The first Chinese knowledge point!

First, the narrator (three kinds of people): 1, the first person ("first person") can give people a cordial, natural and true feeling. Writing "I" in the first person is most suitable for describing the psychological activities of the characters. What you see, hear, do and feel can be expressed through the description of psychological activities. When writing "he" in the first person, it is most appropriate to write the appearance, language and movements of the characters, because it is more objective to write "he" with the impression of "I". The first person's description of my appearance and his psychological activities must be accompanied by imitation to convince readers. To write "I", you can write: "You can imagine how red my face was." To write about his psychological activities, you can write: "I feel relaxed." 2. Second person address (function: enhance the lyricism and intimacy of the article and facilitate emotional communication. 3. The third person (function: it can directly and objectively show colorful life, not limited by time and space, and reflect reality more flexibly and freely. Second, narrative methods (or "narrative order") (three kinds): 1, chronological narrative-chronological narrative. The structural pattern of sequence type is: total narrative+sub-narrative (sub-narrative 1+ sub-narrative 2+ sub-narrative 3+ sub-narrative n)+ ending. Function: The narrative is clear. 2, flashback-the end of the event mentioned earlier in the article or an important chapter in its development process, write the end or chapter, and then write it in chronological order. Function: This kind of brushwork can arouse suspense and attract readers. 3. Interpolation (supplementary narrative is a kind of interpolation)-For the full text, interpolation is only a fragment. After interpolation, the article returns to the original event narrative. This kind of narration is not the main part of narration, and generally does not happen in the mainstream time range. If this episode is deleted, it will weaken the profundity of the theme, but it will not obviously affect the integrity of the main plot. Function: Make the plot more complete, the structure more rigorous and the content more substantial. Supplementary function: supplement and explain the above contents, and make some explanations for the following. (There is an unusual narrative called Pingxu, commonly known as "bloom has two branches, one for each table". (of describing two or more things that happen at the same time) make clues clear and handle them properly. (3) Description: Generally speaking, description has the following functions: ① Reproduction of natural scenery. ② Describe the appearance and inner world of the characters. ③ Explain the natural and social environment of the characters' activities. 1. Five description methods of characters: portrait (appearance) description, language description, action description, psychological description and expression description. Function: better show the inner world and personality characteristics of the characters. Depicting characters' personalities, reflecting their psychological activities and promoting the development of stories. Wait a minute. When answering specifically, you should be clear about your personality and psychology. 2. Two kinds of environmental descriptions: the description of natural environment-describing the natural scenery in detail, creating an atmosphere, and setting off the emotions and thoughts of the characters. Contrast the mood of the characters, render the atmosphere, etc. Description of social environment-explain the background of people's activities, point out the time and place of events, render the atmosphere, and better express people. 3. Front description and side description: The front directly shows people and things; Highlight people and things from the side. 4. Detail description: Describe the characters' personalities, reflect their psychological activities and promote the development of the story. It can also describe the voice of the characters and receive special effects. Fourth, rhetoric: 1, metaphor: make language vivid and increase language color. Turn plain into vivid, abstruse into simple, abstract into concrete image. 2, personification: write things into adults, so that the language image is vivid. Give things human form and emotion (personification), describe vivid images and express rich meanings. 3, parallelism: enhance the language momentum, strengthen the expression effect. The narrative is thorough and detailed; Good at lyric. 4. exaggeration: highlight something or emphasize a certain feeling. Set off the atmosphere, enhance the appeal and enhance the association; Create an atmosphere, reveal the essence and inspire people. 5. Rhetorical question: it plays an important role and enhances the positive (negative) tone. 6. Questioning: Ask yourself and answer yourself, ask questions, and arouse readers' attention and thinking. 7. Duality: make the language concise and neat, and have a sense of music; Lyric and hearty; Easy to recite and remember. 8. Repetition: Repeated emphasis is impressive; Writing about scenery is lyrical and infectious; Connect the front with the bottom and distinguish the levels. Note: The functions of various rhetorical devices (methods) are simply given above. When answering questions, be sure to combine the specific content to avoid being empty. Fifth, the structural arrangement: the skills of layout: cut to the chase, echo from beginning to end, show great plans, pave the way, go deep into the layer, over-pave the way, and set clues; Compact structure and complete symmetry; Lift the ground and take care of it; Set suspense, create waves, connect and merge, and have twists and turns. Whether the relationship between materials and the center is properly handled and whether the primary and secondary details are appropriate; Whether the materials are typical, authentic, novel and powerful. Narrative texts are often arranged according to the passage of time, the transformation of space, the change of scenes and the logical order of thinking. The clues of prose conception generally include: taking emotion as the clue; Take reason as a clue; Take things as clues; Take spatial location as a clue. Structurally, the function of sentences in different positions in the text is clarified: 1, the first sentence-guiding the full text, outlining and leading out the following, paving the way for the following; 2, the last sentence-summary of the full text, deepen the theme, take into account the above, echo before and after, meaning endless, memorable. 