What is the translation of the first part of Heavenly Creations?

Mr. Song said: Shennong, who invented agricultural production in ancient legends, seems to have really existed, and it seems that there is no such person. However, it is still of great significance to understand the word "Shennong" by carefully appreciating the title of "Shennong", which praised and pioneered farming. Humans themselves cannot survive for long. People can live because they can feed themselves by food. However, grains can't grow by themselves and need human beings to grow them. After long-term changes in the properties of soil, the types and characteristics of particles will also vary with the soil and water. Otherwise, from Shennong era to Tang Yao era, people have been eating grain for thousands of years. Isn't it obvious that Shennong taught everyone to farm and use convenient farm tools such as thunder? However, many improved varieties of grain have appeared one after another, and we have to wait until the Postscript comes out to get a detailed explanation. What is the reason?

The children of those wealthy families didn't do their jobs well and regarded the working people as sinners. Those scholars think the word "farmer" is an insult. They eat all day, only knowing the delicious breakfast and dinner, but forgetting where the food comes from. There are many such people! In this way, it is natural to regard the ancestor who pioneered agricultural production as a "god". Is this just man-made

General name

Grain is not a fixed name, especially a certain kind of grain. One hundred grains refers to a wide variety of grains, which is in terms of the whole grain. "Five grains" refers to hemp, rice, wheat, millet and millet, of which rice is the only one that is missing. This is because the sages who wrote books were all from the northwest. At present, rice accounts for seven tenths of the food eaten by people all over the country, while wheat, barley, millet and millet account for three tenths. Hemp and beans have been completely classified as vegetables, cakes, oils and other non-staple foods, and they are still classified as whole grains, just following the ancient saying.

rice

There are the most kinds of rice. Non-sticky, the grain is called glutinous rice, and the rice is called japonica rice; Sticky, the grain is called Xumi and the rice is called glutinous rice (there is no sticky millet in the south, and the wine is made of glutinous rice). Originally, it was a late-maturing sticky japonica rice (commonly known as "Wuyuan Guang"), which could not make wine, but could only cook porridge, and was another kind of rice. The shapes of rice are long awn and short awn (long awn rice is called "Liuyang Zao" in Jiangnan, and short awn rice is called "Ji 'an Zao"), and there are many kinds such as long grain, pointed grain, dome grain and flat grain. Among them, the colors of rice are white, yellow, red, lavender and grayish black.

The earliest soaking period is before the vernal equinox, which is called social species (some people can't grow because of freezing), and the latest is after Tomb-Sweeping Day. When sowing, first wrap the seeds with straw or wheat straw, soak them in water for a few days, and then sow them in the seedling field after germination. When a seedling grows to more than an inch, it is called a seedling. The seedlings can be pulled up and transplanted in more than 30 days. If the paddy field encounters drought or waterlogging, it cannot be transplanted. After the seedling period, the seedlings will get old and jointing. At this time, even if you insert the field again, there are not many knots. Usually, seedlings cultivated in one mu of paddy field can be transplanted to 25 mu of paddy field.

After transplanting, early-maturing varieties can be harvested in about 70 days (japonica rice has varieties such as "saving the public from hunger" and "urgent throat", and glutinous rice has varieties such as "gold-coated silver". There are so many names all over the country that it is difficult to describe them one by one. The latest varieties, from summer to winter, can only be harvested after more than 200 days. As for sowing in winter, it can be harvested in May in summer, that is, rice in southern Guangdong, because there is no frost and snow all the year round. If rice is short of water for ten days, it is afraid of drought. Rice planted in summer and harvested in winter must be planted in fields with continuous water sources in the mountains. This kind of rice has a long growth period and low ground temperature, so the seedlings grow slowly. The fields near the lake will not be transplanted until after the summer flood, about June. Its seedlings should be sown in the long summer season, but also in the paddy fields with higher terrain, and then transplanted after the flood season.

