Summary of knowledge points in the first volume of geography in senior one 20 19

Chapter I Chapter V Development and Cooperation

1, country and region

At present, there are over 200 countries and regions in the world.

(2) Region: Some colonies and territories that have not yet gained independence. For example, Greenland in North America is the territory of Denmark, a European country.

(3) Classification

① In terms of area: big country and small country.

② Population: populous countries (such as China and India) and small countries (such as Nauru, an island country in Oceania).

③ From the political system: socialist countries and capitalist countries.

(4) Russia, a country in the world: 654.38+07.07 million square kilometers; The smallest country, Vatican: 0.44 square kilometers;

China, the most populous country in the world.

5] Important concepts

(1) national boundary: the boundary between a country and its neighbors or the high seas on the map;

② The basis for dividing national language boundaries: natural boundaries (mountains, rivers, lakes and oceans), mathematical boundaries (latitude and longitude lines) and humanistic boundaries (nationalities, languages and religions).

(3) Territory: the territory, territorial sea and airspace within the national boundaries.

④ China territory: 9.6 million square kilometers (land)+3 million square kilometers (sea).

2. Developed and developing countries

⑴ Division basis: economic development level.

(2) Distribution:

① Developed countries: There are more than 20 developed countries in the world, mainly distributed in Europe, North America and Oceania.

② Developing countries: * * 150 or more, mainly distributed in Asia, Africa and Latin America; China belongs to a developing country.

(3) Most developed countries are located in the northern hemisphere, which is called "North"; Most developing countries are located in the southern hemisphere, the so-called "South".

North-South Dialogue: Political and economic negotiations between developing countries and developed countries.

② South-South cooperation: mutual assistance and cooperation among developing countries.

(4) The rapidly developing economies of developing countries: Indian software industry, China aerospace industry and nuclear industry.

3. International cooperation

(1) Economic ties: Developed countries need to buy raw materials and sell products in developing countries; Developing countries need to introduce capital, equipment, advanced production technology and management experience from developed countries.

World theme-peace and development: international political and economic cooperation.

(3) Important international organizations

① United Nations: an international organization in the world, established in 1945 and headquartered in new york, USA, with the basic purpose of "promoting national development and safeguarding world peace", consisting of five permanent members, namely China, Britain, the United States, Russia and France, and 10 non-permanent members. The current UN Secretary-General is Ban Ki-moon from South Korea.

② World Trade Organization: WTO for short, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, whose main functions are to "reduce trade restrictions between countries and regions, control and reduce tariffs, and promote the development of international trade". China joined the WTO on 2001.12.11.

extreme

Weather and climate

The first section changeable weather

I. Weather and its effects

1. People often describe the weather as sunny and round, rainy and windy, cold and hot.

2. Features of the weather: (1) The weather reflects the atmospheric conditions of a place in a short time and is constantly changing.

At the same time, the weather in different places may be very different.

What will the weather be like tomorrow?

1. The satellite cloud image shows that the land is green, the ocean is blue, and the clouds and rain are white.

2. The main process of making weather forecast: obtaining information → receiving information → making charts → drawing conclusions → broadcasting on TV.

3. Content of weather forecast: The weather forecast should explain the weather, wind, temperature and precipitation of a day.

A. temperature: the degree of heat and cold in the atmosphere.

B. precipitation probability: it means the probability of precipitation. The probability of precipitation is 100%, which means it must be "rainy"; The probability of precipitation is 0, which means it is definitely not raining.

C. the wind direction is the direction of the wind. Wind power is the strength of the wind, which is *** 13. The greater the frequency, the stronger the wind force, and the second level is indicated by the symbol.

4. Weather map: Fill the collected meteorological observation records of the same place on the map according to the designated digital symbols. This kind of map is called weather map, which is the main tool for meteorologists to forecast the weather.

We need clean air.

1. The level of air quality is related to the amount of pollutants contained in the air, which can be expressed by pollution index. A small fresh air pollution index is beneficial to human health, while a large polluted air pollution index is harmful to human health.

Temperature and temperature distribution in the second solar term

1. Temperature and us

1. Temperature: We call the temperature of the atmosphere temperature. The temperature is generally expressed in℃, which is pronounced as℃.

2. Temperature observation: generally four times a day, usually at 8: 00, 14: 00, 20: 00 and 2: 00.

3. Instrument for testing temperature: thermometer placed in the louver (the louver should be above the ground 1.5m).

4. Daily average temperature: the average temperature at different times of the day is the daily average temperature.

Daily average temperature = sum of temperature observations in one day ÷ observation times.

Monthly average temperature = 1 sum of monthly and daily average temperatures ÷ days of the month.

Average annual temperature = sum of average monthly temperatures in a year ÷ months (1February)

Two. Changes in temperature

1. Daily variation of temperature: the temperature is sometimes high and sometimes low in a day. The land temperature appears at 2 pm, and the lowest temperature appears around sunrise.

2. Annual variation of temperature:

Mainland: the average monthly temperature in most parts of the world in a year.

The temperature appears in July in the northern hemisphere and 65438+ 10 in the southern hemisphere.

The average minimum temperature appears in June 5438+ 10 in the northern hemisphere, and in July in the southern hemisphere. The seasons in the northern and southern hemispheres are opposite.

Ocean: In a year, the monthly temperature in the northern hemisphere appears in August and in the southern hemisphere in February.

The lowest temperature in the southern hemisphere appears in August, and the lowest temperature in the northern hemisphere appears in February.

3. Daily temperature range: The difference between the temperature and the lowest temperature is called the daily temperature range.

Temperature annual range: The difference between the monthly average temperature and the lowest monthly average temperature in a year is called the temperature annual range.

