Development course of high-altitude meteorological observation

From the middle of18th century, the experiment of directly detecting meteorological elements in the upper air with kites and manned balloons began (see A Brief History of the Development of Atmospheric Science). /kloc-at the end of 0/9, France, Germany and the United States invented and improved the air sounder.

1896 organized the European international sounding balloon test, which is the embryonic form of the high-altitude meteorological observation station network. With the development of meteorological balloon and optical theodolite, the method of measuring wind with small ball theodolite is gradually established.

From the end of 1920s to 1930s, based on the development of telegraph, compilation and short-wave radio technology, radiosonde, radio theodolite and wind radar were successively developed, which laid the foundation for establishing a global network of high-altitude observation stations. A meteorological rocket was developed in the 1940s, and its detection altitude exceeded 100 km.

Since the 1960s, the development of meteorological satellites and atmospheric remote sensing technology has promoted the development of all-weather and global high-altitude meteorological detection. At present, the technical characteristics of various high-altitude observation systems are quantitative control and real-time processing by using radio telemetry, remote control technology and computer microprocessor.

The rational layout of global high-altitude station network, the application of new technologies and methods and the full use of various detection systems are the characteristics of modern high-altitude integrated observation system. A large number of high-altitude meteorological observation data measured and provided by various systems play an important role in revealing the structure of the atmosphere, establishing atmospheric science theory and improving the accuracy of weather forecast. Since the 1960s, the consistency of various high-altitude detection methods and the comparability of data have always been a concern and solution for all countries.