Various climate types

tropical rainforest climate

Located on both sides of the equator of all continents, it extends about 5 ~ 10 from south to north, such as the Amazon Plain in South America, the Congo Basin in Africa, the Gulf of Guinea and some islands in Southeast Asia. The climate landscape of these tropical rainforests

This area is located in the equatorial low pressure area, and the airflow is mainly upward movement, and there are more opportunities for water vapor condensation to cause rainfall. It rains all year round, and there is no dry season. The annual precipitation is more than 2000 mm, the monthly precipitation is at least 60 mm, and there are many thunderstorms. The average temperature in each month is 25 ~ 28℃, and the summer is long all year round, with no seasonal change. The annual temperature is generally below 3℃, and the average daily temperature can reach 6 ~ 12℃. In this high temperature and rainy climate all the year round, plants can grow all year round, with diverse tree species and dense vegetation. Summary: (To be investigated) Features: High temperature and rainy distribution throughout the year: near the equator (between north latitude and 10/0) Cause: controlled by equatorial low pressure throughout the year, typical areas where updraft prevails: Amazon River basin, Congo River basin and Indonesia.

Tropical savanna climate

This climate is mainly distributed on both sides of the equatorial rainy climate belt, namely Central America, South America and Africa, which is about 5 ~ 15 north latitude (some extend to 25). Its main characteristics are as follows: First, due to the north-south movement and the alternating influence of equatorial low pressure area and trade wind area, the dry and wet seasons in a year are distinct. The annual precipitation is generally 700- 1000 mm. When controlled by the equatorial low-pressure belt, the equatorial ocean air mass prevails, with convergent updraft, forming a wet season, wet and rainy, with dense tall grass and shrubs growing everywhere and sparse trees, that is, savanna landscape. When affected by the trade winds, air masses prevail in the tropical continent, resulting in dry season, dry soil, withered grass and deciduous trees. Compared with the equatorial rainy climate, there are at least 1 ~ 2 months of dry season in a year. Secondly, the annual temperature is high, with the characteristics of low latitude and high temperature. The average temperature in Leng Yue is above 16 ~ 18℃. The hottest month appears after the dry season and before the rainy season, so the climate in this area is generally divided into three seasons: dry, hot and rainy. The annual temperature is slightly higher than that in the equatorial rainy climate zone. Summary: Features: high temperature all year round, rainy season (wet and dry seasons) distribution: close to both sides of tropical rain forest in Africa and South America (latitude 5 ~ 15) Cause: low pressure (rainy season) and trade winds (dry season) are alternately controlled.

tropical desert climate

It is distributed outside the tropical dry and wet season climate zone, roughly between north latitude 15 ~ 30, and is most widely distributed in North Africa, Southwest Asia and central and western Australia. The tropical arid climate zone is controlled by subtropical high and trade winds all the year round, and the tropical continental air mass prevails, and the airflow sinks, and the hot and dry weather becomes the main feature of this climate. The temperature is high, and it is known as the "hot pole" in the world. There is little precipitation, the annual rainfall is less than 200 mm, and it changes greatly, even it doesn't rain for many years. Strong sunshine and strong evaporation make the climate drier. Tropical semi-arid climate, distributed in the outer edge of tropical arid climate zone, is characterized by: first, the rainy season is short, and the annual precipitation can be increased to 500mm；; Second, the temperature on the high latitude side is not as high as that on the low latitude side. Summary: Features: Distribution of high temperature and little rainfall throughout the year: near the Tropic of Cancer, along the west coast of the mainland (south latitude 15 ~ 30). Cause: subtropical high and trade wind control.