Most rice fields in the southern plain are planted twice a year. The common name of the two kinds is late glutinous rice, not japonica rice. After the early rice was cut in June, the fields were plowed and raked, and then regenerated seedlings were inserted. This kind of seedling is sown at the same time as the early rice seedling on Qingming Day. Early rice seedlings will die if they are short of water for one day. This kind of seedlings will not be afraid of sun exposure and drought after April and May. This is a different type. When the weather is fine in autumn, late rice should be irrigated continuously. Farmers have worked hard to brew spring wine. If rice lacks water for ten days, it will die. But then there was a kind of upland rice, non-sticky japonica rice, which could be planted even in the mountains. This is another variant. There is also a kind of fragrant rice, which is generally reserved for wealthy families because of its fragrance. But the yield is very low, there is no nourishing benefit, and it is not worth popularizing.

Yi Nye

If any kind of rice is planted in a paddy field with poor fertility, the grains on the ear will be sparse and not full. Hard-working farmers use various methods to improve the fertility of rice fields. Human and animal feces, as well as oil-pressed cakes ("dry" is named after the oil is squeezed out. Among them, sesame seed cake and radish seed cake are the best, rapeseed cake is a little worse, tung oil seed cake is a little worse, camphor tree seed cake, Chinese tallow seed cake and cottonseed cake are a little worse), turf and leaves are used to assist fertility and promote rice growth, which is done all over the country (farmers who grind mung bean powder in the south use fermented pulp filtered during grinding to water rice fields, and the fertilizer efficiency is quite good). When beans are cheap, scatter soybeans in rice fields. For paddy fields that have been soaked in cold water for many years-"cold water fields", when transplanting rice seedlings, the roots should be dipped in ash (birds and animal bones can be used), and then lime should be sprinkled on the feet of seedlings, but it is not suitable for sunny warm paddy fields. For fields with hard soil, the soil should be ridged and burned on firewood, but it is not suitable for paddy fields with loose clay and soil.

Rice worker

Any paddy field that is no longer cultivated after harvest should be ploughed and reclaimed in the autumn of that year, so that the rice stubble will rot in the paddy field, and the fertilizer efficiency is twice that of manure. If there is no water in autumn, or lazy farmers miss the farming season, they will not plow until the next spring, and the final harvest will be reduced. When fertilizing rice fields, I am afraid of continuous heavy rain. At that time, when the rain washes away, the fertilizer will follow Shui Piao. Therefore, keeping a close eye on the weather changes depends on the wisdom of the old farmers. Some diligent farmers plough the paddy field once, then plough it for the second and third times, and then rake the field, so that the soil will be pressed evenly and the fertilizer inside will be dispersed evenly.

Some farmers lack animal power at home, so two people tie a thick stick to the plow and pull the plow in tandem for a whole day, which can compare with the labor efficiency of a cow. If there is no animal power after plowing, make a rake, and two people pull the rake shoulder to shoulder, which is equivalent to the labor efficiency of three-headed Niu Yi all day. There are only two kinds of buffalo and yellow cattle in China. Among them, buffalo is twice as strong as yellow cattle. But raising buffaloes requires a cowshed to keep out the cold in winter and a pond to bathe in summer. It takes twice as much effort to raise buffaloes as to raise cattle. When plowing in front of beginning of spring, the cows sweated too much, so we must pay attention to avoid letting the cows get wet. When it's going to rain, we should hurry to drive the cows into the cowshed. Wait until after Grain Rain, regardless of the wind and rain.

Farmers in Suzhou use hoes instead of plows instead of plowing cattle. In my opinion, if poor farmers add up the cost of buying cattle and water grass feed, as well as accidental losses such as theft, illness and death, they might as well rely on manpower to farm. For example, farmers with cows can cultivate ten acres of farmland, and farmers without cows can plant half of the previous fields with iron hoes as long as they are diligent. Since there are no cows, after the autumn harvest, you don't have to worry about the trouble of growing cattle feed and grazing in the fields, and at the same time you can free up your hands to grow crops such as beans, wheat, hemp and vegetables. In this way, it seems that it is similar to a family with cattle to compensate for the loss of the abandoned half of the field with the second harvest.

