The answering mode and skills of the comprehensive questions of geography and climate types in junior middle schools

Clear question types and effective answers.

(1) Characteristics: First, it is necessary to make clear whether it is the characteristics of geographical things themselves or the distribution characteristics of geographical things; two

To master the method of describing the characteristics of geographical things.

(1) Topography (landform) features are mainly summarized from topographic types (plateaus, mountains, hills, plains, basins, valleys or river valleys, alluvial fans and deltas), ground undulations (steep slopes, relative height differences) and altitude. For example, the figure below shows the plan and topographic profile of a small area in the subtropical monsoon climate zone of China. Make a judgment based on these reasons

Briefly describe the terrain features displayed in the three parts respectively.

AA' section shows wide valleys (basins) in mountainous areas (low mountains and hills).

The BB' section shows the middle-deep ("V"-shaped) valleys (canyons) in the mountains.

The CC profile shows valleys in hilly areas.

② The characteristics of surface environment mainly come from climate (wet, hot, cold and dry), vegetation status and land type (desert and grassland).

Woodland. Cultivated land), the degree of river development and so on.

Sandstorm, for example, refers to a special weather phenomenon that strong winds roll up a lot of dust from the ground, making the horizontal visibility of the atmosphere less than 1 km. Figure A shows the main activity paths of sandstorms in China and the frequent areas of severe sandstorms. Look at the picture and answer.

Column problem:

Yi Tu

(1) Explain the surface environmental characteristics of sandstorm-prone areas in Figure A. 。

Arid and semi-arid; There is little development of rivers; Surface desert and sandy soil are widely distributed; Vegetation is scarce. (3) Climate characteristics mainly come from the temperature (seasonal variation). Annual range), precipitation (annual precipitation. season

The change of festivals), the change of seasons (the length of winter and summer seasons) and so on.

Compare the similarities and differences of climate characteristics between San Francisco and Los Angeles.

Both have Mediterranean climate, with high temperature and dryness in summer and mild and rainy in winter.

Difference: the rainy season in San Francisco is longer than that in Los Angeles, and the annual precipitation is greater; In the dry and hot season, Los Angeles is better than old Chinese fir.

The interval is longer.

(4) Hydrological characteristics of rivers are mainly from the magnitude of flow, the change of water level (flood season and dry season), sediment concentration, ice age, river drop, riverbed width, river velocity, river length, number of tributaries and.

Distribution and other aspects are summarized.

For example, analyze the water features of the Yellow River.

The flow is small, and the flow changes seasonally. The interannual change is great, the summer flood season is short, the sediment concentration is high and the ice age is short.

Flood season phenomenon.

⑤. The characteristics of agricultural production are mainly reflected in the types of agricultural regions, crop types and output per unit area, the structure (proportion) of agricultural departments, the level of agricultural mechanization, the mode of agricultural production and management and the level of specialization.

To sum it up.

⑥. The characteristics of industrial production are mainly summarized from the aspects of industrial development, industrial sector structure, industrial technology level, sales of industrial products, and dependence of industrial raw materials and energy on the international market. 6. The regional characteristics such as agriculture, industry, cities and tourism should be analyzed from both natural and social aspects.

Agricultural location

Natural factors: climate, water source, soil and topography.

Socio-economic factors: market demand, transportation, labor force, industrial and urban development, science and technology and policies.

Industrial site selection

Economic factors: resources, market, labor, transportation, science and technology, policy.

Environmental factors: air pollution, water pollution and solid waste gas pollution.

Natural factors: topography, water source, etc.

Urban location

Natural factors: climate, topography, rivers (lakes)

Socio-economic factors: natural resources, transportation, politics, military affairs, religion, science and education, tourism.

Tourism (affecting the development of tourism resources) location

Tourism value, market distance, traffic location and accessibility, regional reception capacity and environmental carrying capacity of tourism resources.

quantity

Analyze the location factors of Wuhan.

① Located in Jianghan Plain with flat terrain;

② Subtropical monsoon climate, warm and humid;

③ Located at the intersection of the Han River and the Yangtze River, it is rich in water resources and convenient for water transportation; Beijing-Guangzhou-Han railway interchange, highway four-way

Bada-developed land and water transportation;

(4) Developed agriculture provides sufficient agricultural and sideline products for the city;

⑤. The capital of Hubei Province (political factors).

Today. The distribution characteristics of geographical things mainly come from spatial distribution (uniformity, spatial change law) and

Time allocation (seasonal and interannual changes) can be summarized into two aspects.

Distribution characteristics of precipitation in China

Uneven distribution, decreasing from the southeast coast to the northwest inland, more in summer and autumn than in winter and spring, with great seasonal and interannual changes.