Two. temperature distribution

1. isotherm: connecting points with the same temperature on the map into lines is called isotherm. On the same isotherm, the temperature of all points is equal.

2. Where the isotherms are dense, the temperature changes greatly; Where the isotherm is sparse, the temperature difference is small.

3. When the isotherm is closed, if the center temperature is lower than the surrounding temperature, it means that it is a low-temperature center, and if the center temperature is high, it means that it is a high-temperature center.

4. Temperature distribution law: ⑴ Gradually decrease from equator to poles ⑴ Low latitude high temperature, high latitude low temperature ⑴ Same latitude, high land temperature in summer, low sea temperature in winter ⑴ Same place, low altitude, high temperature, high altitude, low temperature (the temperature drops by about 0.6℃ for every elevation increase 100m).

5. Factors affecting temperature distribution: (1) latitude, (2) land and sea, and (3) topography.

The third quarter precipitation and precipitation distribution

First, precipitation and us

1. Precipitation: rain, snow, hail, etc. The process of falling from the atmosphere to the ground is collectively called precipitation.

2. Rainfall is the main form of precipitation.

3. Classification of rainfall: The meteorological department divides rainfall into light rain, moderate rain, heavy rain and rainstorm according to the amount of rainfall per unit time.

4. The basic instrument for measuring rainfall is the rain gauge. The unit of precipitation is millimeters.

Two. Seasonal variation of precipitation

1. Precipitation histogram is usually used to represent the distribution of precipitation.

Three. Precipitation distribution

1. Precipitation distribution law;

(1) There is less precipitation near the equator and less precipitation in the polar regions.

⑵ There is more precipitation on the east coast of the mainland and less precipitation on the west coast of the mainland on both sides of the Tropic of Cancer.

(3) In temperate regions, there is more precipitation in coastal areas and less precipitation in inland areas.

(4) There is more precipitation on windward slopes and less precipitation on leeward slopes in mountainous areas.

2. On the same isoprecipitation line, the precipitation at each point is equal.

3. The world's "rain pole": Kira Peng Qi; The world's "dry pole": Atacama Desert

4. Factors affecting precipitation: ① Latitude location ② Land and sea location ③ Topographic factors.

Section 4 World Climate

I. Regional differences in climate

1. Climate: Climate is the average weather condition of a place for many years, and generally it doesn't change much.

2. Climate generally only pays attention to two factors: temperature and precipitation.

3. Tropical climate types: ① Tropical rain forest climate: high temperature and rainy all year round; ② Tropical grassland climate: high temperature all year round, divided into dry and wet seasons; ③ Tropical monsoon climate: high temperature all year round, divided into dry and wet seasons; ④ Tropical desert climate: high temperature and little rain all year round.

4. Temperate climate types: ① Mediterranean climate: dry and hot in summer, warm, humid and rainy in winter; ② Temperate maritime climate: mild in winter, cool in summer and even in precipitation distribution; ③ Subtropical monsoon climate: hot and rainy in summer and mild and humid in winter; ④ Temperate monsoon climate: hot and rainy in summer and cold and dry in winter; Temperate continental climate: hot in summer, cold in winter and little precipitation.

5. Cold climate type: (1) Polar climate: cold and dry all year round.

6. Plateau mountain climate

Two. Main factors affecting climate

1. The main factors affecting climate are latitude, land and sea position and topography.

Three. The influence of climate on human activities

1. Climate also affects human production activities, especially agriculture. The growth of crops needs a certain temperature and humidity.

Tisso

Residents and settlements

1. Population and race

The speed of population growth is determined by birth rate and death rate.

② Natural growth rate = birth rate-mortality rate.

③ Population density indicates the degree of population density. Population density generally refers to the average number of people living per square kilometer.

Population density (person/square kilometer) = the population (person) of a certain area divided by the area (square kilometer) of the area.

(4) densely populated areas: coastal plain areas in the middle and low latitudes.

Sparsely populated areas: extremely arid desert areas, rain forest areas with excessively humid climate, high latitude areas with severe cold all the year round, or high plateaus and mountains.

⑤ Caucasians are mainly distributed in North Africa, Europe, Oceania, North America, East Coast of South America and West Asia.

Yellow people are mainly distributed in eastern Asia, northern North America and northwestern South America.

Black people are mainly distributed in southern Africa and northwest Oceania.

⑥ From the middle of16th century, European colonists began to capture African blacks and sell them to the United States as slaves to make up for the shortage of American labor.

2. World Language and Religion

Chinese is the most widely used language in the world, and English is the most widely used language in the world.

English: Distribution: China, Southeast Asia, etc.

L 1: Western Europe, North America, South Asia, etc.

Russian: Russia

French: France, central and southern Africa.

Spanish: Spain, many countries in Latin America.

Arabic: West Asia, North Africa

○2 Christianity, Buddhism and Islam are the three major religions in the world.

Distribution: China, Southeast Asia, etc.

Christianity is the religion with the largest number of believers in the world.

○4 Muslims are called Muslims. Islam is also called Islam or Puritanism in China.

○5 Christianity-church; Islam-mosque; Buddhism-temples.

3. Human settlement-settlement

Settlement is not only the place where people live, but also the place where people carry out labor production and social activities.

Generally speaking, there are rural settlements first and then urban settlements.

③ The residents in rural residential areas are mainly engaged in farming, grazing, fishing, logging and other production activities. Residents of urban settlements are mainly engaged in industry and service industry.

④ At present, in some plain areas in the middle and lower reaches of rivers, settlements are densely distributed; In mountainous and desert areas, there are few or no settlements.

⑤ Two-story wooden buildings or bamboo buildings (high-legged houses or elevated houses) are common in tropical and rural settlements that are hot and rainy all the year round.

In tropical desert areas, local houses have the characteristics of thick walls and small windows.