Tropical monsoon climate

The tropical monsoon climate is distributed on the east coast of the mainland between north latitude 10 and 25. Mainly distributed in southern Taiwan Province Province, Leizhou Peninsula, Hainan Island, Indochina Peninsula, most parts of Indian Peninsula and Philippine Islands; In addition, it is also distributed in the northern coastal zone of the Australian mainland. The annual average temperature is above 20℃, and the highest in Leng Yue is generally above 18℃. The annual precipitation is large, concentrated in summer, which is due to more convective rainfall under the control of equatorial ocean air mass in summer and a large amount of precipitation brought by tropical cyclone transit, resulting in more rain in summer than in tropical dry and wet seasons; On some windward coasts, due to the influence of topography, the summer precipitation even exceeds that in the equatorial rainy climate zone. The annual precipitation is generally above 1, 0,500 ~ 2,000 mm. The tropical monsoon is developed in this area, and the dry and wet seasons are obvious, that is, the northeast wind blows in the northern hemisphere in winter, forming a dry season; In summer, the southwest wind from the Indian Ocean blows (the northwest wind blows in the southern hemisphere), which is rich in water vapor and concentrated in precipitation, forming a wet season. Summary:

Features: high temperature all year round, rainy in summer, dry and rainy in two seasons: Indo-China Peninsula (the east coast of the mainland is in10 to 25 N) Causes: the thermal difference between land and sea, and the pressure belt wind belt moves the subtropical climate seasonally.

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mediterranean climate

Located on the west coast of the continent at subtropical latitude, between 30 and 40, including the Mediterranean coast, California coast, central coast of Chile in South America, southern tip of South Africa and southern tip of Australia. It is a transitional zone between tropical semi-arid climate and temperate maritime climate. These areas are significantly affected by the seasonal displacement of the pressure zone, and the subtropical high controls the airflow in summer, so the temperature is very hot in summer except for the cold current along the western coast of the mainland, and the downward flow is not conducive to clouds and rain, so the climate is dry; Winter is influenced by the west wind, which is mild and humid. The annual rainfall is moderate, ranging from 300 ~ 1 000mm, mainly in winter. Summary: characteristics: high temperature and little rain in summer, mild and rainy in winter: 30 ~ 40 latitude in north and south. The origin of the west coast of the mainland: the alternating control of westerlies and subtropical high.

Subtropical monsoon climate

Appearing on the east coast of subtropical continent at 25 ~ 35 north latitude, it is a zone where tropical marine air mass and polar continental air mass alternately control and compete with each other. It is mainly distributed in the south of Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains in eastern China, north of tropical monsoon climate, south of Japan and south of Korean Peninsula. It's warm in winter here, and the average temperature in Leng Yue is above 0℃. Summer is hot, the average temperature in the hottest month is above 22℃, and the temperature changes obviously in seasons with four distinct seasons. The annual precipitation is generally 1, 000 ~ 1, 500mm, which is more in summer, but there is no obvious dry season. Compared with the temperate monsoon climate, the seasonal changes are basically similar, except that the winter temperature is relatively high and the annual precipitation increases. Summary: characteristics: high temperature and rainy in summer, low temperature and little rain in winter: 25 ~ 35 north latitude. The origin of the east coast of the mainland: the temperature difference between land and sea.

Subtropical monsoon humid climate

The subtropical monsoon humid climate is distributed in southeastern North America, eastern Argentina in South America and southeastern Australia. These areas are called subtropical monsoon humid climate because there is a considerable amount of precipitation in winter, and there is little difference between winter and summer. /kloc-the average temperature in October is generally above 0℃, and it is hot in summer. The average temperature in July is generally around 25℃, and the direction of Xia Feng changes obviously in winter. The annual precipitation is generally above 1 1,000 mm, mainly concentrated in summer and less in winter.

Subtropical desert climate

Subtropical desert climate is an extension of tropical desert climate to high latitudes. Similar to the tropical desert climate: little rain, partly cloudy, strong sunshine, high temperature and strong evaporation. Difference from tropical desert climate: the temperature is lower in cool season, and the climate in the whole year is larger than that in tropical desert. The reason is that the temperature in midsummer is similar to that in tropical desert, but in cool season, due to the higher latitude, less solar radiation is obtained, and polar continental air masses invade. There will be whirlwind rain in the cool season. The cool season is often affected by extratropical cyclones, and tropical marine air masses invade in August (February in the southern hemisphere). There is a small amount of convective rain. The subtropical grassland desert climate is mainly distributed in the western part of the mainland and inland areas with latitude of 25 ~ 35, and its basic characteristics are similar to those of tropical desert. It is distributed in North Africa, Jordan, Syria, Iraq, the southwestern United States, northern Mexico, southern Australia, southern Pambas grassland, Patagonia and parts of South Africa. Summary: Features: drought and little rain all year round, high temperature and heat distribution in summer: latitude 25 ~ 35 in the west mainland and inland areas: formed by subtropical high and dry trade winds.

