What are the types of topics for ancient poetry?

Analysis of ancient poetry appreciation questions

(1) Grasp the author’s emotions

Poems generally use specific descriptions to express the poet’s emotions and convey the poet’s emotions Thoughts, these feelings and thoughts are what we call the content of thoughts. When we read and appreciate poems, we must first understand the author's emotions in the poem. This is the basis for communicating with the author and the foundation for reading poetry. The main types of questions in this year's college entrance examination are:

1. Analyze the emotions contained in the poems

The so-called analysis of the emotions contained in the poems means extracting a certain sentence from the poem and asking candidates to analyze it. Based on the author's emotions contained in the poem, the topic can be set from the following perspectives based on the characteristics of the selected sentence.

(1) Use scenes to express emotions. Extract sentences describing scenery in the poem and ask candidates to analyze the emotions expressed by the author. For example, the 2007 College Entrance Examination Jiangsu Paper:

Read the following Song poem and then answer the questions.

Partridge Sky? Give it away

Xin Qiji

The tears are still wet after singing "Yangguan", and there is nothing left to do but eat. The water floating in the sky brings endless trees, and the rain clouds bury half of the mountain. There are thousands of hatreds in the past and present, only separation and separation are joys and sorrows? If there is no bad storm at the head of the river, it will be difficult for others to travel on earth!

What kind of thoughts and feelings are contained in "The water floating in the sky sends endless trees, and the rain clouds bury half of the mountain"?

Using scenery to express emotions is a commonly used technique in the creation of ancient poems. Here the author writes "Looking far into the distance, the water and the sky meet, the trees are far away, and a dark cloud with rain comes, covering most of the mountain." The scenery is vast and low-pitched, thus expressing the author's attachment to his friends and his feelings of farewell. The journey is difficult and dangerous, and the concern for the future of friends. At the same time, "rain clouds bury the mountain" shows the depression of a confused future. Candidates have also learned this method before. For example, Li Bai's poem "Farewell to Meng Haoran at the Yellow Crane Tower in Guangling" has a poem: "The shadow of the solitary sail is gone in the blue sky, and only the Yangtze River can be seen flowing in the sky." The emotion it expresses is similar to this. Accordingly, the answer to this question is: looking forward to the distance, the feeling of reluctant to say goodbye; the concern of wishing peace for the difficult and dangerous road; the depression of the mountains and rivers, and the confusion of the future.

(2) Express your feelings directly. Expressing emotions through scenery is more subtle, and sometimes the understanding may not be accurate, but it is easier to analyze the author's feelings by directly expressing one's feelings. For example, the 2007 National College Entrance Examination Paper 1:

Read the following Song Dynasty poem, and then answer the questions.

Looking south of the Yangtze River? Composed by Chao Ran Tai ①

Su Shi

The spring is not old yet, the wind is thin and the willow needles are slanting. If you try to look up from the transcendental platform, you will see half a ditch of spring water and a city full of flowers, and thousands of homes are covered with mist and rain.

After eating cold food ②, I woke up but complained. During the break, old friends think about their homeland, and they try new teas with new fires. Poems and wines become more and more prosperous.

Note: ①Chaoran Terrace is located in the north of Mizhou (now Zhucheng, Shandong). At that time, Su Shi was the local magistrate of Mizhou. ② Cold food, one or two days before Qingming. According to the old custom, fire is not raised during the Cold Food Festival, but fire is raised after the festival to call it a new fire.

Judging from the words "consult", "xiudui", and "Qiejiang" in the poem, what kind of mood do you think the author wanted to express in the poem? Please give a brief analysis.

The scenery seen from the Chaoran Terrace aroused the author's homesickness, but he could not go home, so he could only "sigh" bitterly after he sobered up, and said helplessly: "Don't worry." Old friends talk about homesickness, "just put" the fire in your heart to make new tea to comfort yourself! Therefore, the "consultation", "xiudui", and "qiejiang" listed in the title are all words that speak directly from the heart, expressing the author's helplessness and bitter mood.

Another example is the 2007 College Entrance Examination Anhui Paper:

Read the following poem and then answer the questions.

