Read a solar term poem? Summer solstice

Dream with Xia and Su Ke's memory of Lu.

Recalling Suzhou Day, I am always familiar with the summer solstice feast.

Zongzi is fragrant and tender, and crispy goose is fresh.

There are many pavilions and pavilions in the water town, as well as Wu's orchestra.

Every family has wine, and the boat has nowhere to cross.

Hand over the seal. I'm right in front.

The village is old, and the east looks the same.

It's a rainy day in the south of the Yangtze River.

It has been thirteen years since Yun Qi went upstairs.

In the third year of Tang Kaicheng (AD 838), just after the Summer Solstice, the great poet Bai Juyi wrote this article "A Guest in Suzhou in the Summer". "Dream" is the word of Bai Juyi's good friend Liu Yuxi.

They not only have a good personal relationship, but also have the same poem title, which is called "Bai Liu" in history. According to the old people's habit of addressing gay friends, of course, one is called Lotte and the other is called Dream. They didn't go any further. One is called "Lele" and the other is called "MengMeng", which is enough to take care of the audience's spit index.

The article "Lele" was written for singing "Remembering Luke in Summer" on Sunday this summer. Unfortunately, his "Xia Yi Suzhou Ke Xiu Lu" has been lost, and we can no longer know what he wrote, so we can only guess from the poem "Lele".

When I was in Suzhou, I was always familiar with the summer solstice feast: when I was in Suzhou that year, I was very familiar with the summer solstice feast.

As a famous gourmet in the Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi said here that he was very familiar with the local banquets in Suzhou, which was really modest.

Although his achievements in Suzhou secretariat are not bad, and he himself is not a corrupt official who only likes to eat and drink, with the respect of the secretariat's adult and the nature of a romantic scholar, the necessary and unnecessary entertainment is greatly reduced. Therefore, here he should say, "I remember my days in Suzhou, and I often ate Suzhou banquets." This is the attitude of seeking truth from facts.

The bamboo tube of zongzi is tender, and the roast goose is fresh: the zongzi in the tender bamboo tube has an attractive aroma and the roast goose is delicious.

In the poem, Bai Juyi misses two kinds of delicious food in Suzhou most: zongzi and roasted goose.

Zongzi originated from Qu Yuan's offering sacrifices to the sun, but in the Tang Dynasty, Zongzi was also called "crossing toes". Moreover, in the Tang Dynasty, in addition to using zongzi leaves, it seems that bamboo tubes were used to make zongzi from poems. It can be proved that Shen Yazhi, a writer in the Tang Dynasty, once wrote bamboo tube zongzi: "Pu Yeqing knife, drum fragrant Chu zongzi." "Transportation pipe" is "bamboo tube".

The most noteworthy thing about this sentence is "hot". "Roast" is what we call barbecue today. Like what we eat today, the ancient people in China always like to eat barbecue.

Barbecue has also been a cooking method since the pre-Qin period. There is a saying in The Book of Songs Xiaoya that "there is a rabbit, and it is burnt". That's when the ancients ate roast rabbits. In the Tang Dynasty, barbecues became more common. For example, in The Whole Tang Poetry, the word "roasted" appeared as many as 90 times in the writings of poets who ate vegetables.

According to incomplete statistics, the barbecue menu of Tang people includes roast yak, roast hump, roast chicken, roast duck, roast goose, roast mutton, roast elephant trunk, roast boar, roast bamboo rat, roast mandarin duck, roast myna, roast toad, roast swimming crab, roast clam, roast clam and grilled fish.

Writing here, my mouth is watering anyway: I just entered the barbecue menu, and there are birds and animals; There are delicacies; There are meat and vegetables. As for barbecue techniques, there are more than 20 kinds such as holding, pounding, cutting, roasting and roasting. It turns out that the barbecue in the Tang Dynasty is better than ours.

Since Bai Juyi said "roast goose" in his poem, let's focus on how the Tang people roasted goose. According to historical records, there are at least three baking methods:

The first is the most normal baking method. According to Qi Yaomin's Book, the "roast goose" should be roasted by pounding and roasting young geese. First cut into strips and marinate with seasoning. "Only when the fire is urgent will the juice be cooked." According to my personal weekend cooking experience, goose can't be "roasted" on a small fire, otherwise it will dry into firewood and lose its delicious taste.

