Management technology of dairy cattle feeding

Dairy cows should pay special attention to management methods in the process of breeding, so how to raise and manage dairy cows? Now I'd like to introduce the management technology of dairy cattle, hoping to help you.

Management technology of dairy cattle feeding

Management of dairy cows during pregnancy

Pregnancy interruption is a common pregnancy disease in dairy farms. Its harm not only lies in the death of the fetus, which reduces the calving rate, but also destroys the normal calving time, prolongs the empty days and calving interval, and directly affects the milk yield and final milk yield of this parity. Therefore, it is an important job to prevent cow abortion.

1, strengthen feeding management: the diet should be balanced, the feed should be diversified, and the diet should be adjusted in time according to the changes of physiological characteristics. In the rational supply of energy and protein feed, we should pay full attention to the supply of mineral feed calcium, phosphorus, manganese, zinc, iron and vitamins A, D and E; Don't feed moldy and deteriorated feed; Don't fry, don't fight, don't drive cattle; In the treatment of pregnant cows, drugs should be used with caution, and laxatives and aphrodisiacs should not be used indiscriminately.

2. There has been abortion in clinic, and the reason should be found out: each aborted cow should be fed separately, and the aborted fetus and fetal membrane should be carefully examined to observe whether the fetus is deformed and whether the placenta is edema and necrosis. In order to diagnose the disease, the blood, uterine secretion, fetal stomach and its contents, liver and spleen of dairy cows can be examined by microbiology. Check whether cows have systemic diseases and understand feeding management. Aborted fetus, placenta and mattress should be buried or burned.

3. Vaccination: In order to prevent abortion caused by infectious diseases, calves aged from 5 months to 6 months should be vaccinated with Pig No.2 or Sheep No.5.. Adult cows do 1 ~2 times of brucellosis tube agglutination test every year, and positive cows should be isolated; With the expansion of cattle raising scale and the frequent introduction of cattle, some new infectious diseases of dairy cows, such as bovine infectious rhinotracheitis and bovine viral diarrhea, are gradually spreading, so vaccination should be considered.

Key points of prenatal management of dairy cows

First, disinfect the fence.

Cowshed is the home where beef cattle live for a long time. Therefore, it has become a headache for farmers to do a good job in the sanitation of beef cattle houses, and the work of cleaning up cow dung alone is far from meeting the needs of disinfection in the houses. Therefore, while cleaning up cow dung in time, other disinfection work should be carried out. For example, spread dry wheat straw on the ground of cowshed, and then light it and burn it. The burning flame and smoke can directly kill the bacteria in the barn and play a role in disinfection; Moreover, firewood ash is a good disinfectant, which can play a long-term disinfection role and really kill two birds with one stone. In addition to direct disinfection with fire, you can also use the method of direct disinfection with quicklime to grind quicklime into powder and spread it evenly on the ground of the fence. It is worth mentioning that quicklime can only be used after pregnant cows leave the circle, and it should be cleaned in time before pregnant cows enter the circle at night. You can also turn quicklime into limewater and sprinkle it evenly on the wall of the pen house for direct disinfection, and the effect will be more lasting. You can also buy potassium permanganate directly from the veterinary station, dilute it according to the instructions and spray it directly on the pen.

Second, a good nutritional mix.

It is the peak season for pregnant cows to eat before delivery, so it is particularly important to keep the absorption of various trace elements. As a saturated body of trace elements, vegetables can be directly fed to beef cattle, but it is worth noting that vegetables should be washed and crushed to make pregnant cows easy to swallow. At the same time, pregnant cows should be fed with high-protein and high-fat feed, supplemented by corn flour, yam powder and peanut powder. These feeds should be mixed evenly to facilitate the nutrient absorption of pregnant cows. More importantly, it is necessary to ensure that the drinking water of pregnant cows is closed, and Niu Yi is not less than 20 kilograms of pure water a day.

Third, appease pregnant cows.

Pregnant cows are most afraid of being scared and beaten before giving birth. Therefore, it is necessary to take pregnant cows to places where strangers are not easy to get in and out, so as to avoid a direct blow to pregnant cows and avoid miscarriage.

Fourth, check the milk of pregnant cows.

The milk of pregnant cows is the lifeline of calves after birth. Therefore, it is necessary to grasp the development degree of pregnant cows' breasts in time to achieve the effect of breastfeeding calves smoothly. If necessary, professional veterinarians should be hired in time to provide breast consultation.