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Temperate maritime climate

Temperate maritime climate landscape

Located on the west coast of the mainland, 40 north latitude ~ 60 south latitude. Being in the westerlies all the year round, it is deeply influenced by the ocean air mass, and there is a warm current passing along the coast. There is no cold in winter and no heat in summer. The average temperature in Leng Yue is above 0℃, the hottest month is below 22℃, and the annual and daily temperature difference is small. There is precipitation all year round, especially in autumn and winter. The annual precipitation is above 1000mm, and the windward slope in mountainous areas can reach 2000 ~ 3000 mm. This kind of climate is the most typical in western Europe, with the largest distribution area, and it is also distributed in the corresponding latitudes of the west coast of North and South America, as well as Tasmania and New Zealand in Oceania. Summary: Features: mild throughout the year, uniform precipitation, maximum Leng Yue greater than 0℃ Distribution: 40 ~ 60 north and south latitudes, origin of the west coast of the mainland: controlled by mid-latitude westerly winds and sub-polar depression.

Mid-latitude monsoon climate

It appears on the east coast of the mainland around 35 ~ 55 north latitude, including North China and Northeast China, most of Korea, northern Japan and parts of the Far East of the Soviet Union. In winter, affected by the northerly winds in high latitudes inland, polar continental air masses prevail, which are cold and dry; In summer, influenced by polar ocean air mass or denatured tropical ocean air mass, southeast wind prevails, which is warm, hot and rainy, with rain and heat in the same season. The annual precipitation is about 65438 0,000 mm, about two thirds of which is concentrated in summer. There are four distinct seasons throughout the year and the weather is changeable. With the increase of latitude, the temperature amplitude in winter and summer increases correspondingly, while the precipitation decreases gradually. Summary: Features: high temperature and rainy in summer, cold and dry in winter. Distribution: 35 ~ 55 degrees north latitude. The origin of the east coast of the mainland: the temperature difference between land and sea.

Wet weather in temperate zone

Temperate continental humid climate: located in the eastern part of North America and the eastern part of Eurasian temperate maritime climate zone. The changes of temperature and precipitation in this climate are somewhat similar to those in temperate monsoon climate. However, the seasonal variation of wind force and direction is not as significant as that of temperate monsoon climate. Affected by cyclones in winter, the precipitation is slightly higher than that in temperate monsoon climate. The concentration of rainwater in summer is not as significant as that in temperate monsoon climate. Summary: Features: it is hot in summer with more convective rain and cold in winter with less rain: North America 100? East-west, 40-60? Genesis of area N: the westerly wind from the ocean has undergone continental degeneration, with low temperature and low humidity. However, frontal cyclones often pass by. The proportion of precipitation in winter is less, but the temperate maritime climate is more than the temperate monsoon climate.

Temperate continental climate

It is mainly distributed in the central part of Asia and North America at 35 ~ 50 north latitude. Here, deep inland or along the coast, there are high mountains, which can't stand the influence of sea breeze. It is a polar continental air mass all year round, with hot Leng Xia in winter, large annual and daily temperature difference and little precipitation, showing continental climate characteristics. Due to the different latitudes, in addition, in the south-central Argentina of the South American continent, due to the rain shadow area of the westerly belt, the airflow from the Pacific Ocean sinks over the Andes and heats up adiabatically. In addition, there is a cold current along the coast and the air is stable, so it is dry all year round, and it also shows the characteristics of temperate continental arid and semi-arid climate. Due to the different drought degrees in the above areas, there are obvious differences in natural vegetation. The annual precipitation in arid areas is generally below 250 mm, and plants are scarce, showing desert scenery; Outside the arid area, the annual precipitation is between 250 and 500 mm, which is a semi-arid area. There is also a sub-cold zone coniferous forest climate changed to temperate continental climate. Summary: characteristics: large temperature difference between winter and summer, less precipitation throughout the year: 35 ~ 50 north latitude. Internal cause of the mainland: far from the ocean, high latitude.