After transplanting rice, the old leaves will turn yellow and grow new leaves within a few days. After the new leaves grow, they can be cultivated (commonly known as "Tahe"). With a stick in his hand, he scraped the mud off the rice roots and grass roots with his feet, and trampled the small weeds in the original field into the mud so that it could not grow. Weeds such as barnyard grass in rice fields can be easily solved by the previous method. However, weeds such as barnyard grass, bitter herbs and Polygonum hydropiper can not be removed by feet, and must be cultivated immediately. It will be harder for people to plow their waist and hands. It is necessary to carefully distinguish rice from barnyard grass by people's eyes. After the weeds are cleared, the seedlings will thrive. After that, it is necessary to drain water to prevent flow and irrigate to prevent drought. In a month, we will be ready to harvest.

Rice disaster

Early rice seeds are collected in early autumn. If the seeds are exposed to the hot sun at noon, the heat in the seeds is put into the granary before it is released, and then the granary is closed too quickly, the rice seeds will bring the heat (farmers who are too diligent will suffer this kind of disaster). After sowing in the second year, the manure in the field will ferment and raise the soil temperature. Coupled with the warm smell brought by the southeast wind, the whole rice will be as devastated as burnt, which will do great harm to rice seedlings and ears. This is the first disaster of rice. If rice seeds wait until it gets cold at night before entering the barn, or collect a can of ice water and snow water on a cold day from winter to Sunday (it will be ineffective to collect after spring). When soaking seeds in Qingming next year, pour a few bowls on each stone of rice seeds, and the summer heat will be lifted immediately. In this way, no matter how high the temperature brought by the southeast wind, the ears of rice seedlings will grow sturdily (so the root cause lies in the rice seeds, but some people are ignorant to blame ghosts and gods).

When sowing rice seeds, if the water in the field is too deep for the rice seeds to sink before, then a sudden strong wind will blow and the rice seeds will accumulate in a corner of the rice field, which is the second kind of disaster. Therefore, we should pay attention to sowing rice seeds after the wind subsides, so that the seeds will sink evenly and grow into seedlings. After rice seeds grow seedlings, they are afraid of birds pecking, which is the third kind of disaster. Put up a pole in the rice field, and some fake eagles and fake people can fly in the wind to drive away birds. When transplanted rice seedlings are not completely rooted, once they catch up with rainy weather, more than half of them will be damaged, which is the fourth kind of disaster. As long as there are three sunny days in a row, all the seedlings can survive. After the seedlings turn green and grow new leaves, the fertility in the soil is constantly distributed. When the hot air brought by the south wind is smoked, insects (like cocoons) will be born in the leaf sheaths and stems of rice, which is the fifth disaster. I hope that God will encounter a westerly storm at this time, so that pests can be eliminated and rice can grow normally.

After the heading of rice, the "ghost fire" drifts around at night and scorches the rice, which is the sixth kind of disaster. The "jack-o'-lantern" is scattered from rotten wood. Wood and fire are like mother and son. The fire is hidden in the wood. When the wood is not bad, the fire will always be hidden in the wood. Every rainy year, most of the graves in the wilderness were dug by foxes and collapsed, and the coffin boards in the graves were soaked in water and rotted. This is the so-called mother body broken, huo tong lost her attachment, so she left her mother body and flew around. However, no matter how dark the fire is, it can't cover the sun. It can only rush out of the gap in the grave after sunset, but it can't fly higher and can only wander a few feet high. The leaves and ears of rice burn as soon as they meet. The person who banished the "jack-o'-lantern" thought it was a ghost when he saw a fire at the root of the tree, so he raised a stick and beat it hard, so there was the saying of "ghost-burning dry wood". He didn't know that "jack-o'-lantern" always disappeared at the sight of light (everything that was not lit by people belonged to yin fire, so it went out at the sight of light).

From seedling turning green to heading and fruiting, early-maturing rice needs three buckets of water and late-maturing rice needs five buckets of water. If there is no water, you will die (a liter of water is missing before harvesting, and the number of grains is still so much, but it will be more broken after grinding or mortar processing). This is the seventh disaster. In the aspect of water diversion irrigation, people's intelligence and wisdom have been fully exerted.