3, into a sentence-connecting the preceding with the following, transition, undertaking the above, leading to the following; 4. Central sentence-point out the center and reveal the main idea; 5, the finishing touch-point out the center of the full text and lead the full text; The sentence is profound, thought-provoking and enlightening after reading. 6, emotional sentences-express strong inner feelings, express your chest directly; 7. Contradictory sentence-it is self-contradictory literally, but the author has profound meaning. Reveal profound connotations and express profound opinions. (1) The structural features of narrative (prose) ① Organize materials in chronological order or in the order of events. (2) according to the transformation of observation points to arrange material, such as my castle in the air. (3) Arrange the materials according to the layout of the site, such as "Visiting Ancient Inner Mongolia". (4) Arrange the structure according to the nature of materials, such as "trivial memories". ⑤ Arrange the materials according to the author's cognitive process or emotional changes. Like litchi honey. ⑥ Arrange materials according to what the author has seen, heard, felt and thought as writing clues. Sixth, the analysis of the meaning of the expression clause: five expressions: narrative, description, explanation, lyricism and discussion. Explanation: when expressing ideas in words, there is a problem of methods or means, which people are used to calling expression. For example, narration, description and lyricism are the main factors, and argumentation and explanation are the main factors. 1, the discussion in narrative often plays the role of finishing touch, revealing the purpose and significance of narrative; 2. Narratives in argumentative essays often play the role of illustrations; 3. The description and writing style in the explanatory text have played a role in making the works more vivid. 4. The writing method of alternating narration and discussion makes the explanation and discussion of the article relaxed and lively, and it is both interesting and enlightening to read. The narrative in the article serves the discussion, which is based on narrative and provides factual basis for the discussion, making the argument well-founded and convincing. Seven, punctuation: 1, five uses of quotation marks: ① table quotation ② table irony or negation ③ table specific title ④ table emphasis or emphasis Σ special meaning ②, five uses of dashes: ① table annotation ② table insertion ③ table sound interruption, continuation ④ table topic conversion ⑤ table meaning progressive 3, six uses of ellipsis: ① table content omission; ② Intermittent predication; (3) robbing the vernacular is incomplete; ④ Emotional contradiction; 5 thinking jump; 5 thinking is going on; Eighty common writing techniques are in progress: symbol, contrast, foil, foreshadowing, reference (echo), direct (indirect) description, promotion and suppression (first promotion and then suppression), lyricism by borrowing scenery, and metaphor by borrowing things. Symbol expresses the essential characteristics of a person and a social phenomenon through the concrete image of a certain feature. Example: Haiyan symbolizes the image of a proletarian revolutionary pioneer with great wisdom and courage. Compare two opposite things or two opposite aspects of a thing, and highlight the main features of the main thing or thing. Example: Haiyan compares the tall image of Haiyan with the cowardly images of sea ducks, seagulls and penguins, highlighting the distinctive characteristics of Haiyan's courage and courage to fight. The main features of ontology are set off from two angles. Example: Praise for Poplar begins with a description of the growth environment of poplars-the majestic northwest plateau, which sets off the tall image of poplars standing proudly. Lyricism by borrowing scenery is to express the author's sincere thoughts and feelings by describing concrete and vivid natural scenery or life scenes. For example, from "Hundred Herbs Garden" to "San Tan Yin Yue", the article vividly depicts the colorful scenery of the Hundred Herbs Garden and the boring life scene in "San Tan Yin Yue" from different angles and levels, showing the author's thoughts and feelings of loving nature, enjoying a free and happy life and being dissatisfied with feudal education that restricts children's physical and mental development. Metaphor is used to describe things, highlight the characteristics of things, and express the author's noble thoughts and sentiments with metaphor. Example: Praise of the Poplar compares the northern soldiers and civilians with poplars, and compares the tenacious spirit of the northern soldiers and civilians fighting bloody battles for the liberation of China with the characteristics of poplars' integrity, simplicity, seriousness, honest and frank and striving for the upper reaches. First suppress and then promote, first deny or belittle the image of things, then dig deep into the characteristics and internal meaning of things, then affirm and praise things, and emphasize the characteristics of things more prominently. Example: Praise poplars. Say poplars are not "good women" first, and then praise them as "good husbands", which highlights the external image and internal charm of poplars. Nine, some commonly used terms (questions) in the test paper title: 1, what is the role of answering a certain content in the article can be considered from three aspects, one is the content, such as deepening the theme and emphasizing feelings; Second, the structure, such as transition and echo; Third, language, such as fascinating and lively. 