Edit the sub-frigid climate in this section.

The continental climate in the sub-cold zone is its main type. This kind of climate appears between 50 and 65 north latitude, also known as the sub-frigid coniferous forest climate, which is distributed in a belt and crosses North America and Eurasia. Specifically, in North America, from Alaska to most parts of Labrador and Newfoundland via Canada; In Eurasia, it starts from Scandinavia in the west (except the south), passes through Finland and the west of the Soviet Union (the south boundary is on the line of Leningrad-Gorky-Sverdlovsk), and reaches the east of the Soviet Union (except the south). The northern part is bounded by the hottest month 10℃ isotherm. The climate in this area is mainly influenced by the polar ocean air mass and the polar continental air mass, which is the source of the polar continental air mass. In winter, there are many opportunities for the Arctic air mass to invade. In warm seasons, tropical continental air masses can sometimes penetrate. The main features of this climate are: the winter is long and cold, the average temperature is below 0℃ for 5 ~ 7 months every year, and the cold weather of -50℃ often occurs; Summer is short and warm, and the monthly average temperature is above 10℃, and the highest temperature can reach 18 ~ 20℃, especially the annual variation. The annual precipitation is generally 300 ~ 600 mm, mainly in summer rain. Due to weak evaporation, the relative humidity is very high. (14) polar climate (polar frozen soil climate and polar ice sheet climate) The polar frozen soil climate, also known as tundra climate, is distributed in the northern margin of North America and Eurasia (the hottest month in the south is 10℃ isotherm connected with the continental climate in the sub-cold zone), part of the coast of Greenland and several islands in the Arctic Ocean; In the southern hemisphere, it is distributed in Malvinas Islands, south shetland islands and South Orkney Islands. Its characteristics are: it is winter all year round, the average monthly temperature in a year is between 0 ~1~ April, and the winter is cold and long; The annual precipitation is about 200 ~ 300 mm, mainly snowfall; There is a layer of permafrost on the ground, only lichens, mosses and other low-level plants.

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Very cold weather

It is distributed in and around the polar regions, including Greenland, several islands in the Arctic Ocean and the ice sheet plateau of the Antarctic continent. This is the birthplace of the ice ocean air mass and the Antarctic air mass. It stays in a state of long night all winter. Although summer is like spring all the year round, the sunshine is oblique and the heat gained is weak, so the climate is cold all the year round, and the temperature in each month is below 0℃. The Antarctic continent has an average annual temperature of -25℃, which is the coldest continent in the world. 1967, the absolute minimum temperature measured by Norwegians was -94.5℃, which was called the "cold pole" in the world. Most of the ground is covered with thick ice and snow, and there are many cold storms, which make it difficult for plants to grow. Climatic landscape of polar ice sheet

Arctic tundra climate

It is mainly distributed along the coast of the Arctic Ocean in Eurasia and North America, and has the same polar climate as the ice sheet. It is often influenced by the ice ocean air mass and the polar continental air mass, and it is extremely cold all year round. The average temperature in the hottest month is 1-5℃, with less precipitation, weak evaporation and high cloud cover. Natural vegetation is mainly tundra (moss and lichen).

Edit plateau and mountain climate in this section.

Vertically distributed in plateau areas in mid-latitude areas, such as the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Andes, it is characterized by high altitude and low annual temperature (the temperature drops by 0.6 degrees Celsius every time the altitude rises 100 meters), forming a plateau mountain climate. The plateau and mountain climate has two most important characteristics: "high terrain" and "cold temperature".