Introduce the history of special forces around the world and how to string them together with historical clues.

The origin of special forces

Special forces originated in Germany. Before World War II, General Kanas, Director of the Military Intelligence Bureau of the German High Command, established the Brandenburg Special Forces at 1936. All members of this unit can speak more than one foreign language and are familiar with the host country. After the outbreak of World War II, members of this unit sneaked into hostile countries to carry out extensive destructive actions, with remarkable results, thus establishing the main operational mode of the world's special operations forces.

Fame is only ostensibly given to people by special forces. Real special forces will not be exposed to the public, but those unknown forces hidden by the state have never been seen or known to exist. As a killer weapon on the battlefield, they will save the day when necessary, and even die for their country in exchange for decisive victory. They all have the consciousness of death, and their task is very arduous, even unimaginable terror. No one knows what they did, no one knows what they saved, and even they sacrificed without any honor. Dedicated to the country in obscurity, without asking for anything in return, this is the real special forces, not those troops full of honor rooms, who often show off their long fighting history and are well known. Among the special forces, the famous and prestigious ones are called elite special forces, and most of them are unknown super elite force.

Definition of special forces

1. An independent unit that is informally merged under the standard command and management system.

2. unit members > volunteers.

3. Directly under the command of high-level units to perform difficult, confidential and sensitive tasks.

4. The personnel of the force are highly streamlined, and equipment and logistical support are given high priority.

5. The unit's equipment procurement, training courses and other funds are more comfortable than ordinary units.

6. The cultivation of the second and third majors of unit members requires higher academic ability of individuals.

Special forces are forces of some countries in the world, which are responsible for attacking important political, economic and military targets of the enemy and performing other special tasks. Generally, it is directly commanded and led by the highest military command organ, and a few countries are led by the Ministry of National Defense or the military service. It has the characteristics of flexible preparation, capable personnel, well-equipped, fast mobility, well-trained and strong combat effectiveness. Its main tasks are: harassment and sabotage, assassination and kidnapping, reconnaissance behind enemy lines, intelligence theft, psychological warfare propaganda, special guards, and anti-subversion, anti-agents, anti-sneak attack and anti-hijacking. Team members are of high quality. Generally, people with strong physique, wit and courage, high education level, enterprising spirit and certain combat experience are selected from reconnaissance troops and airborne troops. The equipment is light, advanced and efficient, mainly pistols, daggers, rifles, submachine guns, light machine guns, grenades and Grenade launchers, as well as advanced silent firearms, advanced assassination instruments and medicines, micro-communication equipment, special blasting devices and underwater operation equipment. Some are also equipped with special combat vehicles, planes and ships, as well as various reconnaissance equipment and light engineering equipment. Strict training, the training contents and requirements mainly include: conducting all kinds of intense sports training to enhance physical fitness, endurance and perseverance; Carry out psychological quality training under bad terrorist conditions and cultivate the ability of calm and resourceful; Assassination, fighting, infiltration, blasting, assassination, kidnapping, driving, communication, makeup, foreign language training. , and master various skills; Conduct tactical training such as attack and ambush, learn relevant tactical theories, and improve the command ability of independent operations and coordinated actions. Generally, the method of combining military training with military training in military academies is adopted, and multi-channel and multi-level special training is adopted to comprehensively improve the special combat capability.

(2) Chinese special forces

Special forces refer to the armed forces that perform special tasks, receive special training, are equipped with special equipment, and are under the leadership and command of the highest military command organ. There are four categories of Chinese special forces: army special forces, marine corps, air force airborne troops, and armed police special police.

Army special forces are generally directly subordinate to their major military regions; The Marine Corps is a brigade, belonging to various fleets, but under the direct leadership and command of the navy of the Military Commission. Airborne troops of the Air Force are directly under the leadership of the Central Military Commission; The armed police special police refers to the combat team of the Armed Police Special Police College (different from the public security special police. The local armed police special police should actually be called the Armed Police Secret Service, directly under the Armed Police Headquarters.

China's special forces have gone far beyond the concepts of spy companies and reconnaissance platoons in wartime. Not only do all group armies have their own special forces, called reconnaissance teams, but also the military regions, arms and services and the General Staff have set up special brigades directly under them.

In order to build a modern combat force in the 20th century, China is carrying out an all-round revolution in the military field, and China's special forces are no exception.

