Kneel down! TOEFL Classic Listening and Reading Test

IBT classic plus test finishing edition

IBT classic plus test finishing edition 1

Read 1

Sumerian civilization 1

Darwinian evolution 3

The fifth article

Venice salt industry 5

The third article 5

The fourth article Maya civilization 6

The fifth biological adaptability (65438+ 10 month 13 reading) 6

The sixth article MS first (65438+February 16) 6

Listening 7

Neuron cells (four questions) 7

ID question 8

Romantic poetry 8

Bird migration bird migration 9

Ragtime Music 9

Dalbergia 10

Article 7 (Additional Test-Dialogue) 1 1

Article 8 (Additional Test-Lecture) 1 1

Article 9 (Additional Test-Lecture) 1 1

Article 10 The monitoring MS first appeared in 65438+February/No.11

Article 11 North America Canada Test 12

From the perspective of future JJ, it seems that there was once 65438+ 10/0/812.

This is what I read about the college entrance examination on the blogs of Teacher Tai Silly and Teacher Kang. I just tidied it up a little, and I synthesized many students' JJ, which may be wrong (because I haven't passed the exam yet, I don't know if the real question is like this). Please testify. Thanks again for sharing JJ with us! ! I wish you all success in the exam! !

read

1 Sumerian civilization

Mesopotamia background: Mesopotamia is an ancient kingdom between the Tigris River and the Euphrates River in southwest Asia. Mesopotamia is the area between the Tigris River and the Euphrates River in ancient southwest Asia, located in today's Iraq. People may have settled here before 5000 BC. This region gave birth to many early human civilizations, including Sumerian civilization, Akkadian civilization, Babylonian civilization and Assyrian civilization. After Mongolian invaders destroyed the developed irrigation system in this area in A.D. 1258, the importance of this area decreased. Among them, Babylonian civilization has become a model of civilization in the two river basins because of its outstanding achievements. Babylonian kingdom, ancient Egypt, ancient India and China constitute what people call the four ancient civilizations in the world.

Nile civilization: The Nile valley originated in Africa, also known as ancient Egyptian civilization, and its history can also be traced back to 4000 BC. Around 3 100 BC, menes, king of upper Egypt, unified upper and lower Egypt and started the Egyptian dynasty, which represented the official beginning of ancient Egyptian civilization.

Sumerian civilization of Mesopotamia culture

The first paragraph: American culture and Egyptian culture are at the same time, but they are not unified because of the geographical limitation of beauty. Plain, often invaded, surrounded by desert, life is comfortable and not unified. At first, it was surprising that ... two cultures were born in two places at the same time and communicated with each other. One is the Egyptian culture of the Nile, and the other is the M-land culture of the two river basins. Egyptian culture relies on the Nile, which breeds fertile land, with deserts as natural barriers on both sides. M is different. The floodplain is narrow and shallow, and there is no natural barrier around it.

The second paragraph: until there is a kind of S people to unify, tell their own origin and history, and establish an S culture.

The third paragraph: There are few physical remains of S culture for two reasons: first, the local stones are not rich, and second, the local people do not have the habit of reburial. Therefore, the understanding of S is mainly based on words. At the beginning, the residents of Mesopotamia seemed to have a good life, so no one put forward the idea of unification until a long time later, but it was quickly destroyed by the war and other large expenses. Because of the environmental conditions at that time, people there built houses with mud/wood, so it was different from Egypt. Now we haven't found any remaining buildings. At present, we have dug up many pottery stone tablets engraved with words, and only through these can we infer history. Later, it became Sumerian, a nation that migrated from outside.

The fourth paragraph: The most important thing in S culture is religion. Every city has a local god who owns everything in a sacred way and represents the city among his compatriots. (Topic) The socio-economic market is centered on temples, and transactions are organized by priests, so many priest records are related to this.

