tableland in northern Shaanxi. The plateau is wide and suitable for mechanized farming, and it is an important agricultural area. However, tableland is easily eroded by flowing water, and valleys are developed, so it is divided into long tableland and becomes a mountain ridge, which is called "beam" land. If the beam land is cut by the valley, scattered and isolated, shaped like a steamed bread hill, it is called "Mao" locally. The loess hills composed of "beams" and "hairs" are mostly about 100 ~ 200 meters above the bottom of the nearby ditch, which has serious soil erosion and is the source of sediment in the Yellow River. Sichuan is a valley plain deep in the plateau. In Liangmao area, groundwater is exposed, and the sediment brought by rivers is deposited here, forming a small plain on both sides, which is called "Chuan". There are terraced fields on both sides of Sichuan, namely "palm" and "staff". Palm is a basin-like plain with the source of Sichuan land, which is different from the strip distribution of stick land.

The Yellow River flows through the world's largest loess plateau in the middle and upper reaches. The Loess Plateau has deep soil layer, loose soil, broken terrain, frequent rainstorms and extremely serious soil erosion, which is the main source of sediment in the Yellow River. Especially in the section from Hekou Town to Tongguan of the Yellow River, when the Yellow River crosses this section of the Loess Plateau, many tributaries flood in and "dye" the Yellow River. According to the measurement, the sediment entering the Yellow River in this reach accounts for 90% of the total sediment in the river.

Soil erosion

It is mainly caused by the scouring of loose loess by rainstorm gully. Loess has fine particles, loose structure, upright structure, calcium carbonate, easy to dissolve in water and easy to collapse. The steep slope on the ground, sparse vegetation and heavy rain in summer have caused micro-landforms such as strange peaks, steep walls, caves and natural bridges, which further contributed to the expansion of gullies and accelerated soil erosion. At the same time, it is also related to the rise of the modern crust, which makes the gully bed continuously undercut and eroded laterally, and the erosion of the gully source is intensified. Correspondingly, the valley slope is constantly expanding and the land between ditches is increasingly broken. In addition to the above natural factors, it is also closely related to human activities, especially social factors such as deforestation and destruction of natural vegetation. After the founding of New China, a series of comprehensive measures have been taken to control soil erosion in the Loess Plateau, such as planting trees and grass, returning farmland to forests and building water conservancy projects, and gratifying changes have taken place in the Loess Plateau.

Increase the construction of "Three North" shelterbelts and improve the vegetation coverage area and coverage rate. Especially for this loose loess plateau, the forest coverage rate must be higher than the national average of 22%. Only in this way can soil erosion be effectively prevented.

Fujian Province

Geographical climate

Land area 12 14000 square kilometers, of which mountains and hills account for 80% of land area, and sea area 136300 square kilometers. The total length of the province's coastline is 6 128 kilometers, of which the mainland line is 3324 kilometers, ranking second in the country. There are 1546 large and small islands, accounting for16 of the whole country. There are many natural ports such as Xiamen Bay, Fuzhou Bay, Xinghua Bay, Meizhou Bay, Shacheng Port and Sandu 'ao.

Fujian is located in the subtropical zone, with a subtropical monsoon climate, mild climate and abundant rainfall. In 2004, the average temperature was15.3-210.9 degrees, and the average rainfall was 930- 1843mm, making it one of the provinces with the richest rainfall in China.

natural resource

Fujian has a complex geological structure. Proven reserves (including minerals) 1 18 species, including 2 energy minerals such as anthracite and geothermal, 3 metal minerals/kloc-0 species, 82 non-metal minerals and water gas minerals/kloc-0 species. Gold, silver, lead, zinc, manganese and kaolinite. The reserves and quality of quartz sand are the first in China.

Fujian is one of the key forest areas in China, with a forest area of 1 more than 100 million mu, rich in forest resources and various tree species, with a forest coverage rate of 62.96%, ranking first in the country. The marine resources are very rich, the inland aquaculture area is about 1000 square kilometers, and the marine fishing ground area is about125,000 square kilometers. There are more than 750 species of fish, accounting for half of the marine fish species in China. In particular, there are many kinds of aquatic products resources, the existing varieties account for more than 50% of the world, the total amount of aquatic products ranks third in the country, and the per capita possession ranks first in the country.

The territory is densely covered with rivers and rich in water resources. There are 29 water systems and 663 rivers in the province, with the length of inland rivers reaching 13569 km, and the density of river network is rare in China. The theoretical hydraulic reserve is 6,543.8+004,600 kilowatts, and the installed capacity is 7.05 million kilowatts, ranking first in East China.

Yunnan province

Topography and climate

The terrain in Yunnan is extremely complicated. Generally speaking, the northwest is the Hengduan Mountains with high mountains and deep valleys, and the east and south are the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. The highest peak is Meili Snow Mountain in Deqin County, Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in the northwest, and its main peak, carvajal Slope, is 6740 meters above sea level. The lowest point is Yuanjiang Valley in Hekou County, with an altitude of only 76.4 meters. The whole Yunnan is high in the northwest and low in the southeast. More than 94% of the area is mountainous, and less than 6% is dams and lakes. The proportion of mountainous areas in individual counties and cities has actually exceeded 98%.