The major changes of elite special forces in China began in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The China People's Liberation Army has been committed to selecting high-quality soldiers from the army, equipping them with the most advanced equipment and providing them with military training in many subjects. In the selection, the PLA places special emphasis on the physical and psychological qualities of the candidate soldiers. The training will be extremely hard, and those soldiers who are considered unable to adapt to this kind of training will be eliminated. It is said that the elimination rate of initial training reaches 50% ~ 90%.

Many of People's Republic of China (PRC)'s military forces can be classified as "special forces". These include airborne brigades, amphibious landing operations and rapid reaction forces in the navy. These troops undoubtedly apply to the definition of special forces, but our main concern is some smaller and more elite special forces in non-traditional wars or asymmetric wars.

Chinese special forces are used to carry out many tasks, of which the two most important tasks are direct action and special reconnaissance. There are five types of direct action: beheading, harassment, escort, anti-terrorism and rescue.

Direct action

Operation decapitation. The decapitation strategy of Chinese special forces refers to attacking the key figures and command centers of the enemy, leaving the enemy in a state of leaderless and unable to communicate. China's army has conducted many military exercises. During the exercises, the PLA deployed special forces to the command center of the war zone and attacked the enemy through many delivery tools, such as helicopters and parachutes with power devices.

Harassment Harassment is used to hinder the enemy's mobility, including destroying the enemy's equipment and systems, attacking the enemy's important civilian infrastructure and ambushing the enemy. Psychological warfare also plays an important role in the whole harassment strategy, because the surprise attack of special forces itself will cause fear and chaos in the enemy camp.

Escort operations Escort operations include helping to guard the air force and navy after the attack and waiting for support troops. China also used special forces to deal with domestic "emergencies". An article in the People's Liberation Army Daily described the emergency in detail. The article points out that "the troops, key troops, special forces and emergency secret service support forces deployed in various regions should combine local natural disasters and frequent terrorist violence incidents, choose courses and simulation drills, emphasize emergency response and emergency rescue capabilities in training, and continuously improve their ability to cope with various emergencies."

Anti-terrorism action. Since 2002, more and more attention has been paid to the anti-terrorism resilience. At present, the PLA has made anti-terrorism one of the compulsory subjects in the new training plan of special forces, and intends to make anti-terrorism an indispensable part of the future tasks of special forces.

Rescue operation. Rescue operations include rescuing hostages and searching for parachuting pilots.

Special reconnaissance

Chinese special forces use amphibious (land, sea and air) tools to infiltrate enemy defense lines to carry out short-term or long-term reconnaissance missions, and use electronic battlefield monitors, unmanned reconnaissance planes and reserve forces to transmit information. The training courses of PLA special forces are mainly divided into three categories: infiltration training, mountain training and field survival training. In the selection, the PLA particularly emphasized the physical and psychological qualities of the candidate soldiers, and the training was extremely difficult.

Infiltration training

Infiltrating the enemy's rear without being discovered is the primary skill of the PLA special forces. It is said that the training of special forces in China "carries out high-intensity, all-round and multi-disciplinary training in various complex terrains, including penetrating behind enemy lines and' secret reconnaissance'". Chinese special forces adopt "three-dimensional" and "all-weather" infiltration strategies, including sea-based infiltration (submarines, high-speed speedboats, swimming and diving in the open sea, etc. ), space-based infiltration (parachutes and helicopters with powered devices) and land-based infiltration (long journey and rock climbing).

Sea-based infiltration Sea-based infiltration training includes three items: swimming in the open sea, average and sea shooting. "In sea training, some dangerous and difficult course training will pose great challenges to the physical and psychological limits of special forces. These events include 65,438+00,000 meters swimming, armed night tours, diving, underwater transportation and island survival training. Submarine infiltration is also a common method.

Space-based infiltration In airborne training, the PLA has "completed the transformation from multi-model parachutes and aircraft drills to armed landings in extreme altitude areas such as mountains and waters". Its unique penetration devices are parachutes and paragliders with driving devices.

Land-based infiltration. In many trainings, the special forces successfully broke through the enemy's defense lines by using high-tech early warning systems such as night vision device, sound-sensitive dynamic early warning system and anti-infantry radar system. At present, the penetration strategy adopted by China's special forces, the drill conditions, the exact model and service life of monitoring equipment are not known to the outside world.

Mountain training

Because the training of special forces mostly focuses on dealing with possible conflicts in the Taiwan Strait, the mountainous terrain of Taiwan Province Island is highlighted in the training. Taiwan Province Province is divided into north and south by the central mountain range. In the early 1990s, the Taiwan Province authorities built the 1/3 air defense bunker system covering almost the whole island, so it is very important for the PLA to carry out its tasks in the mountainous environment of Taiwan Province Province. This can be seen from the words of the commander of the PLA special forces that "attacking the enemy's hangar and underground facilities" will become a brand-new tactic.