Drunk and downcast? Chanting the Eagle

Qing Dynasty? Chen Weisong

There are several blocks in the cold mountains ①, and the wind is low and shatters the Central Plains Road ②. The autumn sky is as blue as ever. Drunk and wearing a mink coat, I briefly remember the paging place. Who should I bet with on my man's skills? When you are old, you will return to Xuanju with fierce anger ③. There are so many idle foxes and rabbits in the world. The moon is black and the sand is yellow, I am thinking of you at this moment.

Note: 1. Block, seat. ②Crush the Central Plains Road to describe an eagle flying over the ground. ③Xuan Ju, high spirits.

Combined with the sentences in the next part, analyze the thoughts and feelings expressed by the poet.

The second part of the poem is mainly a direct sentence, "Who can I bet with my skills? When I am old, I will still be strong and powerful." It expresses the feeling that the fierceness is still there and the old is getting stronger. "There are so many idle foxes and rabbits in the world. The moon is dark and the sand is yellow. I miss you at this moment." It expresses the author's desire to display his ambitions and make achievements like an eagle.

(3) Both implicit and explicit. Although this type of question is relatively complex, it is not difficult to do it well as long as you master the method. For example, the 2007 College Entrance Examination Hunan Paper:

Read the following Song poetry and complete the appreciation as required.

A message to the Lord of Chang'an, Wang Anshi

It is not light to say goodbye when a young man is young, but it is also sad to meet again when we are old.

The hasty cups and plates offer laughter, and the dim light talks about life.

Self-pity, three years between the lake and the sea, and thousands of miles of dust and sand.

Would you like to ask when the next stage will be? Sending a letter should see Yan Nan Zheng.

Note: Chang'an Jun is the eldest sister of Wang Anshi (1021-1086), the wife of Zhang Kui, the minister of the Ministry of Industry, and was granted the title of Chang'an County Jun. This poem was written by Wang Anshi before his mission to the Liao Kingdom in the fifth year of Jiayou's reign (1060), the reign of Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty. At this time, he has not yet worshiped the phase transformation method.

The poem expresses the feeling of "sadness". Please appreciate how the author expresses this emotion in the middle two couplets.

The chin couplet of this poem uses the method of borrowing scenery to express emotions, while the neck couplet uses the method of expressing one's feelings directly. When understanding, analyze it separately. The "words for laughter" in the couplet express the joy of meeting, while the "words for life" express the vicissitudes of life: the two set off each other, adding a layer of sadness to the situation. "Grass cups and plates" and "dim lights" create an atmosphere. In such an environment, the poet is more likely to feel sad. And "Cao Cao" and "Hai Hui" are wonderful ways of overlapping words. "Cao Cao" shows that the food and wine are simple, and there are some shortcomings in the happy gathering; "Darkness" highlights the emotions of the characters and hints at the pain of others.

Neck couplet: "Self-pity" and "Youzuo" are in the same breath. The poet uses this to express his heart directly and express all the sadness in his heart. The "lakes and seas" were separated for a long time, the "dust and sand" traveled far away, and they met again and parted day and night. Moreover, the mission was not without hardships and dangers in the Liao Kingdom. The expansion of time and space deepened the sadness. "Three years" refers to a long time, and "ten thousand miles" refers to a far distance. The use of numbers in the poem, one vertical and one horizontal, makes the tragedy more intense.

(4) Support things to express aspirations. When ancient people wrote poems, they liked to place their feelings on something and express their feelings through chanting about the thing. During the examination, the examiner often asks the examinee to analyze what kind of feelings the author expresses through a specific object. When answering questions, you generally need to know people and the world, find the most common points between the author's emotions and the things he entrusts, and achieve the connection between people and things, so as to grasp the author's emotions. For example, the 2007 college entrance examination papers for Hainan and Ningxia:

Read the following Song poem and complete the questions.

Xiao Zhai Ji Shi

Liu Yi Zhi

I love the piano because its strings are straight, and I love chess because of its square position. If you don’t use it to compare gains and losses, how can you remember palace merchants?

I am getting more and more estranged from my old age, and everything will be in trouble if I am clumsy. Although these two things follow each other, they do not rise or fall.

①Liu Yizhi: Jinshi in the third year of Xuanhe (1121), Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty. He once served as a supervisory censor and other positions. There are records that he was dismissed from office for "disobeying Qin Hui". ②Game: refers to the chessboard.

Why did the author write about the two things of piano and chess? What kind of feelings does he want to express through piano and chess?