(2). Genetic problems

There are many questions about the causes in the geography college entrance examination paper. When answering a question, we must pay attention to whether the question is caused by nature, social economy or both. Natural causes are generally analyzed from topography, landforms, climate, hydrology (rivers and lakes), vegetation, soil, minerals, ocean currents, latitude position, land and sea position, land and sea outline, plate movement and so on. Man-made reasons generally come from historical conditions, various human activities, transportation, engineering construction, market, policy and discipline.

Analysis of technology, military (war) and religion. When analyzing, we should grasp the main reasons.

Sandstorm, for example, refers to a special weather phenomenon that strong winds roll up a lot of dust from the ground, making the horizontal visibility of the atmosphere less than 1 km. Figure A shows the main activity paths of sandstorms in China and the frequent areas of severe sandstorms. Look at the picture and answer

The following questions:

Yi Tu

(2) Point out the seasonal distribution characteristics of sandstorm, as shown in Figure B, and explain its natural causes.

Mainly concentrated in late winter and spring.

Reason: the temperature rises rapidly in spring; Less precipitation; There are many windy days; The vegetation on the surface is scarce, and there are many loose sandy soil.

Climate analysis

Temperature level: latitude, ocean current, land and sea distribution, topography and human activities;

How much precipitation: circulation situation, topography, ocean current, human activities.

Analysis: the reasons for the similarities and differences of climate characteristics between San Francisco and Los Angeles;

The reason why the fire in Taiwan Province Province has become the' rain pole' of China;

(3) evaluation questions: to answer such questions, we should explain them from two aspects: advantages and disadvantages; Second, be self-righteous.

But the social and economic development is comprehensively analyzed and judged, and the conclusion is drawn.

This paper briefly evaluates the development conditions of agricultural resources in low mountains and hills in southern China, and how to carry out regulation and development.

Advantages: abundant light, heat and water resources, diverse biological species, high yield and diverse land types;

Disadvantages: there are many meteorological disasters, serious soil erosion, poor red soil and domestic energy shortage.

Agricultural development has great potential and little difficulty.

Comprehensive development: ① develop three-dimensional agriculture and ecological agriculture; ② Serialization development of superior agricultural products; (3) Ecological construction and enclosure

Afforestation in mountainous areas, soil and water conservation, and solving the problem of energy consumption of farmers' lives.

Second, pay attention to the analysis of charts and text materials and extract effective information.

Look at the picture on the right and answer the name of water area A in the picture.

The difference of salinity and yield between north and south in A waters were compared.

The main reason for this difference.

Salinity is low in the north and high in the south of Caspian Sea.

Reason: There are Volga River and ural river River in the north of Caspian Sea.

Injection, fresh water dilutes the lake, so the salinity in the north is low.

The south is high.

3. Rigorous logic, concise answers and clear organization.

For example, look at the schematic diagram of a city and analyze the favorable conditions for farmers to grow flowers.

① Located by the river, with abundant water resources;

(2) There is a highway crossing with convenient transportation;

Close to the city, the market is vast.

Fourth, standardize the language and return to the teaching materials.

5. foster strengths and avoid weaknesses to prevent losing points.

6. Write neatly and leave no blank.

Geographical focus 1: basic knowledge of geography, regional names, landforms, products and related features!

2. Map, this is very important, including minerals. All courses are embodied through this!

3. Special Geography: Remember the best things like the earth!

4. The removal of climate medicine is due to the influence of several wind belts. Just look at the wind belt map and it will be ok!

5. Remember the map shapes and abbreviations of the provinces and cities in the geography of China!

Maps are like photographs. You should see them more. When reading a map, you should be impressed by the place names, products, minerals and topography.

Play the following and you will pass:

Review outline of junior high school geography knowledge

1, the shape and size of the earth The earth is an irregular sphere with slightly flattened poles, with an average diameter of 637 1 meter.

2. Latitude and Latitude On the globe, the area around the globe in the east-west direction is called latitude. All latitudes are circles, which can be called latitude circles; The length of latitude circle is long or short, the equator is the longest, it gradually shortens to the poles and finally reaches a point. The latitude represents the east and west directions.

The equator is the longest latitude, about 40 thousand kilometers long. It is equal to the distance between the two poles and divides the earth into two hemispheres. The equator is zero latitude on the earth. It is customary to use the latitude north of the equator, which is called north latitude.

3. Meridian and Longitude On the globe, the line connecting the north and south poles and perpendicular to the latitude is called meridian, also called meridian. All meridians are semicircular; They are all of the same length, indicating the north-south direction.