China's army has been training in mountainous areas with extremely harsh conditions. China conducted multi-service and individual training at an altitude of 12000 ~ 18000 feet. This training includes testing:

Maximum speed climbing ability of heavy equipment under different altitude, terrain and climate conditions.

Maximum firepower and fire attack range of different weapons.

Four-hour long-distance raid at an altitude of 16400 feet, plus extra work.

The training contents of mountain special forces include: hostage rescue, war zone rescue, ammunition transportation, minefield crossing and ambulance medical treatment. Known special forces training uses armored vehicles, tanks and helicopter gunships. Field survival training

The field survival training was conducted in the mountainous area of Lvliang in the west of Shanxi Province. The training area is selected in "all-weather environment and inaccessible mountain forests". The training includes seven days of courses. Students will learn to hunt wild boar, snakes, fish, birds and insects; Collect flowers, plants and fruits; Find, draw and purify water sources; Learn to keep water in the body and prevent dehydration; Make a fire by various means; Set up tents to prevent rain and insects; Make winter clothes with wild materials and heal with herbs.

Special forces equipment

Global positioning system. A mobile phone-sized GPS connects three Beidou all-weather regional navigation satellites, with an accuracy of L ~ 3m.

Video and audio ear pulse equipment. In 2002, this kind of individual equipment was introduced into Chinese special forces.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. In the training of special forces, ASN- 104 UAV has been widely used. However, it is reported that some more advanced drone models have been applied to the drill. It is also reported that there are also drones that can be launched manually to support special forces and other forces.

An assault boat. The assault boat is a high-speed transportation tool, which is equipped with special forces to deal with the Taiwan Strait crisis in cooperation with drones and diesel-electric submarines. At present, assault boats are not standard equipment for special forces. However, sources said that they will soon be added to the equipment of special forces.

Night vision goggles. Night vision goggles are widely used in the training and exercises of PLA special forces, and relevant reports are frequently seen in newspapers. However, the model they use is still unclear.

Low light TV. Used for war zone surveillance.

Parachute with power unit. Parachute is a triangular parachute, which can be driven by a fan with a motor. Parachutes and fans can be connected to individual three-wheeled jumpers or boats. In 2002, CCTV showed an ultralight powered parachute with three wheels and an ultralight parachute rubber dinghy that can land on water.

God of War. Four-wheel drive vehicles, similar to the high-mobility multi-purpose wheeled vehicles used by the US military (such as Hummer). "God of War" was developed by Shenyang Aircraft Manufacturing Company.

Side weapon. China's special forces were the first troops equipped with a 5.88mm KBU88 sniper rifle.

The training of special forces is very strict It is common practice to carry out forced marching training in bad weather, climb dangerous slopes and survive in hard fields. Most of them are very skilled. For example, they can accurately hit a human target 200 meters away in a car with a speed of 50 kilometers per hour, and throw grenades into the car window from 30 meters away. China special forces are full of confidence in their abilities.

Among the special forces in China, there are also women soldiers who are not shy. They are no less inferior to agile men in training and combat skills. In the execution of some special tasks, they are even more competent than their male comrades.

At present, the satellite positioning system adopted by Chinese special forces has a positioning accuracy of 1 ~ 3m in areas including Taiwan Province Province. They can use advanced monitoring equipment, such as unmanned aerial vehicles and ground surveillance radar, so that the military situation in Fiona Fang, hundreds of miles away, can immediately jump on the monitor.

All members of China Special Forces can be airborne by transport plane or helicopter. Parachutes can take off from the ground and attack targets dozens of kilometers away. In addition, they also practiced the unique tactics of the Marine Corps, including military swimming and frogman snorkeling. Therefore, they are also called "land rover, sea dragon and aerial falcon" and are well-deserved "amphibious magic soldiers".

Chinese special forces have very strong firepower. In addition to advanced light weapons and protective equipment, such as Kevlar helmet, KBU88 sniper rifle, 95-type 5.8mm gun family, there are some little-known special guns. In addition, it is equipped with heavy individual weapons such as anti-tank missiles, artillery, individual rocket launchers and flame throwers. Some Mi-17 1 armed service helicopters carried by special forces can also mount missiles, rockets, bombs and large-caliber machine guns, and the firepower is self-evident.

