Which parts of China suffer from smog?

Hello! Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei is the most smoggy area in China. When it comes to smog in China, people will subconsciously look to Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei. When it comes to the smog problem in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, the focus will naturally be on Hebei. "The worst air quality ranking is the region with the weakest urban competitiveness, and many cities in Hebei form a natural monopoly." People make fun of it online. So how is the air pollution in Hebei formed? Does Hebei really drag down the air quality in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei?

When there is smog in Beijing, Hebei will be criticized.

Power Zhang has been in Beijing for five years. In these years, he has developed a peculiar skill: the value of PM2.5 in human flesh detection. It all depends on his sensitive nose. He told everyone, "Without allergic rhinitis, it is not enough to talk about life in Beijing."

Get up every morning, Power Zhang can roughly guess the smog index of the day according to the "congestion" degree of the nose: it is semi-impassable, and the index can generally reach more than 300; If it is blocked, the PM2.5 index will definitely go out of the chart. But even if the nose is blocked again, Ben still has to go. Power Zhang had to wear a mask to prevent smog and plunge into the gray air. Buses and subways are full of people wearing masks. Both sides of the mask collapse and expand with the frequency of breathing.

Power Zhang works in a magazine. Sometimes four or five colleagues in the office get sick at the same time and sneeze one after another. They all know that this is related to the thick smog that cannot be dissolved. Occasionally, his colleagues will complain that such poor air is caused by "a province".

Power Zhang knows that a certain province in his colleague's mouth refers to Hebei Province, and he also knows that it is not only his colleagues who criticize Hebei because of the smog. Before the APEC meeting in 20 14, the Ministry of Environmental Protection also criticized Hebei for its poor response to smog: on June 14, the Ministry of Environmental Protection reported that during the recent large-scale smog, special inspections on the emergency response of heavy polluted weather in eight cities including Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, Langfang, Baoding, Xingtai, Hengshui and Handan found that the relevant cities in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei responded quickly and positively. However, some urban emergency measures have not been implemented, such as the formalization of urban measures such as Handan and Langfang, and the lack of linkage between urban departments such as Shijiazhuang and Langfang, which makes it difficult to operate motor vehicles involving people's livelihood; Hebei province has not yet formulated a unified standard for motor vehicle number limit in heavily polluted weather.

But he doesn't agree with this complaint. He is from Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province. I can't hear my colleagues condescending to Hebei, not out of love for my hometown. He admits that the air in Hebei is really bad, but why is the air in Hebei so bad? He thinks there is something unclear in a sentence or two.

Beijing is like a watershed. Taking this as a line, the air quality difference between northern and southern cities in Hebei Province is amazing: Zhangjiakou City, north of Beijing, has an excellent air quality rate of over 90% in 20 13 years, ranking among the "16' lung-washing' cities" published by the People's Daily official Weibo; The air quality in Chengde City is slightly lower than that in Zhangjiakou City, and the excellent rate of air quality has reached 86.7%. Cities in Hebei province, south of Beijing, have become the hardest hit areas of air pollution.

"The geographical location of Zhangjiakou determines that there will be no long-term smog weather here." Huang, director of Zhangjiakou Meteorological Observatory, said. Zhangjiakou is located in the north of Hebei Province, between the North China Plain and the Inner Mongolia Plateau. The sudden uplift of the terrain accelerated the continental monsoon here, and the smog could not stay for a long time.

Zhangjiakou and Chengde can avoid smog, but not just for geographical reasons. Another important factor is that Zhangjiakou and Chengde have been in a state of limited development for a long time, because they are in the upwind direction of Beijing, and also to protect water sources, block sand sources and make ecological barriers for Beijing. "Defend Beijing, protect Beijing, defend Beijing" has always been the responsibility of Zhangjiakou. No matter how good the benefits are, Zhangjiakou is not allowed to start any pollution projects. Although Chengde is rich in mineral resources and has a solid industrial base, it has closed a large number of industrial and mining enterprises in recent years and put forward the strategic transformation of "building a city through culture".

Shijiazhuang, as the first big city in the liberation of New China, had a population of only1.2000 in the early days of liberation. At that time, there were 27 enterprises in this "train-driven city". The Hutuo River, the mother river of Shijiazhuang, is rippling all the year round, and there are many springs in Zhengding County downstream. Liu, former vice president of Shijiazhuang Urban Planning and Design Institute, recalled that Soviet experts who came to guide urban construction planning in those years praised the urban construction conditions here and thought that the groundwater here was "inexhaustible". At present, there is no information describing the air condition in that year, but it can be proved that the air is still good. Mao Zedong left Beijing for Shijiazhuang for recuperation from March 3 to April 27. 195 1.

But what followed was a large-scale industrial construction tide. At that time, Peng Zhen, the mayor of Beijing, stood at the gate of Tiananmen Square and looked south. He once said that Chairman Mao wanted to have a modern big city. He said he wanted to look down from Tiananmen Gate. There was a chimney below. At that time, the chimney was a symbol of China's new industrialization pride, and so were Beijing and Hebei. Moreover, because of its rich coal, oil and iron ore resources, it is known as Kailuan Group, the cradle of China's coal industry, Qian 'an, the county with the largest iron ore reserves in China, the location of Huabei Oilfield and Jidong Oilfield, Hebei is positioned as a heavy industry base, and Shijiazhuang has also become one of the key cities in China.