Second, the most local roasting method: According to Lu's Miscellaneous Notes, "In each episode, geese are taken according to the number of people, the five internal organs are removed, and the meat and glutinous rice are brewed, and the five flavors are blended. Take a bite of the sheep first, peel it, remove the intestines and stomach, put the goose in the sheep and sew it up. When the mutton is cooked, it's as good as herding sheep. Eating the goose is called the sheep. " In order to eat a few geese and throw away a whole sheep, it is estimated that Bai Juyi is unlikely to eat it in Suzhou, mainland China.

The third is the most abnormal baking method. A report in "Guan Gong" said: "It is easy to make a big iron cage, put geese and ducks in it, pick up charcoal fire inside, and store five flavors of juice in a copper basin. Goose and duck walk around the fire, and when they are thirsty to drink their juice, the fire will hurt their bodies. If they are cooked inside and outside, their hair will fall off and red meat will die. " For a bite, it is the most abnormal barbecue in history.

Of course, Mr. Zhang Yizhi, as we all know, is not easy: as Wu Zetian's little lover in bed in his later years, Metamorphosis has always been the main theme in his life; So in his daily life under the bed, he occasionally changed his attitude, abused and even killed small animals. I hope you understand, eternal life.

It is estimated that the roast goose Bai Juyi ate in Suzhou was cooked by the first normal roasting method.

Well, it seems a little far. Let's go back to poetry.

There are many pavilions and pavilions in the water town, and Wu Orchestra: Wu's Suzhou is known as the water town, and there are dancing pavilions and singing platforms everywhere, full of the music of silk and bamboo orchestras.

Every family has wine and boats everywhere: on the solstice in summer, every family has wine to entertain guests and boats to shuttle everywhere.

When it comes to making a secretariat in Suzhou, it's mine first. You two are the former and the latter.

Bai Juyi, Liu Yuxi and Lu Ke all served as Suzhou secretariat, among which Liu Yuxi and Lu Ke still had mutual sealing relationship.

"Wan Wei" is a rare allusion of Bai Juyi, who has been writing poems in plain language. This allusion comes from Jia Cong, the secretariat of Yizhou in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

According to the system of the Eastern Han Dynasty, when the local secretariat took office, it was necessary to "drive the sedan chair, hang the red curtain and meet the state boundary" to demonstrate strictly. However, when Jia Cong took office as Yizhou Secretariat, he raised a red veil in front of the car and said, "Yizhou Secretariat is far-sighted, and if you listen to what it says, you will stop beauty and evil. Why not hang down the veil and cover it? " It was ordered by the charioteer. Hundreds of cities smell the wind and naturally shake. All the cheaters are looking for the wind to solve the problem. "

Since then, the allusion "Wan Wei" has been used to describe honest and clean local officials. Bai Juyi's allusions here not only imply that his position at that time was the same as that of Jia Cong, but also a secretariat position, and at the same time he was quite boastful. But as far as his achievements in Suzhou are concerned, he can afford the word "screen".

The village is old, but it looks the same to the east: now that the three of us are old, we still miss Suzhou from Luoyang to the east.

It's rainy in the south of the Yangtze River: Luoyang is the season of wheat harvest at present, and it's also rainy in Suzhou in the south of the Yangtze River.

It's been thirteen years since Yun Qi Upstairs: It's been thirteen years since I was upstairs in Suzhou thinking about Yun Qi's past.

Yun Qi Tower, a famous building in Suzhou, was renamed by Bai Juyi. Yun Qi Building, formerly known as "Yuehua Building", is said to have been built by Li Ming, the 14th son of Li Shimin of Emperor Taizong, when he was appointed as the secretariat of Suzhou. When Bai Juyi was appointed as the secretariat of Suzhou, he took the meaning of "height and cloud" and changed his name to "Yun Qi Building".

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During the summer, Bai Juyi and Liu Yuxi sang in chorus, and the book "Dream of Summer in Suzhou" revealed a story of officialdom in the Tang Dynasty.

This official story lies in Bai Juyi's comment on this poem: "Give Liu and Lu, learn from Suzhou, the same today, but older than Luo."

It turns out that Bai Juyi, Liu Yuxi and the guests mentioned in the poem have had two unusual officialdom experiences:

The first is "Suzhou": that is, several years ago, these three men successively held the post of Suzhou secretariat.

This is a historical fact: Bai Juyi was first appointed as Suzhou secretariat, and was transferred in May of Bao Liyuan (AD 825) and September of the following year, with a total term of 17 months. So he said "I am in front" in the poem; Liu Yuxi became the secretariat of Suzhou, from February in the sixth year of Daiwa (AD 832) to July in the eighth year of Daiwa, for a total of 29 months; After Liu Yuxi was transferred, it was Lu Zhouren, the "Luke" mentioned in the poem, who succeeded him as the secretariat of Suzhou in August of the eighth year of Daiwa (AD 834), so Bai Juyi said in his poem that "tribute is the most important thing".