The strings and chessboard in this poem are upright and square, which is consistent with the author's own square character. His upright character remained unchanged, but in the end he became "more and more distant from the world" and "everything got in the way". He was left to be alone in Xiaozhai, which had nothing to do with the rise or fall of the country. The author wrote the two objects of piano and chess to express his ambition, expressing the author's emotion about his personal experience and his ridicule of worldly affairs.

2. Grasping the emotions in the poem as a whole

The so-called grasping the emotions as a whole requires analysis and evaluation based on the entire poem (words), so as to figure out the emotions expressed by the author. This is difficult. It is greater than understanding the author's emotion in a certain sentence. It requires candidates to comprehensively analyze the material and interpret as much of its connotations as possible. For example, the 2007 College Entrance Examination Fujian Paper:

Read the poem below and then answer the questions.

In the Wuyi Mountains

Song Dynasty?

The sky and the earth are lonely, the mountains and the rain have stopped, how many lifetimes can I cultivate plum blossoms?

Note: ① Xie Fangde, a native of Xinzhou (now part of Jiangxi) in the late Song Dynasty, fought against the Yuan army and lived in seclusion in Fujian after the defeat. He was later coerced to Yanjing, where he went on a hunger strike and died. ②In ten years, the first year of Song Deyou (1275), the poet failed to resist the Yuan Dynasty and abandoned his family and went to the mountains. The following year, his wife and children were captured, and his family was ruined. It was nearly ten years when he wrote this poem.

What thoughts and feelings does this poem reflect?

This question requires candidates to not only analyze the whole poem, but also combine the background information in the annotations to answer the question. From the annotation ②, we can know that in the first and second sentences, "Returning home without a dream" and "Independent Qingfeng" "It expresses the author's loneliness and pain when his country is ruined and his family is destroyed. The image of plum blossoms is written in three or four sentences. Combined with the annotation ①, we can see that it expresses the poet's aloofness, perseverance and self-motivation.

It can be seen that when perceiving the emotion of a poem as a whole, in addition to grasping the content of the poem, it is also necessary to connect the author's life experience and the background of the times to understand people and the world. Another example is the 2007 College Entrance Examination Hubei Paper:

Read the following two Tang poems and then answer the questions.

Huaqing Palace

Wu Rong

There are flying snow and dark clouds in the surrounding suburbs, but it is dry in this palace. Green trees and green eaves cover each other, and no one knows that it is cold outside.

Passing through the Huaqing Palace

Li Yue

The king has fun and everything is light, and a song of colorful clothes brings soldiers all over the sea. The jade chariot has ascended to heaven and all the people have gone up, but only the trees in the Forbidden City are everlasting.

What thoughts and feelings do the two poems express?

When answering this question, you must learn to grasp the scenery described in the poem for analysis, but if the candidate does not understand the relevant background of Huaqing Palace, it may be difficult to understand the author's emotions in the poem. Huaqing Palace is the palace of the Tang Dynasty in China. Famous for its hot spring pools. At the northern foot of Lishan Mountain in Lintong County, Shaanxi Province today. According to literature, Qin Shihuang once "built stones to build a sky" here, and soup pools were also built in the Western Han Dynasty, Northern Wei Dynasty, Northern Zhou Dynasty and Sui Dynasty. In the 18th year of Tang Zhenguan (644), Emperor Taizong ordered a palace to be built here and named it Tangquan Palace. In the sixth year of Tianbao (747), it was renamed Huaqing Palace. At that time, it was surrounded by terraces and palaces, and the grand occasion was unprecedented. However, after the Anshi Rebellion, the emperor rarely visited it. It was abandoned in the late Tang Dynasty and became a Taoist temple in the Five Dynasties. Knowing this background and reading these two poems, the author's writing intention will come out.

The first poem contrasts sharply the cold weather of "flying snow and dark clouds" outside the Huaqing Palace with the "green trees and green eaves" scenery inside the palace, and then accuses "no one knows it's cold outside" to criticize those who ignore the sufferings of the people and Feudal rulers who indulged in pleasure. The second poem satirizes the ruler's debauchery and harmed the country and laments the rise and fall of the dynasty by chanting the historical fact that Emperor Ming of the Tang Dynasty entertained, sang and danced in the Huaqing Palace and ignored state affairs, leading to the Anshi Rebellion.

