What are phenology and phenology?

Natural phenomena such as the rise and fall of vegetation and the coming and going of migratory birds were called phenology by ancient working people; The science of studying agricultural production with phenology is phenology.

-Excerpted from the first volume of the eighth grade "Natural Language"

1, phenological definition:

Phenology refers to biological phenomena (germination of plants, molting of animals, etc. ) and abiotic phenomena (freezing, thawing, etc. ).

2, phenology definition:

Phenology is a science that studies the relationship between seasonal phenomena of animals and plants in nature and periodic changes of the environment.

1. Phenology is mainly to observe and record the growth and decline of plants, the migration and reproduction of animals and the changes of the environment in a year, compare their differences in time and space distribution, explore the periodic laws of the development and activities of animals and plants, and their dependence on the surrounding environmental conditions, so as to understand the laws of climate change and its influence on animals and plants. It is a borderline subject between biology and meteorology.

2. What factors determine the coming of phenology?

The first is latitude. The farther north the peach blossoms bloom, the later the migratory birds come. It is worth pointing out that the days of phenology difference between north and south change with the seasons. The climate in Chinese mainland is very pleasant, and Leng Xia is very hot in winter. The temperature difference between north and south is great in winter, but not much in summer.

In spring, early spring and late spring are different. For example, in March and April of early spring, Nanjing peach blossoms bloom 20 days earlier than Beijing, but by the end of spring and early May, Nanjing Robinia pseudoacacia only blooms 10 days earlier than Beijing. Therefore, in North China, it is often felt that spring is short, winter has passed and summer has arrived.

Longitude difference is the second factor affecting phenology. All offshore areas are warmer in winter than inland areas at the same latitude, and colder in spring. Therefore, the arrival of spring in coastal areas is a few days later than that in inland areas. For example, the latitude of Dalian is about 1 south of Beijing, but in Dalian, forsythia and plum blossoms bloom one week later than Beijing.

For example, Jinan apples bloom in mid-April or Grain Rain Festival, and Yantai will go for a long summer. The latitudes of the two places are similar, but Yantai is near the sea, so spring comes late.

The third factor affecting phenology is the difference between high and low. Phenological phenomena such as flowering of plants are late in spring and summer, and deciduous trees are early in autumn. However, the study of this factor should take into account special circumstances. For example, at the turn of autumn and winter, in clear Wan Li, the temperature at a certain height is inversely proportional to the height. This is called inversion layer.

Because cold air is heavy, it flows to lower places on windless nights. This phenomenon is very obvious in autumn and winter in mountainous areas, especially in the morning of these two seasons. It is often found that there is frost at the foot of the mountain and frost at the mountainside. It is for this reason that it is very successful to introduce tropical crops into hillsides in hilly areas of South China, but it is not suitable at the foot of the mountain.

In addition, there are differences between ancient times and modern times in the morning and evening when phenology comes. According to the long-term phenological records in southern England, comparing the ten-year average of 174 1 to 1750, we can see that the latter is 9 days earlier than the former. In other words, spring is nine days ahead of schedule.

Phenology is a science close to ecology in biology and agrometeorology in meteorology. The study of phenology is first to predict the agricultural time and choose the sowing date. Besides, there are many meanings. Phenological data has important reference value for arranging crop zoning and determining the date of afforestation and seed collection. It can also be used to introduce plants into areas with the same phenological conditions, and can also be used to avoid or reduce the harm of pests.

There are a large area of mountainous areas in China that can be cultivated, but there are still many places to be investigated about the climate of mountainous areas and the adaptability of soil to crops. In order to promote the development of agriculture in mountainous areas, it is necessary to carry out phenological observation in mountainous areas.

Phenology is a science related to high agricultural yield. It is necessary to further strengthen phenological observation, understand the language of nature, and strive for greater gains in agriculture.

3. Phenology in ancient poetry

Simply put, phenology is the germination, flowering, fruiting and withering of plants and the migration and hibernation of some animals, which reflects the changes of climate and seasons. From this perspective, China's ancient poems contain extremely rich phenological knowledge.

For example, "the peach blossoms outside the bamboo are three or two, and the ducks in the spring river are prophets." (Su Shi titled Hui Chong's Night Scene of the Spring River) In early spring, ducks first felt the spring water heating and played in the water.

"Frozen waterfowl live together in cold weather, and one hundred is a group play. When pedestrians can't stand it, they suddenly smell the ice ring in Qi Fei. " (Qin Guan's Return from Guangling) At the end of winter, water birds are dependent on each other, and there is the sound of ice, and birds fly in surprise. Ducks and birds are messengers of spring.

"It rains at home in Huangmei season, and frogs are everywhere in the grass pond." The three images in Zhao Shixiu's poem York show the seasonal characteristics of Huangmei in late spring and early summer.

Huang Chao wrote the title of chrysanthemum: "The west wind is rustling all over the courtyard, and the cold butterfly is hard to come." Chrysanthemums wither, butterflies wither, although there is no word "autumn", but the coolness of autumn is coming.

As for Li Bai's "Xia Sai Qu", it leads readers to another world: "In May, the snow in Tianshan Mountain is cold without flowers, and the willow is heard in the flute, but no spring scenery is seen."

May is in midsummer, and it is already the day when all the flowers in the mainland are dying. However, Tianshan Mountain (Qilian Mountain), located in the northwest frontier, is still covered with snow, and there are no willows and flowers, indicating that there is neither summer nor spring and autumn in the Yellow River basin above 4000 meters above sea level. It is not difficult to see the great difference in climate between the mainland and the Great Wall.

The agricultural and military activities of the ancients are also often seen in ancient poems involving phenology. For example, Fan Chengda's "Four Seasons of Pastoral Fun": "Butterflies have entered cauliflower, and no guests have come to Tianjia for a long time."

These two poems, written in the countryside in the late spring of Jiangnan, set off the busy farming of peasant women through the description of butterflies entering cauliflower. Let's look at Wen Tong's "Morning Clear to Baoenshan Temple": "The smoke is far away, and the sky is high. Barley doesn't enter the nursery at night, and young silkworms lie alone. " The first part depicts a vivid picture of wild birds flying in the distant mountains and forests; The second part is about the busy scene of peasant women harvesting wheat, whole vegetables, picking mulberry and feeding silkworms at the turn of spring and summer, which is kind and touching.

And Lulun's "high in the faint moonlight, geese flying, Tatar chiefs fleeing in the dark. While we chase after them, the horse carries a light load, and the bow and sword bear a burden of snow "(the third part of the next song) is about marching and fighting: the enemy fled at night, and the geese were surprised to fly, which aroused the vigilance of our general and led troops to chase after the enemy, fully demonstrating the heroic spirit of the people of China.

To sum up, we can see that the description of phenology in China's classical poems not only has artistic value in literature, but also is valuable information for studying phenology, agriculture and military affairs.