During the first and second five-year plans, 50 large and medium-sized enterprises/KLOC-0 were built and put into operation in Shijiazhuang, and North China Pharmaceutical, Thermal Power Plant, Large Textile General Factory, Rubber Factory, pesticide plant, Fertilizer Plant and Coking Plant were put into operation one after another. By 1960, the total population of Shijiazhuang has reached 650,000.

In the era of planned economy, Hebei is adjacent to Beijing, which is also convenient for "running money". Since then, industrial development has been "difficult to return".

Handan is an important industrial base in Hebei Province. Wu 'an, a county-level city under its jurisdiction, is an emerging city mainly based on industry. Metallurgical industry, building materials industry and coal industry are listed as pillar industries in Wu 'an. In Wu 'an, heavy chemical enterprises such as iron and steel plants, cement plants, coking plants, power plants and coal washing plants are densely distributed, and the urban area is almost completely surrounded.

However, from the current point of view, from the perspective of ecological environment, Shijiazhuang is located in front of Taihang Mountain, surrounded by mountains on three sides, and the terrain is like a trumpet, which is not conducive to the diffusion of pollutants and is not suitable for the development of heavy industry. Hebei province as a whole is high in the west and low in the east, high in the northwest and low in the southeast. Most of the prevailing winds affecting Hebei come from the west or the north, while the Yanshan Mountains and Taihang Mountains form an arc-shaped semi-encirclement of the plain area in the southeast of Hebei, which blocks and weakens the prevailing winds, makes the foothills form a "safe haven" and makes air pollutants difficult to spread. At present, most places with unusually high air pollution index in Hebei are in a similar situation.

But in fact, these areas have been developing heavy industry. Take Shijiazhuang as an example. The main industrial products in Zanhuang County of Shijiazhuang City are cement, stone, special steel, silica sand and iron powder. Industrial and mining enterprises transport a lot of dust pollutants into the air. Luquan and Pingshan counties are located in the west and the upper reaches of Shijiazhuang, and are rich in limestone resources. At that time, they became the famous "cement corridor" in Shijiazhuang. At the peak, there were 72 cement plants and grinding stations in Yi 'an Town, Luquan District alone, and the cement industry once accounted for 52% of Luquan's total tax revenue. When these enterprises with high pollution and high energy consumption bloom everywhere, Shijiazhuang citizens are also deeply troubled by dust and pollution.

Hebei is still in the stage of heavy industrialization. In 20 12, the output value of heavy industry accounted for 80% of the total industrial output value, and the national average was 72% in the same period. Heavy industry centered on raw material industry has a great demand for energy and a great impact on the environment.

Among these industries, energy-intensive industries are outstanding. Hebei is a big steel province. By the end of 20 12, there were 48 steel enterprises with smelting capacity12, and the crude steel production capacity was 286 million tons, exceeding the national production capacity14. In addition to steel, power, heat, petroleum processing, coking, chemical raw materials and other industries account for 50% of the total industrial output value. The common faults of these industries are high pollution, high energy consumption and low efficiency. The total energy consumption accounts for 8% of the country, and the energy consumption per 10,000 yuan of added value of industrial enterprises above designated size is 43% higher than the national average. Excessive dependence on coal for energy consumption is also an important reason for smog in Hebei. Coal accounts for about 90% of Hebei's total energy consumption, far higher than the national level of nearly 70%.

On the street of Wu 'an, a mule car carrying coal passed by the fence of the steel plant. Under the gray sky, the rickshaw driver's face is black, and the scooter behind him has been dyed by coal ash and can't see its original color. White smoke billowed from the chimneys behind the fence. Behind the coachman, you can vaguely see two slogans, which read "Take care of the mess, leave the truth, goodness and beauty behind" and "Wu 'an is our home, and cleanliness depends on everyone". Judging from the current situation, Wu 'an still has a long way to go to achieve the goal on the slogan.

The transfer of industrial projects in Beijing has made Hebei people sad and happy. On the one hand, the transfer of these industries to Hebei has brought new impetus to Hebei's economic development, but it has also brought the possibility of pollution. With the relocation of Shougang in 2005 as a symbol, Beijing started the industrial transfer to Hebei. In recent ten years, in addition to Shougang and Beijing Coking Plant, the heavy foundry branch of Beijing No.1 Machine Tool Plant, the foundry workshop of Beijing Internal Combustion Engine General Factory, the washing machine production base of Beijing Baiju Company and Beijing Automobile Factory have also moved to Baoding, Langfang and Cangzhou, Hebei Province. In Caofeidian area, Shougang (moved to Shougang Jingtang Company) is the leading enterprise, and there are enterprises all over the steel industry chain. In Haigang Development Zone, most of them are enterprises in the coal chemical industry chain related to Beijing Coking Plant (moved to Tangshan Jiahua Company).

Some enterprises have moved, but there is no qualitative leap in environmental protection. These polluting enterprises are often "popular" in the place where they move in, which is the difficulty of pollution control highlighted by the economic gap.

Hebei, which is downstream of the industrial chain, should be paid more attention to. Specific to the industrial layout, high-end equipment manufacturing and service industries are gathering in Beijing and Tianjin, and most of them are heavily polluting enterprises. In order to completely reverse the situation that smog enveloped Gyeonggi, it should be laid out from a larger area. It takes environmental resources as the background, regards people and natural resources as an organic whole, and fully coordinates the interests of all parties. On this basis, let's take a look at the production and lifestyle in this area. Only when Beijing and Tianjin truly regard Hebei as their own back garden, enjoy development opportunities together with it, and give maximum support in industrial layout and division of labor can they really dispel the haze.

Thanks for reading!