Second, when Bai Juyi, a "modern teacher", wrote "Summer in a Dream, Remembering Suzhou Kelu", the three men also served as "department officials" and supported the elderly in Luoyang, the eastern capital.

Among the three, Bai Juyi is the oldest "secretary" official. As early as the end of March in the third year of Daiwa (AD 829), Bai Juyi had already come to Luoyang as a "Prince Guest Capital". It was not until the first year of Kaicheng (AD 836) that Liu Yuxi was awarded the title of "The Prince is the capital of the East" and also came to Luoyang. Lv Zhouren came to Luoyang at the latest. He wrote poetry in the period of Bai Juyi, that is, three years (AD 838), and was appointed as the "Prince Guest Capital".

However, although Lu Zhouren came late, it was crucial. He is like a fuse, igniting the Suzhou memories of Liu Yuxi and Bai Juyi, and detonating Liu Yuxi and Bai Juyi's Suzhou poems.

In other words, it is precisely because Lu Zhouren also came to Luoyang as a "secretary" that Liu Yuxi's thoughts about Suzhou were touched, and Liu Yuxi wrote "Memories of Xia Ke's guest appearance in Suzhou"; It also touched Bai Juyi's yearning for Suzhou, and Bai Juyi wrote "Suzhou in the Dream".

This year, "Bai Bin" and "Liu Bin" were both 67 years old, while "Lu Bin" could not know his age because of the unknown year of birth and death. However, since both of them were supporting the elderly in Luoyang, it was obvious that they were of the same age.

The "official" or "Prince's guest divided the east capital" served by the three of them at this time belonged to another official system established separately in Luoyang, the east capital of the Tang Dynasty, and was independent of the capital Chang 'an.

Du Dong's official system can be divided into Du Dong government agencies, Du Dong Yushitai and Du Dong affairs agencies.

Du Dong administrative agencies mainly refer to Shangshu Province and its subordinate institutions, which have the functions of guarding Du Dong, maintaining public order, developing economy, and taking charge of civil affairs, and are positions with certain powers and responsibilities among "secretary" officials;

Du Dong Yushitai is also a real power institution, which is responsible for supervising all officials in Du Dong;

Du Dong affairs institutions mainly refer to the officials of the Nine Halls and Five Supervisors, Zhongshu Province, Palace Hall and Oriental Palace. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, Dongdu Affairs Office basically had no powers and responsibilities, mainly providing for retired officials.

At this time, the three of them served as the "Prince Guest Company's East Capital", that is, the East Palace official under the East Capital Affairs Department. Although he has no job and no right, he is idle and rich.

Bai Juyi's poems tell us that in the summer of the third year of Kaicheng (AD 838), there were three idle and rich old people on the solstice. They had been the secretariat of Suzhou, and now they are retired in Luoyang. They thought of Suzhou.

Of the three old people, Liu Yuxi, who wrote poems first, certainly misses Suzhou the most, because he is from Suzhou. He lived in Suzhou until 19 years old. Before leaving Suzhou, he spent his childhood and adolescence. For Liu Yuxi, Suzhou is his hometown where he was born and raised in Sri Lanka.

Therefore, taking Suzhou as the secretariat of Suzhou, he naturally tried his best to contribute to the construction of his hometown. In the first year of his assassination, Suzhou suffered a serious flood. As soon as Liu Yuxi arrived, he devoted himself to the intense flood relief work.

He went deep into the people, visited the disaster situation, reported the disaster losses and people's sufferings to the court in time, and strived for the tax exemption policy for Suzhou people. By the time he was transferred, Suzhou not only eliminated the impact of floods, but also resumed production, and the economy also showed the momentum of recovery.

To this end, the court evaluated Liu Yuxi's political achievements during his stay in Suzhou as "the best in politics" and awarded him the honor of "giving Zijin Fish Bag". This is also the only time that Liu Yuxi was politically down and out and was proud of officialdom.

Homesickness, coupled with such unforgettable experience, Liu Can Yuxi doesn't remember Suzhou?

Bai Juyi, who writes peace poems, is of course a person who misses Suzhou very much. Although he is not from Suzhou but from Henan, he also spent his childhood in Suzhou.