The zero meridian on the earth is called the prime meridian. It is divided into 1800 from the prime meridian to the east and west. 1800 in the east belongs to east longitude, so it is customary to use "e" as the code, and 1800 in the west belongs to west longitude, so it is customary to use "w" as the code. It is customary in the world to use warp circles of 200W and 1600E as the dividing line between the eastern and western hemispheres.

4. the rotation of the earth and the alternation of day and night. the earth keeps rotating around its axis, which is called the rotation of the earth. The direction of the earth's rotation is from west to east. It takes about 24 hours to turn around, which is one day. In this way, the phenomenon of alternating day and night is produced.

5. The revolution of the earth and seasonal changes The earth revolves around the sun while rotating. The direction of the earth's revolution is also from west to east, and the time of revolution is one year. The orbital plane always keeps an angle of 66.5 with the earth axis. Because of the revolution of the earth, there are seasonal changes.

6. The division of five zones The tropics are between the Tropic of Cancer, with direct sunlight in a year, and the ground gets the most sunlight and heat, and the climate is hot all year round. The Tropic of Cancer is the dividing line between tropical and temperate zones.

The cold zone is located in the area north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle, and it is extreme day and night. Polar circle is the dividing line between cold zone and temperate zone. In temperate regions between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle, and between the Tropic of Cancer and the Antarctic Circle, there are no extreme days and nights in a year, and the solar light and heat obtained on the ground are less than those in tropical regions and more than those in cold regions, and the climate changes obviously in the four seasons.

7. Scale, legend and notes of the three elements of the map. The smaller the area drawn on the map, the more detailed the content to be represented and the larger the scale to be selected; On the contrary, the smaller the scale. On the map, it is usually "up north and down south, left west and right east"

8. Calculation method of ground height The vertical distance above sea level in a certain place on the ground is called altitude. The vertical distance from one place to another is called relative height.

9. Contour lines connect points with the same altitude, which is the contour line. Each contour line has a corresponding height value. Where the slope is steep, the contour lines are dense; Where the slope is gentle, the contour lines are sparse.

10, land and sea distribution in the world. The ocean area accounts for 7 1% of the earth, and the land area only accounts for 29%. The mainland and its nearby islands are called the mainland. The northern hemisphere is Europe and North America. most

People used to regard the Urals, ural river and the Great Caucasus as the dividing lines between Europe and Asia. The Suez Canal separates Asia from Africa. North America and South America are in the Western Hemisphere, called America. The Panama Canal is the dividing line between North America and South America. Antarctica is mainly located in the Antarctic circle, surrounded by the ocean.

1 1. land topography people divide the terrain into five basic types: mountains, plains, plateaus, basins and hills.

The altitude of mountainous areas is relatively high, generally more than 500 meters, with undulating peaks and steep slopes, and some mountainous areas are distributed in strips. Among them, the most prominent are two huge mountain systems composed of several tall mountains: one is the Alps-Himalayas mountain system across the south-central part of the Eurasian continent; The other is the Cordillera mountain system, which runs through North and South America, and consists of Rocky Mountain, Andes Mountain and other mountains.

The altitude of the plain is low, generally below 200 meters, and the ground is flat or undulating. It is often used to describe the "endless" elegance of the plain. The largest plain in the world is the Amazon Plain in South America.

The terrain in Europe and Africa is relatively simple, mainly plains and plateaus; The terrain in Asia is complex, with high terrain in the middle and low periphery, wide plateaus and mountains, and plains distributed around the mainland.

12. The forces that push the terrain change are called internal forces, such as crustal movement, volcano, earthquake, etc., which are all manifestations of the internal forces of the earth. Volcanoes and earthquakes in the world are mostly distributed in areas with active crustal activity, mainly concentrated in the Pacific Rim and the Mediterranean-Himalayan Mountains. Forces from outside the earth are called external forces, such as running water, wind, waves and glaciers.

13, weather climate weather is the atmospheric condition of a place in a short time, such as sunny, rainy, hot and cold. It is always changing. Climate is the average weather condition of a place for many years, which generally changes little.

14, the temperature changes during the day, and the temperature is sometimes high and sometimes low. The highest temperature on land usually appears in the afternoon (about14); The lowest temperature appears around sunrise. In a year, the monthly average maximum temperature in most parts of the world appears in July in the northern hemisphere and 65438+ 10 in the southern hemisphere. The monthly average minimum temperature appears in 1 in the northern hemisphere and in July in the southern hemisphere. The difference between the highest monthly average temperature and the lowest monthly average temperature in a place is called annual range.

15, the world temperature distribution, the world temperature gradually decreases from low latitude to polar regions; At the same latitude, the temperatures of the ocean and the land are different. In summer, the land temperature is high and the ocean temperature is low. Winter is the opposite. The temperature is also affected by the terrain. As the altitude increases in mountainous areas, the temperature will gradually decrease. About every increase of 100 m, the temperature will drop by 0.6℃.