The climate of Yunnan is roughly consistent with the terrain. The mountainous and deep valley area in northwest China is a mountainous three-dimensional climate area. It can be said that the steep slope from a few hundred meters above sea level to several thousand meters is really "a world of difference", and the famous Yunnan golden monkey is here. Xishuangbanna, south of the Tropic of Cancer and south of Pu 'er belong to the climate of tropical monsoon forest, that is, the annual high temperature is like summer, and the rainy season is mainly concentrated in summer and autumn. The climate of northern Qujing and Zhaotong in Northeast China is subtropical monsoon climate, with four distinct seasons, hot in summer and cold in winter, and rainy and hot in the same season. Most other areas in the province belong to low latitude plateau climate, and "four seasons like spring" is a true portrayal here. The monsoon affecting Yunnan comes from the Bay of Bengal, which is called the Bay of Bengal monsoon. This is an airflow containing a lot of water vapor, and the precipitation in most monsoon climate areas in China also comes from this monsoon. In China's monsoon climate zone, the main function of the Pacific monsoon is to push the rain belt northward, and the water vapor of rainfall comes from the Indian Ocean monsoon. )

Geology and geomorphology

Yunnan's landforms are bounded by Yuanjiang Valley in Yunnan and Kuangu in the southern section of Yunling Mountains, and the whole province of Yunnan can be roughly divided into two topographical regions, east and west. The eastern part of Yunnan is the eastern and central part of Yunnan Plateau, which is called Yunnan Plateau and belongs to the western part of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. The average altitude in Yunnan is about 2000 meters. There are mainly undulating low mountains and round hills in Yunnan, where various types of karst landforms are developed, including the famous Yunnan Shilin, Qiubei Puzhehei, Luoping Duoyi River, Yiliang Jiuxiang Cave, Jianshui Yanzi Cave and Luxi Arugu Cave. The western part of Yunnan is the longitudinal valley area of Hengduan Mountains, with mountains and valleys alternating. Yunnan has a magnificent and steep terrain, among which the parallel flow of the three rivers is the most spectacular. Generally speaking, the altitude of northwest Yunnan is 3000 ~4000 meters; Southwest Yunnan elevation1500 m ~ 2200 m; The terrain near the Yunnan border is gradually gentle, with an altitude of only 800 meters ~ 1000 meters, and some areas drop below 500 meters, which is where the tropical and subtropical regions of Yunnan are located.

There are many fault basins in the rolling plateaus and mountains of Yunnan Province. These basins in Yunnan, also known as "bazi", are relatively flat, with rivers passing through them and thick soil layers, and most of them are economically developed areas. There are 1 0,445 dams with an area exceeding 1 km2 and 49 dams with an area exceeding 1 0,000 km2 in Yunnan Province. The largest dam in Yunnan is located in luliang county, Yunnan Province, with an area of 77 1.99 square kilometers. The top 10 dams in Yunnan are Kunming Dam (763.6 square kilometers), Erhai Dam (60 1 square kilometers), Zhao Lu Dam (524.76 square kilometers), Quzhan Dam (435.82 square kilometers), Gudong Dam (432.79 square kilometers) and Songming Dam (400 square kilometers).

northeast

Geography and climate

Northeast China has a vast territory and diverse climate types. Winter lasts more than half a year, and rainfall is concentrated in summer. Large forest coverage can prolong the melting time of ice and snow, and forest snow storage is helpful to the development of agriculture and forestry.

natural resource

Northeast China is rich in media and coal mines. The famous Anshan Iron and Steel Plant in Liaoning Province.

Petroleum: There are famous Daqing Oilfield and Panjin Oilfield.

diamond

gold mine

forest resources

Freshwater fish and marine fish

North China

Geography and resources

Region name. Generally speaking, the 1 region is located in two cities in northern China, including Hebei, Shanxi, Beijing, Tianjin and parts of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. 1949 ~ 1954 used to be a first-class administrative region. There are mainly three terrain areas: hills, plains and mountains. It is a typical warm temperate continental monsoon climate. The area is 6.5438+0.255 million square kilometers. 1990 population of the whole region1320,000. Han nationality is dominant, as well as Mongolian, Hui and Manchu ethnic minorities. China is the region with the richest coal resources, with iron ore reserves accounting for 1/4 of the whole country, and rich in oil and natural gas. Industry and agriculture in this area are relatively developed, and it is the largest energy industrial base, an important steel base and cotton base in China.

South of the Yangtze river

Jiangnan in a narrow sense and Jiangnan in a broad sense

Jiangnan in a broad sense refers to the whole Jiangnan area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, that is, Jiangnan Road excluding southern Hunan, southwestern Jiangxi, Guizhou and Fujian. Including the narrow sense of Jiangnan, the north of Jiangxi, the south of the Yangtze River in Hubei and the north of Hunan. But some areas in Fujian are sometimes called Jiangnan. Jiangnan in a broad sense was widely used in ancient times, for example, Du Fu wrote "Meet Li Guinian and Go Down the River" in Changsha. Jiangnan in a broad sense is also used in modern times. For example, Jiangnan in weather forecast refers to Jiangnan in a broad sense; The three famous buildings in Jiangnan (Yellow Crane Tower in Wuhan, Yueyang Tower in Yueyang and Wangtengting Pavilion in Nanchang) refer to Jiangnan in a broad sense.

Jiangnan, now in a narrow sense, refers to the area beautified by literati. That is, except Fujian Province and southern Zhejiang Province, Jiangnan East Road takes Nanjing to Suzhou as the center, including parts of Anhui Province, Jiangxi Province and Zhejiang Province south of the Yangtze River, namely southern Jiangsu, northern Zhejiang, southern Anhui and northern Jiangxi. Some areas north of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, such as Yangzhou, are located in the north of the Yangtze River, but their economy and culture are similar to those of Jiangnan, and they can also be regarded as part of Jiangnan in the cultural sense. But it is not the Yangtze River basin, and it is considered to be some areas south of Taihu Lake or even south of Qiantang River, such as Shaoxing and Ningbo.

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