Management of dairy farming environment

1, feeding management

The quality of feeding management will directly affect the conception rate of dairy cows. Some cattle farmers, because they don't pay attention to scientific methods, still use traditional methods to raise cattle: cows have no shed, squat and feed, and don't exercise on time; Give the whole bundle of corn stalks and eat only leaves; Corn flour diluted with water, drunk, fed, etc. , is not conducive to nutrient absorption and digestion, so that dairy cows lack nutrition and affect fertility.

In order to prevent malnutrition of dairy cows, we should ration complete feed according to individual conditions, so as to achieve the balance between energy and protein. Forage and feed should be finely processed and fed on time. Pregnant cows should ensure protein's needs and increase vitamins. In management, provide a comfortable living environment for cows, keep the house warm in winter and cool in summer, ventilated and dry, and exercise on time. This can ensure the normal reproduction of dairy cows.

2. Environment

Seasonal changes have obvious effects on the reproductive capacity of dairy cows. From March to May, after a winter feeding, cows have good fat, normal estrus, normal follicular development and are easy to get pregnant. From June to August, the weather is hot and the temperature is high. Some cows often have abnormal phenomena in estrus, such as wig estrus and intermittent estrus. In this season, the conception rate of dairy cows is not high and the embryo mortality rate is high. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully observe the estrus changes of dairy cows, accurately identify them and inseminate them at the right time. From September to 65438+10 month, cows have normal estrus and are prone to pregnancy. The northern region is cold in winter, and cows often have irregular estrus cycle, especially cows who often drink cold water, which will have reproductive obstacles. At this time, we should pay attention to the living environment of dairy cows, keep the shed warm and sunny, and drink plenty of warm water. Dairy cows imported from other places should pay more attention to the impact of environmental changes on them.

Reproductive skills of dairy cows

1, pay attention to the breeding selection of bulls. It is necessary to investigate the pedigree source, body shape, appearance and reproductive performance of breeding bulls.

2. Master the estrus law of dairy cows. Before mating, cows should know the characteristics and interval of estrus. Observe the estrus time 3-5 times a day, and each observation time shall not be less than 30 minutes. Especially before 6: 00 am and 8: 00 pm, the detection rate of estrus is high.

3, correctly grasp the estrus identification and timely breeding. Generally, when cows are in estrus for more than half a day, they change from excitement to standing and crawling, and the mucus from vagina changes from a large amount of transparency to a small amount of viscosity, the follicular development of rectal examination is in a mature stage, which is the correct breeding stage. After mating, a rectal examination will be conducted for about 30 days to determine whether you are pregnant.

4. Scientifically analyze and deal with cattle with reproductive disorders. For example, cows whose estrus interval is less than 17 days or more than 24 days, cows that have not been estrus for more than 14 months or 60 days after delivery, cows that have been estrus for three times after insemination, cows that have not been pregnant for five months due to non-seasonal reasons after delivery, or cows that have not been pregnant for a long time, should analyze the reasons in time and take symptomatic measures:

(1) malnutrition. The nutritional status of dairy cows has a close influence on their fertility. Generally, dairy farms have different stages of feed collocation, and the daily ration is supplied according to feeding standard. However, in practice, cows are often overweight in dry milk period, and cows are too thin after delivery or lactation peak period, all because of unbalanced nutrition. Therefore, it is necessary to score the physical condition of dairy cows at each feeding stage. For example, according to the five-level scoring system, the fat status of dairy cows during dry milk should be maintained at 3.5-3.75.

(2) The influence of thermal stress. When the temperature rises to 26℃, the individual heat dissipation of dairy cows is blocked, which has different degrees of influence on lactation and fertility. Therefore, in the high temperature stage, measures such as cowshed ventilation and tap water spraying should be taken to reduce the influence of thermal stress.

⑶ Perinatal infection. Doing a good job of perinatal health care for dairy cows plays an important role in preventing reproductive disorders and infertility caused by premature delivery, stillbirth, prenatal and postpartum infections. In practice, it is often found that prenatal infection caused by lax disinfection of delivery arm, delayed uterine return after delivery, lochia, corruption and secondary infection caused by placenta residue lead to endometritis, which can prolong postpartum pregnancy or cause infertility, and even cause systemic septicemia, leading to the death of dairy cows.

It must be emphasized that reproductive hormones or drugs can be used correctly only if cows with reproductive disorders are diagnosed correctly and combined with blood endocrine diagnosis when necessary, and reproductive hormones cannot be used blindly.