Mesopotamian culture, a civilization, is also compared with Egypt. Relating to the two rivers civilization and the Egyptian civilization. They exist and communicate at the same time, but neither side surpasses the other. Egypt's system is different from the political system in the two river basins. One is under the united under system, and the other is not under the united format system due to geographical restrictions. In addition, the civilizations in the other two river basins have hardly left any tangible material, because their architectural structures are different from those in Egypt, and the study of their characteristics is also studied by digging up debris. He also talked about the local tyrants (feudal landlords) in Liangjiang. This man is not imaginary. He has a great influence on his city-state. This article is about the economy. At the same time, he passed information through a man named Ren Jun.. On Mesopotamian culture and its comparison with Egyptian culture. Because both of them are cultures developed at the same time in the two river basins (test: Mesopotamian culture is independent of independent Egypt), and then tell the characteristics of Mesopotamian culture: the architecture is not as strong as Egypt, and the culture is not recorded in writing. There seems to be an examination question: the position of Ur. )

(1) amazing = amazing (amazing)

(2) In XXX AD, Nile culture and M culture developed simultaneously. Agree to rewrite the original sentence Between 3500 and 3000 BC, while ancient Egypt was unified, a great civilization rose in Mesopotamia.

(3) There are few unique rulers in M, and even if there are, the ruling time is very short. Geographically vulnerable to foreign invasion, unlike Egypt, there is a sole ruler. Egypt has a god king, and there are a lot of civil strife outside M. Civil strife and external chaos are substitutes. Civil strife invasion is its substitute. The investigation refers to its substitutes and the political history of Athens in ancient Mesopotamia that I chose. Even if M is so chaotic, its cultural and artistic continuity is remarkable.

Obscure = unclear

(5) The author did not share the Egyptians' worries about the future, because he mentioned that although some graves of rich people were found in city of ur, they did not share the Egyptians' worries about the future. . . Provide an explanation for the relative material remains of ancient Sumerian society and the relatively few social material remains of ancient Sumerian society.

(6) Where is city of ur? At the end of the last paragraph, it is said that the things in M are at the intersection of two rivers. This paragraph says that M people come from land P, in the south of land M. Near the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

(7) The meaning of the word vastness I chose Blah odd number.

(8) The description of M culture is wrong? C. Discontinuous development of culture and art cannot achieve continuity of cultural and artistic exchanges. The people in this place have nothing to do with other cultures. M people don't have the concept of afterlife like the Egyptians. Their building materials are mud and wood, which are not durable, although some graves of rich people have been found in city of ur.

9. Look at four [■] to indicate where the following sentences can be added to the article. Click a box [■] to add sentences to the article. Despite these achievements, scholars' understanding of Sumerian life is far from what they expected.

Where is this sentence most suitable? D

(10) Why is the Divine Comedy XXX not fiction? Theocracy is the foundation of Sumer's social and economic organization.

(1 1) ... What does it mean to be considered as part of the harvest? Choose d ltd

(12) What's wrong with the description of M Earth God? One god fights with another, and local gods sometimes clash with the gods of rival city-states.

(13) Examine various options for the main content of the full text. A, France, China, Germany and Georgia

ancient egypt civilization

Politics has been unified for a long time.

There are many construction sites.

shumer

The polis is a feature.

Judging from the contents recorded in the file

This civilization was invaded by foreign countries.

Darwinian evolution theory

About natural selection: Darwin's natural selection originally needed a long time of evolution to verify, but this paper uses two relatively short evolutionary examples to support natural selection.

At first, Darwin thought that natural selection was too slow for people to witness. First of all, Darwin suggested that species evolution takes a long time, so it is impossible to be observed by humans. However, some recent discoveries show that some species have evolved for a short time and can be observed by scientists. Then a hypothesis about the environment and the life cycle of species is put forward. It is said that scientists' research on a fish proves the rationality of this hypothesis. The influence of natural selection on biology (different from Darwin's) is two examples. Peacock fish live in many and a few ponds with different predators (the size of offspring), and a bird adapts to drought on the island (large &; Talking about Darwin's natural selection. It will take a long time to start talking about the natural evolution of living things. This limitation is the reason why Darwin was unable to prove natural selection by experiments (the first experiment). Then it tells the changes that modern biologists have found that natural selection has brought to some characteristics of animals in a short time.