16, the general law of global precipitation distribution: there is more precipitation near the equator; Less precipitation in polar regions; On both sides of the Tropic of Cancer, there is less precipitation on the west coast of the mainland and more precipitation on the east coast of the mainland; There is more precipitation in mid-latitude coastal areas and less precipitation in inland areas.

17, seasonal variation of precipitation: rainy areas throughout the year: there is more precipitation near the equator, such as Singapore; There is no rain all year round: there is little monthly precipitation in inland areas and polar regions, such as Cairo, Egypt; Rainy areas in summer: the east coast of the mainland near 300 ~ 400 north latitude, rainy in summer and rainy in winter, such as China; Rainy areas in winter: the west coast of the mainland near 300 ~ 400 north latitude, rainy in winter and rainy in summer, such as Rome, Italy; Perennial humid area: on the west coast of the mainland at 400 ~ 600 north latitude, the area affected by the westerly wind from the ocean all the year round is humid every month with moderate rainfall, such as London, England.

18, main climate types and distribution in the world

I. Main tropical climate types

1. The tropical rain forest climate is mainly distributed near the equator, with high temperature and rainy all year round.

2. The tropical grassland climate is mainly distributed in the north and south sides of the equatorial rainforest climate in Africa and South America. It is hot all year round, with obvious dry season and rainy season.

3. The tropical monsoon climate is most obvious in the Indian Peninsula and Indochina Peninsula in the south and southeast of Asia. This climate is hot all year round, and a year can also be divided into dry season and rainy season, and the wind direction changes with the seasons. In dry season, the wind blows from land to sea, and there is little rain; In the rainy season, the wind blows from the ocean to the land, and the precipitation is concentrated.

4. The tropical desert climate is mainly distributed in the west coast and inland areas of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer. This climate is characterized by scarce precipitation, hot and dry all year round, and a large desert on the ground.

Second, the main climate types in temperate zone

1, temperate and subtropical monsoon climate, distributed in eastern Asia. Summer is hot and rainy, and winter is cold and dry. Roughly bounded by the isotherm of 65438+ 10, the average temperature in June is 0℃, with temperate monsoon climate in the north and subtropical monsoon climate in the south.

2. The Mediterranean climate is mainly located in the middle and low latitudes on the west coast of the mainland, with the most distribution along the Mediterranean coast, hot and dry in summer and mild and rainy in winter.

3. Temperate continental climate is mainly distributed in mid-latitude inland areas, with intense heat in winter, great temperature change, less precipitation and concentrated in summer.

4. The temperate maritime climate is located on the west coast of the mid-latitude continent, which is the most widely distributed in western Europe, mild and rainy, and the annual changes of temperature and precipitation are relatively small.

19. Land, sunshine, water, minerals, forests, etc. Resources that are valuable to human beings are all natural resources. According to the characteristics of its formation, it can be divided into two categories: one is renewable resources; First, non-renewable resources. Renewable resources refer to resources that can be regenerated or recovered in a short time; Non-renewable resources refer to resources that cannot be produced after being used up in human history.

20. Land use types Land use types can be divided into cultivated land, woodland, grassland and construction land.

2 1, the distribution of land resources is flat and warm in the temperate humid plain, which is suitable for developing agriculture and is the main distribution area of cultivated land in the world. Large areas of coniferous forests and rainforests are preserved in the cold and humid sub-frigid zone and the hot and rainy tropical zone. Tropical and temperate semi-arid areas have vast grasslands, which are the main distribution areas of animal husbandry in the world.

22. The distribution of water resources on the earth There are three main forms of water on the earth: sea water, land water and atmospheric water. There are many forms of land water, such as glacier water, groundwater, lake water, swamp water, river water and biological water. There is a lot of water on the earth, but more than 96% is seawater. Among the fresh water resources, glaciers store the most water, and now people use a lot of fresh water resources, mainly river water, lake water (fresh water lake water) and part of groundwater. The main ways to protect water resources are: saving and rational use of water and reducing the waste of water resources; Preventing and controlling water pollution; Afforestation to prevent soil erosion; Desalinate seawater and expand fresh water sources.

23. The forest in Nature's General Dispatching Room has the functions of regulating atmospheric composition, purifying air, implicating water sources, increasing air humidity, protecting fields from wind and maintaining soil and water. Therefore, people call the forest "the general adjustment room of nature". There are 4 billion hectares of forests in the world, mainly coniferous forests and broad-leaved forests. Most of the global forest resources are distributed in the northern hemisphere.