In addition to strong physique, extraordinary combat skills and amazing firepower, special forces also have detached psychological qualities, and they have developed the skills of not being afraid, not panicking, not being confused and not being discouraged no matter what difficulties and obstacles they encounter. This can be seen from the outstanding performance of China special forces selected by major military regions in the "Elna Assault" international special forces scout competition over the years. In the competition, players from western military powers often have obvious advantages over those from China in physical fitness and weapons and equipment, but as the saying goes, "The brave will win in the narrow road, and the brave will win the wise." China special forces can still clearly analyze the situation, make the right choice, and finally complete all the games and win the games under the unfavorable environment that the "enemy" is chasing and blocking on all sides and entering the barren land.

Here are the "amphibious magic soldiers" of the seven military regions of the People's Liberation Army.

1, China soldier who won the highest honor as the only international special forces-Lanzhou Military Region Special Brigade.

A special meeting is being held in the conference room of the Central Military Commission in Beijing.

There is an invitation letter on the meeting table of the 8th "Elna Assault" International Special Forces Scout Competition. Since the invitation letter was faxed from the host country Estonia to the office of the Central Military Commission, the generals in People's Republic of China (PRC) have not stopped thinking for a day. This is the largest and most influential actual combat competition of the army in this century. Its highest honor is the "Calef Warriors" Award.

Finally, the Central Military Commission decided to hand over the task of forming special forces to the Lanzhou Military Region.

Since 1992, the annual "Elna Assault" International Special Forces Scout Competition first selects good soldier who is skilled in using conventional weapons, skilled in technology, good in coordination and comprehensive in quality under complex terrain and extraordinary physical consumption. Therefore, it has attracted much attention in the world, attracting the attention of every country, especially the military powers. It is a high-level club of special forces that attracts worldwide attention. Teams from 27 countries participated in this competition, which is the largest number of participants and countries in previous competitions. China team consists of 8 players and 2 translators.

These eight players are top figures carefully selected by the special forces brigade of Lanzhou Military Region. According to the standard of college degree or above and height1.80m, their proficiency in using various firearms, physical fitness, spoken foreign languages and other aspects were strictly assessed, and more than 80 top players were selected for training. After several confrontations and rounds of elimination, these eight players were selected. After almost brutal training, the eight brave men learned the skills of not being afraid, not panicking, not being confused and not being discouraged no matter what difficulties and dangers they encountered in the competition.

The Estonian International Scout Competition is completely equivalent to the actual combat competition, which lasted for 4 days and 3 nights. In the 72-hour non-stop competition, scouts from all countries should be fully armed, each with an average weight of more than 30 kilograms, complete 22 fixed-point competitions at 10 control station, walk through the dense forests, swamps and rivers of 150 kilometers in a hidden way, and must avoid imaginary enemies at the same time. In the competition, seven teams were repeatedly captured by imaginary enemies, and the points were too high, and finally they withdrew from the competition. But these two days, the China team was not caught by the imaginary enemy, and the penalty was still zero. The Ministry of National Defense of the host country was shocked, which is a miracle that has never appeared in previous competitions! In order to save face, Estonian Defense Minister personally led nearly 1,000 elite divisions to act as imaginary enemies and besieged and intercepted eight special scouts of China team.

On the last day, the "enemy" offered a reward for the capture of the China team, threatening that the three blockade lines were impregnable. They are confident that the China team, which didn't sleep for three days and three nights and only brought a compass, a marching map and a small flashlight all the way, will easily give in. While the China team knelt in the deep ditch under the control of the "enemy". When they were discovered by the "enemy", they swam to the shore thousands of meters away in one breath, completely broke through the second line of defense and stepped into the safety zone. Later, the "enemy" came out from among people and drove the China team to the untouched virgin forest. At this time, the China team decided to "win a big victory at a small price". Captain Li Yonggang distracted the "enemy" and the other three players rushed out of the third blockade. The second team members accidentally fell into the swamp, three of them were accidentally captured by the "enemy", and the Scud He Jian escaped with the help of a branch. He became the only scout among more than 0/00 players in the world who was not captured by the "enemy"!

In actual combat, you can repel "Death" because you often pass by "Death" in training. In the competition, all the equipment used by the China team was made in China. Players from other countries go into battle lightly, carrying only 20kg, while players from China weigh more than 40kg. The submachine guns used by foreign teams are equipped with infrared sights, but China players don't. They fought on their own. What foreign teams are most interested in is China's technology. Huang Xishan, the "Flying Knife King", and Wang Xiaolu, the "Fighting King" were among the stars in the competition.