3. Compare the emotions of the authors in different poems

In addition to the overall perception, the college entrance examination can also test the poet's emotions based on the author's mood, identity, and status. Similarities and differences in specific emotions in poems. This is more specific and can be divided into two categories:

(1) Compare the similarities and differences in the mood of the same words in different poems. For example, the 2007 College Entrance Examination Liaoning Paper:

Read the following poems and complete the following questions

Sitting Alone on an Autumn Night (Excerpt)

Tang Dynasty? Wang Wei

Sitting alone with sad temples, the hall is empty for the second time.

Mountain fruits fall in the rain, and grass and insects chirp under the lamp.

Late at night

Song Dynasty? Zhou Bi

The people in the empty hall were silent and did not listen to the watch, sitting alone on the study bed facing the night light.

I don’t know the spring snow outside the door, the half moon is waning and the stream is icy.

There is "sitting alone" in both poems, but the author's mood is different. Try a brief analysis.

Although these two poems both write about "sitting alone", due to the different environments in which the authors wrote, the feelings (moods) expressed are also different. When analyzing, it is also necessary to combine the whole poem for overall perception. Wang's poems describe the sad and lonely mood. The first and second sentences describe the loneliness of a person sitting alone and the desolation of the passage of time; the third and fourth sentences describe the scattered whine of vegetation and insects, adding to the sadness. Zhou's poems describe a peaceful and comfortable state of mind. The first and second sentences are written about a person sitting alone under the lamp reading hard, unaware of the depth of night; the third and fourth sentences use "not knowing" the changes in the outdoor scenery to set off the scholar's devotion and concentration when reading at night. Another example is the 2007 College Entrance Examination Jiangxi Paper:

Read the following two poems and then answer the questions.

View of Jinling at Night, Map of Jinling

Gao Chan Wei Zhuang

I once returned to the late green with floating clouds, and I still accompany the setting sun with the sound of autumn. Who said you can't paint sad paintings? Painting people's hearts is like a human being.

There are infinite painting hands in the world, but it is so sad that they cannot be painted. You see six pictures of events in the Southern Dynasties. Old trees and cold clouds fill the ancient city.

Note that Gao Chan and Wei Zhuang were both poets of the late Tang Dynasty.

Both these two poems write about "sadness". Why are the poets sad?

Both of these two poems are epic poems, and the object of the chants is "Jinling", the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties. , a prosperous holy place. The poems all mention "sadness", and the poet's emotions are the same. Combined with the historical background of the author's life mentioned in the notes, it can be seen that they are all sad for the decline of the Tang Dynasty.

(2) Compare the emotions expressed by the same object in different poems. For example, the 2007 College Entrance Examination Chongqing Paper:

Read the following two poems and then answer the questions.

Begonia (Song Dynasty) Su Shi Cherishing Peonies (Tang Dynasty) Bai Juyi

The east wind is full of light, and the moon is full of fragrant mist in the corridor. The red peony in front of the steps was melancholy, but only two branches were left late. I was afraid that the flowers would fall asleep late at night, so I burned a high candle to illuminate my red makeup. When the wind rises in the Ming Dynasty, it should be blown away. At night, the redness fades and the fire is watched.

Note: Sogo, beautiful brilliance.

Su Shi's "Begonia" and Bai Juyi's "Cherishing Peony Flowers" both describe admiring flowers at night. What are the differences in the emotions they express?

Both poems are written about this. The scene of "holding candles and admiring flowers", but the feelings expressed are different. Su's poem first writes that the east wind blows gently, and the begonia flowers reveal a noble and beautiful luster, exuding bursts of fragrance, making people feel empty and confused. At this time, the moon had turned around the winding corridor and could no longer shine on the begonia flowers. The poet was afraid that the flowers would fall asleep in the middle of the night and he would be even more lonely, so he lit bright candles and looked at the clusters of red begonias, expressing the author's love for the blooming begonia flowers. But Bai Shi is unique among countless poems about cherishing flowers. People always know how to cherish flowers after they fall. This poem goes against the norm, but it starts from the time when the flowers are in full bloom and thinks of the day when the redness and fragrance fade. It expresses the infinite pity for the peonies with the fresh idea of ??shining the flowers on fire, and expresses the passage of time. , the deep feeling that youth is hard to stay.