1st A fish, artificially controlled. There is a kind of fish, when there are many predators, its life span, size, mate and reproduction will change. Why do they change? Then, some of them were put into a pool with fewer predators, and many changes have taken place in the offspring, such as being bigger than their ancestors and having fewer eggs. The whole experiment takes11y; For example, fish like guppies. When they live downstream, they breed quickly because there are many predators. But when scientists brought them to live upstream (where there were few predators), their reproductive speed slowed down significantly. This kind of fish is placed downstream, and there are many predators, so the reproduction speed of these fish is accelerated, and the babies and fish are bigger than before, with poor quality and many deformities, and will not be overloaded. Rapid growth. Upstream, there are few predators, their breeding speed is very slow, and the young fish are not big and grow slowly.

2ed is a bird whose natural conditions have changed. All we need to do is observe. It's about Finch, about the size of their mouths. The cause is fatal drought. For example, birds have big mouths and small mouths. The youngest can only eat small seeds/nuts. There was a drought for a while, and the seeds were big, and many birds died, but the investigation found that the dead birds were regular. Most of them are birds with small mouths. Later, when the weather returned to normal, I found that the mouths of those descendants were bigger than before. If there is enough rain, the bird's mouth will be smaller than before. In times of drought, birds with long and hard beaks can often survive (here is a new word, decimation=destruction), so that these birds in this area will soon have long and hard beaks (long and hard beaks can break large-sized grains).

The first paragraph is the introduction: Darwin thought that it was too long for human beings to observe evolution, but this is not the case.

The second paragraph: a scientist's experiment in natural environment: a predictor of different numbers of fish living in the upper and lower reaches of a river. The scientist used this environment to test a theory that the population that can make the most offspring survive has the greatest evolutionary advantage.

The third paragraph: Scientists made an analytical reasoning with this theory, and came to the conclusion that downstream fish should lay more eggs and mature faster to adapt to evolution. (There is doubt about the meaning of this paragraph)

The fourth paragraph: The scientists put the fish downstream into the upstream, and the results proved the theory.

Paragraph 5: Naturally, people will do experiments by themselves. If people are lucky enough to meet them, they just need to observe. There are several scientists like this. The drought and flood situation in a certain place changed greatly, which affected the yield of some nuts. Local birds with big beaks can break nuts that small birds can't open, so the survival rate is greater in dry years.

(1) Why did Darwin think so? Natural selection takes a long time. Scientist Guppy did this experiment.

(2) What do you mean by witness? Choose to observe.

(3) What does the word 3)offset mean? Balanced. R also tested that guppies were raised in a pond with fewer predators, rather than in a place with more predators. They mature relatively late, live longer, lay fewer eggs per nest and have larger eggs than the control group.

(4) The experiment describes that guppy always grows as fast as possible to mate, thus producing as many offspring as possible. The price of precocity is shortened life span, and each offspring can't get much energy from the female guppy. The risk of premature death is offset by other risks. What is the function of this paragraph? At the end of the previous paragraph, R tested these predictions. This paragraph is a description of the test, a test guess.

(5) extraction = destruction

(6) Which statement is wrong about the above? Yes, each nest lays more eggs. Some natural selection can happen in a short time without human intervention.

(7) Insert, the content of which is that in this case, biologists can observe changes as long as they live for a long time. During a drought, several scholars observed a bird there. Birds with small beaks only ate small seeds. Birds with long beaks can eat big seeds because their birds are strong enough to crush big seeds. During the drought, the short-billed bird died and the long-billed bird survived. The surviving birds mate with the birds of the second year, and the beaks of the offspring become longer as a whole. When the rainfall is sufficient and the seeds are small enough, at this time, the beak of the newborn bird becomes shorter again.

