4.25- Morning Diary (Sharing of Painting and Psychological Fragments: Research on Children's Painting Theory -02)

? Some researchers believe that children will project their emotions and motives into painting, so they have conducted a series of clinical projection studies to examine children's personality and psychological adaptability through painting. Ma Qiaofu studied children's painting as the projection of children's "inner self" and thought that painting reflected deep personality. Reed also pointed out in Education through Art that painting reflects children's personality characteristics. As early as the 1940s, it has become the knowledge of people in the industry to determine a person's mood and personality characteristics through painting, and the concept that painting can project a person's psychological state is deeply rooted in people's hearts. Painting can not only reflect the inner psychological reality, but also express the painter's subjective experience. Subsequently, the term "projection painting" began to appear, and the painting projection test came into being. In order to evaluate personality, there are more and more painting projection tests in the literature of psychology and psychoanalysis. During the period from 1940 to 1955, a large number of studies used painting projection test.

There are many forms and types of painting examination, and we can classify them according to their forms, contents and purposes.

There are several types of common painting projection tests: (1) Goodnow's "painting test" aimed at intelligence test.

Photo 1-4 The Little Princess was painted by a 7-year-old girl.

Children say: This is my little princess. She is wearing the most beautiful and fashionable skirt, golden high heels and a crown. I want to be as beautiful as her. Goodenough was the first to try to judge the maturity and intelligence of people drawn by children and teenagers, and for the first time to link painting technology with intelligence evaluation. This is also the first standardized drawing test, which is rapidly spread and widely used as a method of measurement and processing. Later, Harris developed Goodenough's theory, put forward that "painting is an indicator of cognitive maturity" and revised Goodenough's scoring standard. According to the age difference, he made 73 scoring items, including: whether the head, body, arms and legs are drawn, whether the body proportion is correct, whether the arms and feet are close together, whether there are eyes, nose, mouth, ears, hair, fingers and so on.

? Harris divides children's painting into three stages: in the initial stage, children mainly draw spots with certain shapes and characteristics; In the second stage, children began to imitate and copy, and individual differences and details of characters appeared in paintings; The third stage is to show beauty and pleasure.

(2) Tests aimed at obtaining information about personality characteristics-Koch K's "Drawing Tree Test" and Barker J's "Room-Tree-Person Test".

? Figure 1-5 Children's "Tree Drawing Test" and "Room-Tree-Person Test" (picture of tree drawing test on the left, picture of room-tree-person test on the right)

? 65438-0948 The "house-tree-person" (HTP) test proposed by the famous American psychologist Barker is a famous painting projection test. Buck took the lead in systematically discussing the test in the American Journal of Clinical Psychology, and was later introduced and popularized in many countries. The test was developed as an auxiliary tool for intelligence test. The task is to draw a house, a tree and a person. Because these three objects are familiar to every child, including very young children, and can induce children's association and project them on painting. Booker once said: "The room-tree-person test can stimulate children's conscious association and unconscious association, and the people, houses, trees or other contents drawn by children can reflect children's personality, perception and attitude." Houses can reflect the relevant information and problems of families or family members, and trees can show children's psychological development and feelings about the environment. Psychological counselors can evaluate children's psychology by analyzing the characteristics of houses, trees and people drawn by children, as well as the proportion, perspective and color of the paintings. In 1969, Booker and Hammer used figure painting as a tool for projection test, and discussed the performance of individual development in painting and the role of painting projection. At the same time, they also introduced the technology and evaluation method of "house-tree-person". 197 1 year, Hammrl applied the "room-tree-person" technology to clinic.

(3) A "family activity drawing test" aimed at understanding interpersonal skills and psychological and pathological problems.

? Photo 1-6 1 1 My Family painted by a little girl.

The child said: This is my living room, with me, a sofa and a TV. Dad, mom and I are having dinner. My father and I sometimes play poker at home. There is music behind, and there are rows of books and bookshelves with trinkets on them.

Figure 1-7 My Family painted by an 8-year-old boy.

Children say: this is the time when my parents and I go out to play. We went to the park. Mom is dressed well, dad is happy, we are playing skipping rope, and I have a good time. Appel applied pictures to family studies, and put forward the concept of "family pictures" for the first time, so as to understand the interactive information of painters' family members through the contents in the pictures. From 65438 to 0942, Wolff made further research in this field. In 195 1, Hulse put forward the technique of drawing family diagram. Later, Burns and Kaufman developed the dynamic family diagram on this basis. Burns and Kaufman found that the general drawing projection test lacked exercise, so they instructed children to draw with a kind of family power, and published the book "Drawing with Family Power" in 1970. Since then, power has been introduced into the painting test. They asked painters to show "what the whole family did together" in their paintings. Through dynamic pictures, we can get more information about how family members interact. Family dynamic diagram is also applied to schools. Plaute and Prout&Phillips put forward the model of "school dynamic diagram" in 1974. They asked students to draw "I and the people in school (teachers and classmates)" and "What are we doing in school" to understand the students' situation in school. In 1982, Sarbaugh made a further in-depth study of the school dynamic diagram, including qualitative and quantitative aspects. 1984, Prout&Celmer found that the school dynamic diagram was related to academic performance, and they combined the family dynamic diagram and the school dynamic diagram into a model.

(4) Koppitz put forward a scoring system for children's painting development.

? She believes that "children know themselves best, so the people they draw become portraits of their inner self and personal attitude". She uses pictures as a projection tool to explore the emotional problems expressed by children in painting. Based on Sullivan's interpersonal relationship theory, she pays more attention to children's views on themselves, those who are of great significance to themselves and children's attitudes towards problems and conflicts. Kapicz's thought represents a more "realistic" view, which pays more attention to the analysis of children's current mentality and feelings while analyzing psychological development, interpersonal relationship and emotional factors. At the same time, she also established a standard for evaluating children's painting development level and emotional development level, and designed a scoring table for children aged 5 ~ 12. Later, she studied teenagers aged 1 1 ~ 14. In her research, she found that teenagers after 1 1 did not systematically increase the details of task painting-although their age was increasing.

? Figure 1-8 A little girl of 12 painted "Family Travel".

The child said: Mom and Dad took me out for an outing. My mother and I wore beautiful skirts, and my father also wore new clothes. The weather is fine, there is sun, there are trees on the grass, there is a lot of love on the trees, there are flowers on the grass, flowers are blooming, there are many clouds in the sky, and there is a big star behind the clouds. Dad told us that love in the tree represents love. I am having a swell time.