When the rice is ripe, if it encounters strong wind, it will blow off the rice grains; If it rains for ten days in a row, the grain will rot by itself after being wet by water, which is the eighth kind of disaster. However, in Fiona Fang, the scope of wind disasters generally does not exceed three miles. Generally speaking, the scope of rain disaster in Fiona Fang will not exceed 300 miles. This is only a local disaster, and the scope involved is not very wide. Grain can't be blown away by wind. If poor farmers encounter rainy days, they can put wet rice in a pot, cook it to remove chaff and cook fried rice to satisfy their hunger. This is also a remedy to survive natural disasters.

water conservancy

Among the "five grains", rice is most afraid of drought and needs water more than other grains. The soil quality of paddy field is different from sandy soil, clay and poor fat soil, and the situation varies from place to place. Some paddy fields dried up after three days of irrigation, and some dried up after half a month. If it doesn't rain, we must rely on manpower to divert water to make up for it.

If there is a truck by the river, it is necessary to build a dam to stop the water flow, let the water bypass the lower part of the truck, impact the wheel rotation of the truck, and pour the water into the bucket, so that the water in the bucket will be poured into the water collection tank and then diverted to the field. All-weather water diversion is not a problem, even if it is water from hundreds of acres of fields (when water is not used, the waterwheel can be blocked with a cork to prevent it from turning). At the lakeside and pond where there is no running water, some people use cows to pull the turntable and then drive the waterwheel, and some people trample and turn the waterwheel together. The waterwheel body is two feet long and one foot short. In the car, a series of wooden boards are connected by keels, and the water in a space is trapped, making it retrograde upward. A person who works with a water truck all day can water about five acres of land, and the effect can be twice as high with cow power.

In shallow pools and ditches, if there is no place to put a long waterwheel, you can use a few feet long hand-cranked waterwheel. A person can water two acres of land a day by holding the crank with both hands and turning it quickly. Several sails are used in Yangzhou area, and the waterwheel is driven by wind. When the wind blows, the waterwheel turns and the wind stops the waterwheel. This kind of car is specially used for drainage, which can drain the accumulated water from planting. Because it is used for drainage rather than irrigation, it is not suitable for drought resistance. As for irrigation with oranges and windlass, the efficiency is even lower.

wheat

There are many kinds of wheat. Wheat is called "Lai" and is the most important kind of wheat. Barley is called "Mou" and "Mine". Other miscellaneous wheat is called "sparrow" and "buckwheat". They are all called wheat because they are sown at the same time, and the flowers are similar in shape, and they are all ground into flour to eat.

In China, in Hebei, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Shandong and other places, wheat accounts for half, millet, millet, rice and sorghum account for half. The westernmost reaches Sichuan and Yunnan, the easternmost reaches Fujian and Zhejiang, and the central regions such as Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Hunan and Hubei. About one-twentieth of Fiona Fang's 6,000 miles have wheat. Wheat is ground into flour to make flower rolls, cakes, steamed bread and noodle soup, but dinner is not cooked in the morning and evening. Only one-fiftieth of the people have different kinds of wheat. The poor eat it for breakfast and the rich don't eat it. Lolium perenne is only produced in Shaanxi, also called highland barley, that is, barley. Its skin color changes with the soil quality. Shaanxi people use it to feed horses, and people only eat it in times of famine (barley is also sticky, and people use it to make wine in the area between the Yellow River and Luoshui). Bromus spike is relatively small, more than ten grains per spike, and occasionally there are wild ones. As for buckwheat, it is actually not wheat, but because people also use it to grind flour to satisfy their hunger, so the name of wheat has been handed down, so it is classified as wheat. Wheat in the north experiences climate change in autumn, winter, spring and summer. Sow in autumn and harvest in early summer of the following year. The time from sowing to harvesting of southern wheat is relatively short. It is also a miracle that the wheat in Jiangnan blooms at night and the wheat in Jiangbei blooms during the day. The sowing and harvesting dates of barley are basically the same as those of wheat. Buckwheat should be sown in the Mid-Autumn Festival and harvested in less than two months. Buckwheat seedlings will freeze to death in case of frost, so I hope the weather is suitable. If first frost is later, buckwheat may get a bumper harvest.