(8) What are the advantages of beaked birds? Break the seeds and break the large grain hard for a long time.

(9) What are the similarities between beak test and guppy test? It seems that all the choices took place in a relatively short time.

(10) Natural selection Humans can observe that birds' beaks will become shorter on rainy days.

(1 1) Main ideas. One of the full text

(12) There is another problem. It seems that the change of beak selection can be repeated. I can't remember other problems clearly. D

(13) There is another question about death, and the answer seems to be death B.

( 14).a，c，d。

3 marsupial (marsupial)

Say that animal O is a marsupial (marsupial), then say that marsupials are different from ordinary animals (the name of ordinary animals has been forgotten), mainly because of their physiological structure, and then say that marsupials are primitive (primitive and simple), (except why). Then the article said that a long time ago, the continents were connected, and then after separation, marsupials could not compete with other animals in America, so only Australian marsupials flourished. How about American Airlines? It is said that after South America and North America were reunited, many carnivores went south and ate all marsupials. Then he said that animal O was strange and different from other marsupials, so he could stay in America. Then he said that many people thought that animal O didn't evolve, but it turned out that he came to North America only recently (I don't understand this). Then he said that animal O was very adaptable, eating everything and eating all the rubbish thrown by people, so he survived.

4 Venice Salt Industry

The first paragraph: Venice originally produced salt, but it had experience in refined salt, but when it needed crude salt, it had to be imported; And a natural disaster, the salt-producing area of 1/3 was affected and needed to be imported.

Paragraph 2: * * Pay compensation to salt merchants. (There seems to be a reference here. ) This compensation is getting higher and higher. In order to get it, businessmen would rather pay high prices for salt. Compensation enables businessmen to import Indian spices and rice from the eastern Mediterranean and sell them to western Europe. Someone asked them why they were willing to pay high prices for salt. It is said that spices and rice have high profits, so Venice has developed.

Paragraph 3: Unlike China, Venetian officials do not own salt, but they play a regulatory role in the salt industry. Someone here asked me what China was like. My choice is that the government owns salt and regulates the salt industry. Venice issues licenses to businessmen and sets the price of salt, where to buy it and so on. They are also responsible for maintaining some buildings. There are many choices, and the other is magnificent. (Another question is to exclude the listed questions and ask which one is not the function of Venice. I chose the price set by the license merchant. The price seems to be fixed. The other three options are: issuing licenses; Set a price; Protect the building)

The fourth paragraph: I said that my business is getting bigger and bigger, and where to go (the range is from ... to ... This seems to be a problem).

The fifth paragraph: Venice attaches great importance to its reputation. It attaches importance to the country and signs contracts. Provisions (vocabulary questions, options are required; Hypothesis; Venice is their only supplier.

Paragraph 6: It seems that once there is a supply problem in Greece, Venice only performs the contract to protect its own market. (heartless, I got the vocabulary question; The answer should be merciless) Venice also has its own fleet, and it is also for everyone's compliance. (I asked the fleet why it was mentioned. As if because it is also a means)

The last question is the full text summary.

The previous paragraph may not be accurate, but it is to the effect.

five

Discussing the composition of the core material, scientists determine that the composition of the core is different from the surface according to the speed of seismic wave propagation. Then scientists found that the material emitted by the volcano was diamonds, which proved that the deep layer of the earth was in a high temperature and high pressure environment, because diamonds could only be produced under such circumstances. And then a long, damn, if he's separated. It is said that the material of the core can be judged according to the material in the meteorite. Because scientists can estimate the density of the earth's core, if the density of meteorites is similar to that of the earth's core, it is very likely that their elements (elemental composition) are the same. There is a question about what are the main components of the earth's core, including iron and silicon, and two others have been forgotten. Alas, I forgot all about high school physics. I am so angry.

six

In the development of Mayan civilization after 900 BC, the main areas were originally independent and later merged, but they were not completely integrated and had their own characteristics.