(2) Analyze creative techniques

The image and lyricism of poetry must be expressed with the help of various artistic techniques. We need to understand some common artistic techniques. Four modes of expression are mainly used in poetry creation: narrative, description, discussion, and lyricism. Among them, description and lyricism are the focus of the college entrance examination. Lyrical expression can be divided into direct lyrical expression (expressing one's feelings directly); indirect lyrical expression (expressing one's feelings through scenery, conveying one's aspirations through objects, and blending scenes). The main methods of description include the combination of movement and stillness, the combination of virtual and real, the combination of point and surface, the combination of light and dark, the combination of front and side, the combination of sound and color, thick brush outline, line drawing and fine brushwork, etc. In addition, commonly used expression techniques in poetry creation include fu, comparison, xing; changes in cadence, elaboration, description, symbolic association, etc.

The main types of questions that test expression techniques in poetry appreciation in various college entrance examinations this year include:

1. Fill in the blanks

This is the simplest type of question in the test of poetry expression techniques, requiring candidates to Be familiar with common expression techniques of various types of poetry, and have certain ability to distinguish and judge. For example, the 2007 College Entrance Examination Beijing Paper:

Read the poem below and complete the questions.

裊苢①

Cai Cai Fu Cong, Bo Yan ② pick it. There are many things to choose from, but there are ③ words.

Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai Cai with Not ④. Pick and choose the flowers, and write them down in thin words.

Capturing <<⑥ ⑥ ⑥. Pick and choose the flowers, and talk about them.

Notes: ① Selected from "The Book of Songs? Zhou Nan", this is a folk song sung by women when gathering wild vegetables. Fengtuo: Plantago (name of grass), edible.

②Bo and Yan: They are all particles with no real meaning. ③Have: get. ④掇: pick, pick up.

⑤ stroke: hold in handfuls. ⑥袺: Holding something in the corner of the clothes. ⑦譭: Tuck the lapels of clothes between the belts to hold things.

The Book of Songs uses the techniques of fu, comparison, and xing. The technique used in this poem is .

The commonly used expression techniques in "The Book of Songs" are Fu, Bi and Xing. Fu is to lay out the narrative; comparison is to use metaphors. For example, in "Shuo Shuo", Shuo Shuo is used as a metaphor for the greedy ruler; Xing means "if you want to talk about this thing, you must first talk about other things to elicit the words you want to chant" (Zhu Xi's words), For example, "The Peacock Flying Southeast" introduces the love story of Liu Lanzhi and Jiao Zhongqing with "the peacock flies southeast and lingers for five miles". This poem narrates the labor scene of ancient women picking crops. It uses the verbs "pick", "have", "掇", "捋", "袺" and "襭", etc. in repeated chapters to make the scene vivid. Obviously this is a narrative, so the answer to this question is "Fu".

2. The technique of analyzing poems

That is, extract a certain line from the poem and let the candidates analyze its expression technique and function. The key to analysis is "discrimination", which means being good at judging; the second is "analysis", which means learning to analyze verses. The specifics should be considered based on the requirements of the topic, such as the 2007 College Entrance Examination Jiangsu Paper (see the poem above):

What expression technique is used in "The water floating in the sky sends endless trees, and the rain clouds bury half of the mountain"? < /p>

This sentence describes the scene seen after bidding farewell to a friend. The scene contains feelings of farewell and concern for the friend. Therefore, the expressive technique of borrowing scenery to express emotions (embodying feelings in scenery), which is common in ancient poetry, is used. The question does not ask for analysis, just identify it. Another example is the Shandong paper of the 2007 College Entrance Examination:

Read the following Qing Dynasty poem and answer the questions:

Out of customs ①

Xu Lan

In the ancient border state with mountains overlooking the sea, you can see the garrison towers in the shadow of the wind.

The peach blossoms behind the horse and the snow before the horse, can you fight for it and never look back?

Note: ① Pass refers to Juyong Pass. ②旆(pèi), flag.

What are the characteristics of the artistic expression of the phrase "peach blossoms behind the horse and snow before the horse"? Please provide a brief analysis.