In the fourth year of Zhong Jian (AD 783), Bai Fu sent 12-year-old Bai Juyi to Suzhou to escape the war. It was during the period of living in Suzhou and Hangzhou that 15-year-old Bai Juyi began to study angrily. "I knew there were scholars who studied hard." It was not until the seventh year of Zhenyuan (AD 79 1) that Bai Juyi was 20 years old that he left Suzhou.

When Bai Juyi was studying in Suzhou, he was very envious of the talents of Wei, the secretariat of Suzhou, and Fang Rufu, the secretariat of Hangzhou. However, at that time, he was still young, not famous, and had no chance to visit these two idols. "You can't use your youth to hold a banquet, especially if you feel that you are in man of great talent and your county is respected."

Therefore, Bai Juyi secretly made a wish in his heart: "It will be enough for Su and Hanggou to win a county the next day!" -In the future, as long as I get any position in Suzhou Secretariat and Hangzhou Secretariat, this life will be enough.

It is said that God loves Bai Juyi very much. In July of the second year of Changqing (AD 822), Bai Juyi, aged 5 1 year, became the secretariat of Hangzhou. Since then, in March of Bao Liyuan (AD 825), Bai Juyi was appointed as Suzhou secretariat. When I was a teenager, the dream of "Su and Hang Gou each got a county" was realized in both counties, and my childhood dream was also surpassed.

Therefore, there are still dreams. What if it comes true?

In Suzhou, Bai Juyi actually only did one thing. But this one thing has influenced Suzhou for thousands of years, and it is still there today.

At that time, in order to facilitate Suzhou's land and water transportation, Bai Juyi took the lead in digging a Shantang River from Tiger Hill in the west to Nagato in the east, connecting the ancient city with Sichuan in the north and south, which was both "disease-free" and "blocked by water flow", thus creating the famous landscape "Qili Shantang" that still exists in Suzhou.

Bai Juyi left Suzhou because of illness. He was injured when he fell off his horse, his eye disease recurred, and he had other plans for his future life, so he had to reluctantly leave Suzhou.

On the occasion of parting, he reluctantly wrote "Farewell to Suzhou": "Looking at Wuqiu Road and enjoying Shuige. I'm glad to go back to my hometown. Can I go to the county without mercy? "

Not only reluctant to leave, Bai Juyi also suffered from "Suzhou lovesickness" from now on:

When he left in the fourth year, he missed Suzhou and wrote "Recalling Suzhou's Early Spring Dream": "I sincerely know that happiness is worth nostalgia, and it has been four years since I left my hometown";

After leaving the sixth year, I miss Suzhou again, and wrote "Remembering the past": "I was wild six or seven years ago, and I thought about it three thousand miles away";

After leaving Xia Hou for thirteen years, I missed Suzhou again, and wrote this song "Dreaming of Summer Remembering Suzhou Kelu": "Recalling Suzhou Day, I always know the summer banquet";

After walking for eighteen years, I miss Suzhou again and wrote "Send Wang Qing to Suzhou": "I left Suzhou for eighteen years ... and the white envoy is still there."

He can write so many poems just by thinking of Suzhou. This old man is really wordy. Identification is complete.

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Solstice is the earliest of the 24 solar terms. As early as the seventh century BC, our ancestors measured the shadow of the sun with earth gauges and determined the summer solstice.

However, before Qin and Han Dynasties, this solar term was not called summer solstice. It is called "Riyong" in Shangshu Yaodian and "Rijiu" in Lv Chunqiu. It was not until the Han Dynasty that it was called "summer solstice".

Fifteen days after the seed of the awn, the bucket refers to the noon of the summer solstice. On this day, the day reaches the north, with long days and short shadows, so it is called the summer solstice. Do your best.

Therefore, the arrival of the summer solstice does not mean arrival, but extremes and extremes.

Solstice of summer, Solstice of summer, extreme of summer.

On the day of summer solstice, the emperor will hold a ceremony to worship the land on this day. "The summer solstice is a grand ceremony in this country." Because of the bumper harvest of wheat during the summer solstice, ordinary people will also hold a ceremony of "recommending new wheat" to worship their ancestors.

Throughout the south of the Yangtze River, there is also the custom of eating "summer solstice porridge": "porridge is cooked with new Mecca sugar, Coix seed, Euryale euryales, lotus plumule and red dates, which is called" summer solstice porridge ",or" porridge is cooked with wheat, broad beans, red beans, red dates and rice, which can be eaten together ".

Of course, as Bai Juyi wrote in his poem, on the day of summer solstice, we can have a big meal, eat zongzi, roast goose, drink wine, enjoy ourselves and find a sense of ceremony.