7 Biological adaptability (read 09. 10. 13)

This paper mainly introduces how the animals and plants in the desert adapt to the extreme environment. First of all, it is said that the biggest problem in the desert is water shortage, and how to adapt to this water-deficient environment is the key to the survival of various animals and plants. Then talk about how plants adapt to the water-deficient environment: some are periodic plants, which only grow when the humidity is high; Perennial plants take other measures, for example, to produce a layer of wax on the surface of leaves to reduce water evaporation; Some leaves have become thorns; Some roots are particularly developed; Wait a minute. Then, another paragraph will explain how animals adapt: produce high salinity urine, adjust breathing, and so on. Later, it also compared

Similarities and differences between desert and polar animals.

8 MS first appeared (65438+February 16)

1 Biology: The defense system of plants Scientists have proved that this defense system is very useful for preventing animals from eating them. One problem is that herbivores eat their seeds, but also help them spread and reproduce.

Change the Weather People have been trying to change the weather for years. It was first discovered that rainfall increased during World War I (possibly related to the use of weapons), and the US Department of Agriculture began experiments. Later, in 1946, some employees found that dry ice can turn supercooled water into snow particles. In this paper, supercooling is defined as below zero without freezing. So people began to use dry ice and silver iodide for artificial rainfall. Its principle is that dry ice freezes water into ice particles, and the surrounding water freezes around it, providing condensation nuclei for rainfall. Later, the article said that some people were worried that it would increase the silver content of surface water, but the survey did not show this statement. This method of seeding clouds continued to develop, replacing dry ice with other substances. But many people are concerned about whether it will have an impact on the local environment, but there is no conclusion.

9 North America

1. About a man named Smith, he liked collecting rocks when he was young, and began to study rock layers when he grew up. When he worked in a quarry, he had many opportunities to study rocks and fossils. Later, he put forward a theory that fossils can now provide more accurate time information. Later, he and another scientist found that the fauna of animals can help to confirm the age of fossils, saying that these theories are still useful today. Later, some people think that the division of plants is still useful. A vocabulary problem elementary = basic.

As for the occupation of American continent by British colonists, the former pays attention to the harmonious development with nature, while the latter prefers to copy the British experience. Native Americans in North America cut down, plant and hunt trees in a way that does not harm nature. But in fact, there are fewer trees. Later, British colonists entered and found a large area of land vacant. They thought it was a waste and began to repair a lot of things. The article also quoted a passage to explain that the British want to turn this place into another England. For the convenience of transportation and travel, they all live by the river. The colonists tried to completely control the natural environment, but failed. They gradually changed their views on the environment. Vocabulary problem mastery = control

10 telegram

This paper mainly describes the obstacles encountered by telegraph in the initial stage in the United States. The main reasons are: first, insufficient funds; Second, the lack of government supervision; Third, the American government is committed to the research of telephone. This paper also tells us that although the telegraph is an invention, it has little influence on human life.

Summary: With the progress of science and technology, the telegram of 1840S has made great progress. Telegraph is of great significance: it shortens the distance of long-distance communication.

1. What obstacles did you encounter?

Analysis: A. Insufficient funds; B. lack of management; ;

2. The development of telegraph in America is flawed. What is the reason?

Analysis: At that time, the telegraph did not develop as well as Europe, because it still focused on telephone research.

Who is responsible for the slow development of American telegraph?

Analysis: In the United States, the telegraph system is in the hands of private enterprises, and many private enterprises communicate by telegraph. Some of these private enterprises are monopolistic.

4. Why did the development of American telegraph take a turning point in19th century?

Analysis: In the19th century, telegrams were brought under government control. After that, although the level of science and technology in the United States was limited at that time, the telegraph developed best in the United States and gained popularity.