This question not only requires identifying the technical characteristics of the poem, but also analyzing it. The poem "Peach Blossom in front of the Horse and Snow Behind the Horse" cleverly uses "horse" to connect the two things "peach blossom" and "snow". It adopts the technique of metonymy, using peach blossom to represent the warm and beautiful life in hometown, and using "snow" to represent the cold life outside the Great Wall. The two scenes of blooming peach blossoms inside the pass and the vast white snow outside the pass are brought together at the key point of the horse expedition. The description is vivid and the contrast is sharp, expressing the author's homesickness. It is sad to read.

3. The writing method of analyzing the image

The so-called writing method of analyzing the image requires candidates to analyze the techniques used in poems to highlight the characteristics of the written image, such as the 2007 College Entrance Examination Anhui Paper ( (See the poem above):

What expression technique is used in the first part of this poem to describe the eagle? Please provide a brief analysis.

This poem is titled "Ode to the Eagle", which shows that the eagle is the image chanted by the author in the poem. Generally speaking, there are two ways to describe an image in poetry: frontal description and side description. Frontal description is easy to grasp, while side description usually uses contrast, foil and other techniques to highlight the characteristics of the object. The first part of this poem does not directly describe the eagle, but instead describes the cold mountains, the earth, and the autumn sky, which provides a specific place for the eagle's activities. Obviously the author used a foil technique here, using the cold mountains, the empty land, and the clear autumn sky to set off the image of the eagle as brave, fearless, and ambitious.

4. Analyzing lyrical methods

There are generally two types of lyrical methods in poetry: direct lyricism and indirect lyricism. Analysis of lyrical methods in poems is also a common content in college entrance examination poetry appreciation questions, such as 2007 College Entrance Examination Chongqing Paper (see poem above):

What characteristics of the Begonia flower are described in the first two sentences of Su Shi's poem "Begonia"? What techniques are used in the last two sentences to express emotions?

The last two sentences of Su's poem "Begonia" "I am afraid that the flowers will fall asleep late at night, so I burn a high candle to illuminate the red makeup" expresses the author's deep love for flowers. The poet uses indirect lyrical methods and uses personification to Comparing flowers to people, the poet was afraid that the flowers would fall asleep in the middle of the night and he would be even more lonely, so he lit bright candles and looked at the clusters of red begonias. This indirectly expresses the author's love for Begonia flowers.

5. Compare the similarities and differences in techniques

Sometimes the examiner will write more than two poems and ask the candidates to analyze the similarities and differences in their techniques of expression, which is more difficult than finding the techniques of expression in one poem. To be larger, candidates are required to have a discerning vision, seek differences in similarities, and seek common ground in differences. For example, the Hubei Volume of the 2007 College Entrance Examination (see the poem above):

The two poems describe the Huaqing Palace in different periods. Please indicate which of the same expression techniques are mainly used in the two poems, and give a brief explanation.

This question seeks similarities among differences and asks candidates what expression techniques they use. Reading the whole poem carefully, it is not difficult to see that contrast (or contrast, foil) techniques are used. The first poem contrasts the inside of the palace with the outside of the palace (or space): outside the palace is extremely cold with flying snow and clouds; while inside the palace is shaded by green trees and warm as spring. The second poem contrasts the past and the present (or time): in the past, there were colorful clothes and feathers, and singing and dancing were commonplace; today, there are overgrown trees and desolate palaces.

Just now we examined the aspect of seeking common ground in differences. Now let’s look at the questions about seeking differences in common ground, such as the 2007 College Entrance Examination Zhejiang Paper:

Read the following three works and then answer question.

Wuyi Alley (Tang Dynasty) Liu Yuxi

There are wild grasses and flowers beside Zhuque Bridge, and the setting sun is setting at the entrance of Wuyi Alley. In the old days, the swallows in front of Wang Xietang flew into the homes of ordinary people.

The full moon (gold) Wu Ji①

Throughout the ages, sad things in the Southern Dynasties still sang the songs of flowers in the backyard. In the old days, when the king gave thanks, to whose house did the swallows fly to in front of the hall? Suddenly, in a dream, the immortal skin beats the snow, and the palace bun is piled with crows. Sima Jiangzhou, his green shirt is wet with tears, they are both at the end of the world.

[中LV] Hillside Sheep? Swallow (Yuan) Zhao Shanqing

When I came to Chunshe, I went to Qiushe②, and I moved away from the cold and heat every year. The words are murmuring, busy with the robbery ③, looking for the king to thank the king in the spring breeze hall, the evening light is slanting in the alleys and black clothes. When it comes to prosperity, see more of it; when it dies, tell them all.