Maigong

In the initial cultivated land, the process of planting wheat is the same as that of planting rice. However, after sowing, planting rice still needs a lot of hard work, such as ploughing and weeding, while wheat fields only need weeding. The soil in the north is loose black soil, which is easy to cultivate. The methods and tools for growing wheat are different from those for growing rice. Farming and planting go hand in hand. The farm tools dug by cattle do not need plowshares, but are mounted on a crossbar, and two sharp irons are mounted side by side on the crossbar. The dialect is called "cymbals". There is a small bucket in the middle of the "wok", which is filled with wheat grains and drilled with plum blossom eyes at the bottom. When the cow walks, it shakes the bucket and seeds are sown from its eyes. If you want to plant more densely, drive the cows away and sow more; If you want to be thinner, let the cows walk slowly and sow less. After sowing, drag two small stones with a donkey and bury the wheat seeds. Only by compacting the soil can wheat seeds germinate. The soil in the south is different from that in the north. First, plow and rake the wheat field for many times, then mix the seeds with plant ash, sow with your fingers, and then press the soil with your heels, instead of pulling stones and pressing the soil with the donkeys in the north.

After sowing, weed frequently. Weed with a broad hoe. After the wheat seedlings are born, the more you hoe, the better (three or four times). When the weeds are cleared, all the fertilizers in the field can be used to form full wheat grains. If you work hard, it will be easy to get rid of grass, and it will be the same for both the north and the south.

Apply sufficient base fertilizer to the wheat field in advance, and do not apply any fertilizer after sowing. In the Luoshui Valley of Shaanxi and Henan, in order to avoid being eaten by insects, arsenic is used for seed dressing, while only plant ash (commonly known as ground ash) is used for seed dressing in the south. If there is a kind of wheat in the rice field in the south to fertilize the field, it is not required to harvest wheat grains. When spring wheat or barley is still in the green seedling stage, it will be plowed in the field and crushed to death. As a green fertilizer to improve the soil, the yield of rice will definitely double by the autumn harvest.

Other crops can be planted in the gap after wheat harvest. From long summer to the end of autumn, we can choose other crops according to local conditions for nearly half a year. In the south, late-maturing japonica rice is planted after barley is harvested. Farmers' hard work will always be rewarded. Buckwheat is planted after rice is harvested in the south and beans or millet are harvested in the north. Buckwheat is characterized by absorbing more fertilizer, which will make the soil thinner. But its output value is more than half of the original grain, so why not give more fertilizer to hardworking farmers!

Wheat disaster

The disaster of planting wheat is equivalent to one third of that of planting rice. After sowing, it doesn't matter if you encounter snow, frost, sunny days or floods. The characteristic of wheat is that it needs little water. In mid-spring in the north, there will be a pleasant heavy rain, which can wet the ground and make wheat blossom and bear fruit. In areas south of the Yangtze River, such as Jingzhou and Yangzhou, the most feared weather is "mildew rain" (plum rain). If the weather is sunny for ten days in a row during the mature period of wheat, the wheat can ensure a bumper harvest and can't be eaten. There is an agricultural proverb in Yangzhou that "an inch of wheat is not afraid of feet of water", which means that when wheat just grows, it doesn't matter if it is flooded. "A foot of wheat is afraid of an inch of water", that is to say, when the wheat is ripe, even an inch of water can soften the roots, the stems will fall into the mud and the grains will rot in the ground.

There is a bird in the south of the Yangtze River, which has flesh but no bones. Thousands of birds came to peck at the wheat, but the scope of the disaster was not wide, but only dozens of miles in Fiona Fang. Once a locust plague occurs in the area north of the Yangtze River, it will become a catastrophe.