2, ideological-basically refers to the central idea or theme of the article. 3, thoughts and feelings-the ideological tendency of the author or the characters in the work, such as good and evil, likes and dislikes, praise and blame, etc. Extracurricular reading refers to reading content other than textbooks (teaching materials). No matter what you read in class or after class. 4, sentiment-refers to the heartfelt feelings, understanding, sentiment, etc. 5. Writing skills-candidates should be clear that the narrow sense of writing skills is "expression", and the broad sense of writing skills refers to all the skills of writing articles, such as expression, rhetoric, suppression before promotion, symbol, straight to the point, and expression of will. 6. Means of expression-in a broad sense, it is a special sentence organization method used by the author in writing words and expressing thoughts and feelings. By analyzing a work, we can grasp its special performance from point to surface. First of all, there are many rhetorical skills in words and sentences, including metaphor, symbol, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, contrast, personification, allusions and so on. When grasping its expressive techniques as a whole, we should pay attention to different styles of works: lyric prose has rich and colorful expressive techniques, such as borrowing scenery to express emotion, supporting things to express emotion, combining cadence and symbolism, etc. Narrative writing skills such as beginning and end coordination, finishing touch, clever use of rhetoric, proper details, combination of narration and discussion, positive and negative comparison, etc. Argumentative writing skills such as quoting classics, clever analogy, reverse seeking differences, positive and negative comparison, analogy reasoning, etc. Novel description, comparison, bedding and reference, suspense and interpretation, real writing and imaginary writing. The analysis of expression is a very general topic. Pay attention to the requirements of solving complete geographical problems when answering questions, and answer them concisely and accurately. For some topics, such as appreciating writing skills, it is necessary to accurately grasp the context, theme and genre style of the article, and choose the most important answer. It is not necessary to cover everything, such as the various methods of shaping characters in novels, such as the various methods of expressing emotions in prose, and try to get points. 7. Note: We should know some commonly used procedures (sentence patterns), such as what to embody, what to emphasize, what to strengthen, what to create and what to express, as well as deepen and clarify the theme. X. Others: "One trip to 23 Li, four or five smoke villages. There are six or seven pavilions with 90 flowers. " Two common narrative clues: object line and emotional line. Two language types: spoken and written. Language features generally refer to easy-to-understand spoken language, rigorous and elegant written language, and distinctive, vivid, vivid and perceptual features of literary language. When analyzing, it is generally analyzed from rhetoric. ) Two kinds of lyricism: 1. Direct lyricism refers to the author's direct expression of his feelings about something or a situation. Because the author comes forward directly, the direct lyrical language often has a strong subjective color. (1) Choose an image to express feelings. (2) Express feelings directly against the image. (2) Express feelings indirectly, which means that the author does not come forward directly, but expresses feelings in other ways, and the language is calm and objective. (1) Lyric by characters. (2) Lyric through a specific tone. Three emotional colors: positive, negative and neutral. Three principles of language use: conciseness (sentences are concise and clear, and there is generally a word limit. ), coherent and decent (civilized and polite, humanized. )。 Three orders of interpretation: (1) chronological order, (2) spatial order, and (3) logical order. The logical order includes six kinds: ① general ← to individual ② phenomenon ←→ essence ③ cause ←→ result ④ generalization ←→ concrete ⑤ part ←→ whole ⑤ main ←→ secondary four literary genres: novel, poetry, drama and prose. Four usages of sentences: declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences and exclamatory sentences. Six elements of narrative: time, place, people, cause, process and result of events. Six kinds of ill sentences: ① Incomplete components; ② Improper collocation; ③ Improper use of related words; 4 inconsistent; ⑤ Misuse and abuse of function words (prepositions); And seven interpretation methods: example, comparison, enumeration, classification, definition and quotation. The novel has three elements: the characters (the main characters depend on whether the theme of the novel can be expressed), the plot (beginning/development/climax/ending) and the environment (natural environment/social environment). ) Characters mainly master the reading skills of portraying characters and reflecting their thoughts and personalities through appropriate description methods and angles. Plot mainly understands the basic content of each part, as well as the methods and skills to understand and analyze the plot of the novel. The plot of the novel consists of four parts: beginning, development, climax and ending. Begin to explain the background and pave the way for the following. Develop the characters' personalities and embody their individuality. The climax shows conflict and reveals the theme. The ending deepens the theme and leaves some thoughts. Environment mainly understands the role of natural environment and social environment. The natural environment describes the natural landscape, exaggerates the atmosphere, sets off emotions, predicts the fate of characters, reveals the essence of society and promotes the development of plots. The social environment describes the social situation, explains the background of the story, reveals the social essence, and paves the way for the following content.