Note: ① After the fall of the Northern Song Dynasty, Wu Ji was forced to become an official. At a banquet, I met a Song Dynasty clan girl who was a homeless singer, and I came up with this work. ② Chun She and Qiu She: In ancient times, sacrifices to the earth gods were usually held on the fifth day after the beginning of spring and the beginning of autumn, which were called Chun She and Qiu She respectively. ③Jie Jie: A hurried and anxious look.

Please briefly appreciate the expression techniques and language features of these three works.

The lyrics and music of these three poems all depict the image of swallows, highlighting the theme of rise and fall. But the way they express their feelings is different. Liu's poems contrast the present and the past, embody emotions in scenery, are implicit and profound, and reflect the characteristics of epic poems. Wu's poems are tailored from Tang Dynasty poems to express the pain of the country's subjugation, which is gentle and desolate, highlighting the authentic charm of graceful poems. Zhao Qu concludes with discussion, pointing out the ups and downs, bright and direct, and has a strong flavor of Sanqu.

(3) Examine the content of poetry

Poetry is often based on the narration of events, the creation of characters (narrative poetry) or the description of scenery, the depiction of images (lyric poetry), and historical facts. They are chants and elaborations of opinions (reasoning poems) to express ideas. The carrier through which poetry expresses its ideas is the content of the poetry. Grasping the content of poetry has become a common knowledge point in the college entrance examination. The main types of questions that examine the content of poetry are:

1. Describe the picture of the poem, that is, use your own language to summarize the picture in the poem, such as the 2007 College Entrance Examination Beijing Paper (see the poem above ):

Forefathers read this poem and said: "Nature gives birth to its atmosphere" through repeated satirical chants. When you read this poem, what kind of scene appears in front of you? Please describe it briefly.

The so-called "scene" refers to the synthesis of people, things, objects and scenery in the work. "Women", "picking" and "芣苢" as well as the protagonist express their cheerful and joyful mood through singing. The so-called "summary description" is to integrate the previous basic information to form the answer to this question: Women are picking wild vegetables and singing in the fields, a cheerful scene of labor.

There is another way to summarize the poetry scene in a different direction, which is to formulate subtitles, such as the Sichuan paper of the 2007 College Entrance Examination:

Read the following Song poem, and then answer the questions:< /p>

Wang Anshi of Gexiyi Station

The moon is missing and the moon is still dark, but a lamp shines on the autumn bed.

When you are sick, you feel the wind and dew most early, and when you return to your dream, you don’t know how long the mountains and rivers are.

Sitting there, I feel that the songs of my age are generous, and I look at the desolate look of the world.

The chirping cicadas are even more confusing to people's ears, and they are hugging the sparse tung leaves, which are half yellow.

The first couplet of this poem depicts a picture. Please come up with a subtitle for this picture.

To prepare a subtitle, you must first understand the main content of the picture, and then summarize it on this basis. The first couplet of this poem describes the time - autumn (autumn bed) night (missing moon, missing moon), the location - the inn guest house, the scene - a lamp illuminating the autumn bed, expressing the protagonist's sleepless night. From this we can get the answer: the picture of a sleepless autumn night at a post station.

2. Perceive the connotation of poetry

That is, based on the material of the poem and the poet's feelings, read the underlying meaning of the poem, such as the 2007 College Entrance Examination Jiangsu Paper (see poem above) Text):

This poem is titled "Giving Someone Up". What two new ideas are written in the next part?

This question requires candidates to answer the new ideas described in the next part. , not only to depict the picture, but also to express the emotion. There are two meanings here: "There are thousands of hatreds in the past and present, but separation and reunion should only be joys and sorrows?" It means that parting (getting together) should not be regarded as the only sad (joyful) thing in the world. "If there are no bad storms at the head of the river, it would be difficult to travel in the world!" It means that the storms in the world are far more dangerous than the storms on the road.

3. Understand the scenes in the poems

It is necessary to grasp the scenery in the poems and understand the emotions expressed through the scenes. For example, the 2007 Tianjin College Entrance Examination Paper:

Read the poem below and answer the questions.

Huang's Yanluxuan

Ming?