5. The beginning of the development of European telegraph?

Analysis: At that time, many European countries were worried that telegrams would lead to information outflow and hesitated to legislate to regulate telegraph behavior.

6. Why did the postal industry in European countries develop?

Analysis: With the development, European countries have brought telegrams into government control, mainly used in postal systems, so the traditional postal industry in European countries has recovered its vitality.

7. Why was the invention of the telegraph * *?

Analysis: The telegraph needs to build a network, which provides many ideas for the later network construction, so the telegraph is a very revolutionary invention.

8. The importance of telegrams?

Analysis: Although the telegram is important, it is not as important as people guess, because at that time, the transportation has been developed and the distance between people has been shortened (logistics has been developed), so it should not be exaggerated too much.

The significance of the invention of telegraph. Only a few changes have taken place in the telegram.

9. novella analysis: novel, novel, new synonym: new unique and unusual

1 1 birdsong

Article:

Although birds can sing, the melody and tone of their songs are different. In order to study their singing skills, they are hereditary.

Some of them are acquired (external factors), and researchers have done many experiments. North American finches and white crows (x May

How do birds learn to sing?

Experiment 1: First, the researchers took a newborn sparrow from the nest, put it in another place and kept it alone, isolated from other big finches, so as not to let it hear the big birds sing. Three months later, when it's time for the male to woo, let him return to nature and listen to his songs.

What it's like. The results show that finches can still sing this kind of song, but the tune is dialect variation, which is very simple and discontinuous. This proves that finches are born with the ability to sing.

Experiment 2: The researchers first took a newborn white X crow/sparrow away from the bird's nest, put it in another place and raised it alone, isolated from other big white X crows, so as not to let it hear the songs of big birds. In the first three months, before they formed their own songs, they listened to tapes of other birds singing. It quickly learned the dial of the birds in the recording, and its tone was soon the same as that of those birds. This study shows that its dialogue is not determined by genes, but has a lot to do with the environment. The study also found that after four months, it can only sing its own songs, and then listen to other recordings, and it will not learn without feeling. Explain that learning the day after tomorrow is also true.

There is a time limit.

Experiment 3, another kind of bird, which starts with F, is said that if birds are not allowed to hear their own voices, they can only form broken syllables and can't even sing. Make sure they hear what they are saying, so that they can sing better.

Word title: ultimate, strengthening, proliferation/proliferation, superb, optimal, fuzzy.

The last big question is quite abnormal! Divided into three columns. They are: ① what finches can do but sparrows can't; 2 sparrows can, finches can't; (3) None.

Title:

This paper mainly discusses whether this singing ability of birds is inherited or acquired, and has done three experiments for this purpose and reached different conclusions.

1. Summary: Although birds can sing, their melodies and tones are different. In order to study their singing skills, is it hereditary (gene)? B or the day after tomorrow (external factors)? Researchers have done many experiments.

2. How did the researcher treat the little finch in the experiment 1? The researchers first put a newborn little finch in another place from * *, isolated from other big finches, and prevented it from hearing big birds sing.

3. What was the result of Experiment 1? The results show that finches can still sing this kind of songs, but the tunes are changeable, simple and incoherent. This proves that finches are born with the ability to sing.

4. Was the white-necked crow isolated in Experiment 2? The researchers first isolated a newborn baby white-necked crow from other large birds and prevented it from hearing the songs of large birds.

5. How did the white-necked crow learn to sing? In the first three months, before they formed their own songs, they listened to tapes of other birds singing. It quickly learned the dial of birds in the recording.

6. What was the result of Experiment 2? The dialogue of white-necked crows is not determined by genes, but has a lot to do with the environment. The study also found that after four months, it can only sing its own songs and then listen to other recordings, but it can't learn. It shows that there is also a time limit for learning the day after tomorrow.

7. Vocabulary: unacceptable

There are too many to put down, there are still some left. This is the most complete.