In the face of powerful and well-equipped opponents, China finally won the first place in 9 individual events, 2 second places, 3 third places and the first place in all 22 competitions by absolute advantage, and was awarded the "Calef Warrior Award" by the host country Estonia.

Players from Lanzhou Special Brigade never miss the opportunity to learn from foreign players in the competition. When they saw that foreign players could speak English and their native language, and ordinary soldiers could also use high-tech equipment such as GPS satellite positioning system, China secretly praised them and did not forget to ask about their study. When foreign teams engage in training and attach importance to actual combat and confrontation, the China team will ask their organization and command; The weapons and equipment of foreign teams are relatively advanced, so the China team discussed the combination of personnel and equipment with them.

2. "Sword of the South"-Guangzhou Military Region Special Forces Brigade

3. Southwest Falcon Special Brigade of Chengdu Military Region

4. "Being able to detect and fight a generation of elite soldiers"-Special Brigade of Beijing Military Region

5. "Northeast Tiger"-shenyang military area command Special Brigade

6. "China Dragonfly"-the "Dragonfly" Special Brigade of Nanjing Military Region.

7. Black Beret-jinan military area command Eagle Special Brigade

Special forces during the three kingdoms period

1) Danyang soldiers

This is the capital of Tao Qian, and he himself is from Danyang. As an old warlord in Xuzhou, Tao has elite "Danyang soldiers" although he has no good fighters, so he can also fight with crocodiles like Cao Cao.

2) Trap camp

Trap Battalion is a unique force, small in number, but extremely brave in combat. Its commander is Gao Shun, a general under Lu Bu.

3) White-eared soldiers

White-eared soldiers are Liu Bei's Sineitai. Because Liu Bei is an old revolutionary (meaning "old soldier of fortune"), the white-eared soldiers around him naturally experienced the stormy waves of war.

4) The white horse is obedient

Ju Shou commanded a great army, saying, "You are a white horse and a fine colt. When you break the Lu, the Lu is called General White Horse. Therefore, we chose the elite 3,000, took the white horse, and called it' White Horse Righteousness' to actually ban the guards. "

(3) Foreign special forces

1, SEAL commando

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2. British "SAS"

The British SAS team member "SAS" who once performed a mission in New Zealand refers to the 22nd British Special Air Force, which was established during the Second World War to rescue allied prisoners of war, carry out assassination and harassment behind the Nazi German African Corps, and mainly perform anti-terrorism tasks after the war. "SAS" consists of an active regiment and two reserve regiments. Its members wore berets and armbands with winged daggers. They have mastered more than two languages and can fight alone.

3. German Ninth Frontier Brigade "GSG9"

Well-equipped GSG9 special forces team member Germany GSG9 special forces is the abbreviation of the ninth brigade of the German border guards. 1972, the Palestinian "Black September" organization hijacked and killed 1 1 Israeli athletes who participated in the 20th Olympic Games from the Munich Olympic Village, during which the rescue operation of Bavarian police completely failed. This incident forced the International Olympic Committee to decide not to hold this Olympic Games, leaving an unbearable shame for the German government. Therefore, the German government decided to set up a special anti-terrorism force, namely the GSG9 Special Force. Its headquarters is located in August, 3 kilometers east of Bonn, and it has about 350 members, which are organized into several battle groups. It is always in a state of war and has strong combat effectiveness. Is a world-famous veteran special forces, the representative work is to participate in the 65438-0977 anti-robbery machine war at Mogadishu airport in Somalia.

(4) Top Ten Special Forces in the World

First place: British SAS special aviation team

Second place: American Delta Commandos

Third place: Russian Alpha Rangers

Fourth place: Royal Marine Corps Assault Brigade

Fifth place: US Navy Seals

Sixth place: Israeli wild boy special forces desert wild boy, Israel's first 13 naval squadron, paratroopers reconnaissance company, General Staff reconnaissance team, etc.

Seventh place: Southwest Falcon, Special Operations Brigade of Chengdu Military Region of Chinese People's Liberation Army.

Eighth place: German Ninth Border Guard.

Ninth place: Indian police anti-terrorism commando

Tenth place: Italian Army Airborne Force Lancer Corps Special Operations Service Corps.

In addition, some special forces with brilliant achievements, such as Egypt's Lightning Force, participated in the Fourth Middle East War and many anti-terrorism operations.