Xiaomi and Xiaomi

Among all kinds of food, many kinds of food are ground into particles instead of powder. Only a few hundred miles apart, these grains are very different in color, taste, shape and quality. Although similar, the names differ by hundreds of thousands. Northerners only call it japonica rice, and the rest are called millet.

Xiaomi and Xiaomi belong to the same category, and Liang and Xiaomi belong to the same category. Millet is also divided into sticky and non-sticky (sticky can be used to make wine), and millet is only non-sticky and non-sticky. Sticky millet and sticky millet are collectively referred to as "glutinous rice". In addition to these two kinds, there is another crop called "glutinous rice". Millet has red, white, yellow, black and other colors. Some people call black millet Xiaomi, which is not correct. As for the early maturity of millet, it is more suitable for sacrifice than other grains, so the early maturity of millet is called millet, which is similar. Mao, Mo, Mo and other names are recorded in classics and Shangshu, and now there are also names such as Niu Mao, Yan Qi, Marco, donkey skin and Mi Wei in dialects. Millet is planted in early March and matured in May. Later it was planted in April and matured in July; Sow in May at the latest and mature in August. The total time of flowering and heading is different from that of wheat (barley and wheat). The size of small grains of rice is determined by the thickness of soil fertility and the quality of seasons. Confucian scholars in the Song Dynasty set the standard of weights and measures rigidly on the millet in a certain area, which was wrong.

Xiaomi and Liang are collectively referred to as yellow rice, and sticky millet can also be used to make wine. In addition, there is a kind of reed millet called sorghum, because its stem is as high as seven feet, which is very similar to reed and jackgrass. There are more kinds and names of millet than millet and millet. Some are named after people's surnames or landscapes, while others are named after shapes and seasons. In short, we can't list them one by one. Shandong people don't know that Liang Su has these names, so they are all called Su.

The above four grains of rice are all planted in spring and harvested in autumn. The farming method is the same as that of wheat, but the time of sowing and harvesting is far from that of wheat.

dead

Hemp is edible and can be used to extract oil. There are only two kinds of hemp and flax. Sesame is sesame, which is said to have been transmitted from Dawan State in Central Asia during the Western Han Dynasty. In ancient times, hemp was listed as one of the "five grains". If you mean hemp, is it appropriate? In my opinion, it is difficult to determine whether the hemp in the "five grains" mentioned in the ancient Book of Songs and Shangshu has been extinct, or whether one of beans and millet has gradually been misnamed.

Now sesame is delicious and versatile, even if it is placed first in the hundred valleys. Hemp seed can't squeeze out much oil, and hemp skin is made of coarse cloth, which is of little value. Sesame won't be hungry for long as it is eaten in small quantities. Sticking sesame seeds on cakes and sweets will make them taste good and of high quality. Sesame oil can make hair shiny, increase fat, remove foul smell and produce fragrance when cooked, and can also treat acne. If farmers can grow more sesame seeds, the benefits are inexhaustible.

Sesame planting methods include ridging and ridging. Break the clods as much as possible and remove weeds, and then sow with wet plant ash and sesame seeds. Early sesame seeds should be sown in March, and late sesame seeds should be sown before the heat. Sesame planted early will not blossom and bear fruit until the Mid-Autumn Festival. Weeding depends entirely on hoes. Sesame has three colors: black, white and red. This kind of fruit is about an inch long. The fruit has four edges, and the fruit is small and few; Eight edges, big fruit and many grains. This is all caused by the fatness of the land, which has nothing to do with the variety characteristics. Sesame can extract 40 kg of oil per stone, and the remaining dead residue is used to fertilize the field; If there is a famine, save it for others to eat.

bean

There are as many kinds of beans as rice and millet, and the sowing and harvesting time is continuous all year round. People regard beans as an important food in their daily diet.

One is soybean, which has two colors of black and yellow, and the sowing date is around Tomb-Sweeping Day. There are three kinds of yellow: May yellow, June explosion and winter yellow. The yield of "Mayyellow" is low, and "Winter Yellow" is twice as high as it. Black beans must not be harvested until August, and mules and horses carrying long-distance goods in Huaibei area must eat black beans to be strong.