After the rain, the curtains are opened at dawn, and spring comes in for a while.

Note: Weed, clumps of grass.

What kind of scene does "Spring comes out for a while" show?

This question tests your understanding of the content of the poem. When answering the question, you generally need to describe the scene it depicts and point out the emotions it contains. Answer: It expresses the strong spring scenery, rushing towards the face, and the author's joy. Similar poems include Zeng Gongliang's "If you want to watch the silver mountains beat the waves in the sky, open the window and let the river come in", Wang Anshi's "One water protects the fields and will surround them, and two mountains are lined with gates to send the green water", etc. I hope students will pay attention to it. accumulation.

Another example is the 2007 Shanghai College Entrance Exam Paper:

Read the following Song poems and complete the questions.

Ruan Lang returns? Su Shi in early summer

The green locust trees and tall willows swallow new cicadas, and the scented wind first blows into the strings. The water under the green screen window is filled with smoke, and the sound of chess frightens people who sleep in the daytime.

After the light rain, the lotuses turn over and the pomegranate flowers bloom. The jade basin is clear from the spring with delicate hands, and the pearls are broken but round.

Use the underlined sentence in the work, connect it with the content of the next film, and write an appreciation text from the perspective of situational relationship.

When appreciating scene blending questions, the most important thing is to explain clearly what scene the author wrote and what emotion he expressed. Once this point is made clear, the key points of scoring will be grasped. Answer key: The author uses metaphors to meticulously depict water splashing (on the lotus leaf), and the water droplets are round and crystal clear, truly showing the protagonist's light and joyful mood.

4. Compare the scenes in the poems

The questioner chooses two or more poems and asks the candidates to compare the similarities and differences in the scenes described in them. For example, the Liaoning paper of the 2007 College Entrance Examination (see the poem above):

Both the two poems describe night scenes, but they are different. Please be specific.

Wang’s poem writes about “Autumn Night”, describing the phenomenon of fruits falling in the mountains and insects chirping in front of lamps; Zhou’s poem writes about “Spring Night”, describing the beginning of the spring snow, the waning moon hanging on the mountain, The scene of the stream turning into ice. Wang's poems describe moving scenes, while Zhou's poems describe quiet scenes.

Another example is the 2007 College Entrance Examination Jiangxi paper (see the poem above):

One of the two poets said, "You can't paint a picture of sadness", and the other said, "Who says you can't paint a picture of sadness? ". Please briefly analyze this in conjunction with poetry.

The two poems express the same thoughts and feelings, but they are expressed from the same angle, that is, they are depicted through different pictures. The author of Gao's poem looked at Jinling at night and felt sad from the images of "setting sun" and "autumn sound". The poet believed that this kind of deep sadness could not be painted by painters in the world. After viewing the Jinling Map, the author of Wei Shi believed that the painter's use of images such as "old trees" and "cold clouds" were enough to express the pain of the country's decline. Therefore, sadness can be painted.

5. Summarize the characteristics of the object

The candidates are required to summarize the characteristics of the object based on the description in the poem. It is different from summarizing the picture, but refining the picture and revealing its connotation. For example, the Chongqing paper of the 2007 College Entrance Examination (see poem above):

What characteristics of the Begonia flower are described in the first two sentences of Su Shi's poem "Begonia"?

The first two sentences of Su Shi's poem write The begonia flowers are dazzling and fragrant, highlighting the hazy beauty of the begonia flowers in the spring breeze and under the moonlight. The former is a description of the picture, while "hazy beauty" is a refinement of the picture.

6. Analyze the connection between the pictures

That is to examine the internal connection between the pictures. This is the most difficult type of question in the process of examining the content of poetry. It reflects the inquiry ability requirements in the new curriculum concept. For example, the Hainan and Ningxia papers of the 2007 College Entrance Examination (see the poem above):

What effect does the second couplet of the poem have on the meaning of the first couplet? Please give a brief analysis.

This question requires the analysis of the internal relationship between the first and second couplets of the verse. We must first understand the content of each couplet. This is a short and lyrical poem. The first couplet is about the reasons why the author loves the piano and chess - the strings of the piano are straight and the chess game is square. When writing the second couplet, you don't need to use chess games to compare gains and losses, and you can't use strings to remember the five tones. This elevates the first couplet's love to a pure and selfless realm.