Cattle? Feeding technique

1, perinatal feeding management

(1) perinatal feeding management (three weeks before delivery). Before calving, the appetite of dairy cows will be reduced, and the feed intake in the last week will sometimes be 35% lower than normal (the dry matter intake will be reduced by 34 kg). At this time, due to the growth of the fetus and the development of the mammary gland, the nutritional demand will increase rapidly.

Nutrition: The nutritional level of diet should be improved to ensure the nutritional needs of dairy cows. The crude protein content in the general diet is increased by 25% compared with that in the early stage of dry milk, and the concentrate feed is gradually increased to 1% of the cow's weight from 2 weeks before delivery, so as to adjust the microbial flora and adapt to the high-concentrate diet after delivery. At the same time, supply a proper amount of high-quality forage to increase the appetite of dairy cows for roughage.

Management: Pregnant cows are required to move to a clean and dry environment 3 weeks before delivery to prevent mastitis and other diseases. At this stage, lactating cows can be fed with 34 kilograms of daily concentrate, and gradually increase the concentrate feed after delivery to adapt to the high-precision diet, but control the feed of salt and minerals to prevent breast edema, and pay attention to reducing the calcium content in the diet two weeks before delivery to prevent postpartum paralysis.

(2) Feeding management in the late perinatal period (two weeks after delivery). After production, the appetite of dairy cows has not returned to normal, and the digestive function is fragile; Breast edema, reproductive organs are recovering; The function of mammary gland and circulatory system is abnormal.

Nutrition: the nutritional level of the first-born dairy cows' diets should be between the later period of dry milk and the high-yield dairy cows' diets (the increase of the nutritional level of each diet should not exceed10% of the previous diet); Maintain a certain amount of crude fiber to avoid high starch causing dairy cows to stop eating; Feed 23 kg of high-quality long grass to ensure normal rumen function; Improve the nutritional concentration of diet to make up for the nutritional deficiency caused by low intake; Adding buffer to diet to adjust rumen pH value; Feed 12g nicotinic acid to prevent ketosis.

Management: Due to the excessive physical consumption of cows after delivery, they should rest quietly after delivery, and drink warm bran salt calcium soup 1020 kg (bran 500 1000 g, salt 50 100 g, calcium carbonate 50 g, water 1020 kg) to help them recover their physical strength. We should prevent puerperal diseases and strengthen vulva disinfection; The environment should be kept clean and dry; Strengthen the observation of placenta and lochia discharge. Pay attention to heatstroke prevention and cooling in summer, kill mosquitoes and flies, and keep warm and breathe in winter. Pay attention to monitoring the body temperature of cows on postnatal day 10, and measure the body temperature regularly every day to observe the mental state. If problems are found, they should be handled according to procedures.

2. Cow feeding management

(1) General feeding technology. Dietary composition should be diversified. Due to the digestive physiological characteristics of ruminants, the diet of dairy cows should follow? Flowers and plants The principle of. In other words, the raw materials of dairy cows' diets should be as diverse as possible to meet the balance of energy and protein degradation rate, the balance of amino acids and the balanced supply of restrictive nutritional factors.

Generally speaking, the dairy cow's diet should be a mixed concentrate (containing additives such as minerals and trace elements) composed of more than 45 kinds of cereals, beans or their by-products; Green roughage should be composed of green feed, silage, roots, fruits and hay. Cows can eat 34 kilograms of high-quality hay and 2.53 kilograms of medium-quality hay every day. Concentrated feed and roughage should be reasonably matched. Concentrate feeding: dairy cows with a daily milk yield of less than 20 kg are fed with 0.5 kg concentrate for every 2 kg milk; Dairy cows with milk yield of 2 130 kg are fed with concentrate of 0.5 kg per production 1.5 kg; Dairy cows with milk production of more than 30 kg are given 0.5 kg concentrate per kloc-0/kg; However, it should be noted that the maximum feeding amount of concentrate should not exceed 15 kg. Feeding high-yield dairy cows with limited high-quality roughage. The milk production performance of cows fed with high-quality alfalfa hay and 20% concentrate is higher than that of cows fed with inferior alfalfa and 70% concentrate.

That is to say, for high-yield dairy cows, feeding low-quality roughage can improve the energy level of diet, but the milk production performance can not reach the effect of feeding high-quality roughage. Moreover, excessive use of roughage is prone to the following problems: decreased ruminant ability, decreased saliva secretion, gastric cancer poisoning, decreased milk fat rate, hoof inflammation and decreased milk production.