How much soybean is harvested depends on the quality of the soil, whether weeding is diligent and whether there is enough rain. Douchi, bean paste and tofu are all made of soybeans. There is also a kind of soybean called "Gaojiaohuang" in the south of the Yangtze River, which is planted only after the early rice is cut in June, and can be harvested in September and 10. The planting method of soybean in Ji 'an, Jiangxi Province is very clever. After harvesting, the rice stubble field is no longer ploughed, and only three or four soybean seeds are poked with fingers in each stubble. The dew condensed from rice stubble moistens the beans, and after the bean germ grows, it is nourished by soaked rice roots. After the beans emerge, when there is no rain, water about one liter of water at a time. Then water and weed, and you can have a bumper harvest. When soybeans do not germinate after sowing, in order to avoid the harm of pigeons and birds, someone must drive them away.

One is mung bean, round and small like a pearl. It must be planted in summer. If planted before summer, bean sprouts will grow to several feet long, but pods are very rare. If the seeds are sown after a slight summer heat or even in the heat, they will bloom and bear pods at any time, and the number of beans will be very small. There are also two varieties of mung beans, one is called "Caiqing", and its pods are picked first, and people pick them every day. The other is called "La Qing", and we will harvest it together when it is ripe. Grinding mung beans into pulp, removing the pulp and drying in the sun can make starch, vermicelli and vermicelli, all of which are very popular foods. The remaining slurry of soybean powder can be used to irrigate the land with high fertilizer efficiency. To store mung bean seeds, some people use plant ash and lime, some people use Polygonum hydropiper, and some people use loess and seeds to mix well before harvesting, so that even in April and May, there is no need to worry about being eaten by insects. Hard-working people will take out mung beans and dry them many times in sunny days to avoid being eaten by insects. When planting mung beans in the harvested rice fields in summer and autumn, you must use a long-handled axe to break up the clods, so as to grow stronger seedlings.

After sowing mung beans, if it rains heavily and the soil hardens, the bean seedlings will not grow. After the emergence of mung beans, it is necessary to prevent the rain from soaking, and the water in the field should be discharged in time. When planting mung beans and soybeans, the cultivated land should be shallow, not too deep. Because beans are short and straight crops, if the soil is too deep, bean sprouts will be bent by clods, and at least half of them will not germinate. Therefore, "deep ploughing" does not apply to beans, and farmers in the past did not understand.

One is pea with black spots, which is as round as mung bean, but bigger than mung bean. /kloc-sow in October and harvest in May of the following year. It can also be planted under deciduous trees in Ye Wan in spring.

One is broad bean, the pod is like silkworm, and the bean grain is bigger than soybean. Sowing in August and harvesting in April of the following year, people in western Zhejiang generally plant mulberry trees. Originally, crops could not grow well under the cover of leaves, but broad beans and peas have grown into beans when the leaves are flourishing. There are many broad beans in the upper reaches of Xianghe and Hanshui rivers in Hubei Province, and the prices are cheap. As food, their value is not less than that of millet.

One is adzuki bean. Adzuki bean has high special curative effect when used as medicine. White adzuki bean (also called Mi Dou) can be eaten as a meal-it will taste better when mixed. Adzuki beans are sown in summer solstice and harvested in September, and are planted in large quantities in the area between the Yangtze River and Huaihe River.

One is Ji (silver green) bean, which used to be wild in the fields, but now it is planted in large quantities in the north. Used to make starch and vermicelli, it can be comparable to mung beans. Small vendors in Beijing peddle "Ji Du Pi" all day, which shows that their output must be quite large.

One is white lentils crawling along the fence, also known as moth-eyebrow beans.

Other varieties, such as green skin and brown skin in cowpea, tiger bean, sword bean and soybean, are only planted in some places, so it is impossible to describe them in detail. These beans are used by ordinary people as vegetables or as food substitutes. How can a knowledgeable reader who cares about nature ignore them?