Brief introduction of Oroqen nationality

Brief introduction of Oroqen nationality

Oroqen people are mainly distributed in Oroqen Autonomous Banner, Zhalantun City, Molidawa Banner and Arong Banner in the northeast of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tahe, Huma, Xunke, Jiayin County and Heihe City in Heilongjiang Province. The word "Oroqen" has two meanings: "people who use reindeer" and "people on the mountain".

The Oroqen people have their own language, and Chinese is widely used. Believe in Shamanism and worship natural objects.

Before the founding of New China, the Oroqen nationality was still in a primitive society, and there was no social division of labor within the society, only the natural division of labor among men, women and children. Social production is dominated by collective hunting, supplemented by gathering and fishing. After 1950s, with the support of * * * *, the Oroqen people began to go out of the forest to engage in farming and industry.

History of Oroqen nationality

The Oroqen nationality is one of the ancient nationalities in northern China. "Oroqen" is a national self-declaration, meaning "people on the mountain" or "people with reindeer". The Oroqen people have long been mainly hunting, supplemented by gathering and fishing. Almost all men are excellent riders and shooters. They are familiar with the habits and laws of various wild animals and have rich hunting experience.

It first lived in the vast area north of Heilongjiang and south of Xing 'an Mountains, starting from Lake Baikal in the west and reaching Sakhalin Island in the east. /kloc-In the middle of the 0/7th century, Russia invaded, and some Oroqen people moved south from northern Heilongjiang to Daxinganling. Now it is distributed in Oroqen Autonomous Banner, Nanmu, Eighteen Stations in Heilongjiang Province, Baiyin, Xunke and Jiayin in Inner Mongolia. In the 1940s, they were still a nomadic people, retaining the remnants of primitive communes. Their prey is evenly distributed within the tribe, and some primitive consumption and even distribution habits are preserved. The old, the weak, the injured and the disabled not only got a share, but also got more. Now they have settled down, bid farewell to hunting and become protectors of forests and wildlife. The Oroqen people are ingenious and can make exquisite handicrafts from birch bark-clothes, shoes, boxes, baskets, barrels, boxes, and even lightweight birch boats. These articles are exquisite in design, light and durable, exquisite and generous.

Oroqen music

There are more than 3,000 Oroqen people, mainly distributed in Oroqen Autonomous Banner of Hulunbeier League in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Huma County in Heilongjiang Province. Their language belongs to Altaic language family and has no mother tongue. The Oroqen people believe in shamanism.

Zha Ender is a song improvised by Oroqen people with some fixed tunes. There are many kinds and styles. Accompanied by harmonica and tambourine, circle dance dotted the vast grassland.

Olunchun etiquette

The Oroqen people attach great importance to etiquette, and it is a tradition to respect the old and love the young. No matter what the occasion, we must let the old people sit in the right position. Old people have to open a cup when drinking, and only when the old man raises a knife and moves chopsticks can other people move.

The Oroqen people are hospitable and guests come. In addition to good wine and meat, guests should also give away their own local products when they leave. Oroqen people are hospitable and simple, and hunters bring meat back. Whether they know each other or not, as long as you say you want some meat, the host will give you the hunting knife at once, and the guests will help themselves. The host is very generous.

Oroqen Festival

On the morning of the 23rd of the twelfth lunar month and the Spring Festival every year, Oroqen families worship Vulcan, burn incense to bonfires, throw a piece of meat and sprinkle a glass of wine. When guests come to pay a New Year call, they also worship the fire first, and then throw a piece of meat and a glass of wine into the fire (mostly brought by guests).

The marriage custom of Oroqen nationality

Oroqen clothing

Oroqen people wear wide robes. Because in the past, I was mainly engaged in hunting, and my clothes were mostly made of deer, leopard and suede. The neckline, cuffs, hem and slit of the robe are decorated with embroidery and patchwork, and moire and antlers are commonly used. Wear a fur hat with felt on it and various decorations and colorful spikes sewn on it; The girl wears a hair band decorated with beads, shells, buttons, etc. Men go hunting and wear leopard coats, leather pants, leopard hats and fur coats. Nowadays, cloth clothes and rubber shoes are widely worn in daily life, but fur clothing is still worn when hunting.

Clothing style

Clothing patterns mainly include geometric patterns, plant patterns and animal patterns:

Geometric patterns. The largest number is dot pattern, triangle pattern, ripple pattern, wavy pattern, semi-circular pattern, single palindrome, double palindrome, T-shaped pattern, square pattern, vortex pattern and so on. Most of them are combined in large quantities according to individual needs to produce new patterns and rhythms.

Grow grain. The number is next, including leaf pattern, tree pattern, pattern and bud pattern, among which Nanzhuo rib pattern is particularly prominent and widely used. The Oroqen language "South Chuluo Flower" means "the most beautiful flower" and symbolizes pure love. It is mostly used for dowry of girls to show the innocence and happiness of love. The flower shape is cross-shaped, which is represented by the deformation pattern of clouds.

Animal patterns. The number is the least, mainly including butterfly pattern, deer pattern, deer head moire pattern and horse pattern. There are also patterns of other nationalities, such as the word "shou".

In the long-term hunting life, the Oroqen people created a leopard skin costume culture with national characteristics. Leopard skin is not only durable and wear-resistant, but also excellent in cold resistance. Leopard skins in different seasons can be used to make different clothes. For example, leopard skin is long and dense in autumn and winter.

Thick and firm skin, strong cold resistance, suitable for winter wear. Leopard print fur is sparse and short in summer, which is suitable for spring and summer clothing.

The costumes of Oroqen nationality are mainly robes, mainly including fur robes, fur coats, leather pants, leather pants, leather boots, leather socks, leather gloves, leather vests and leopard hats. The most distinctive is the leopard-print scalp cap.

This kind of hat is made of whole leopard skin. The method is: peel off the leopard's scalp, cook it, paste black skin on two holes in the eye socket, cut off two ears, sew two fake ears with leopard skin, and keep the leopard horn as usual. This kind of hat not only keeps out the cold and keeps warm, but also is an excellent camouflage for hunting. It is said that if you don't wear two fake ears, the hunter will mistake it for a real leopard in the distance and accidentally injure it.

Oroqen diet

In the past, all kinds of animal meat have been the staple food. Usually one or two meals are eclipsed, and the meal time is not fixed. In recent years, there are many varieties of rice and flour in the daily diet of Oroqen people, and bread jiaozi is also very common.

Oroqen people eat all kinds of meat. In addition to all kinds of wild animals in the forest, they also prey on birds and fish in the river. Meat is the most common food, followed by meat, and the nose is considered delicious.

Adult men of Oroqen nationality like to drink. They drink two kinds of wine. One is koumiss, which is fermented with koumiss, millet and millet for a week, and then steamed in a steamer for every household to brew. The other is liquor, mostly imported from other places.

Oroqen architecture

"Xie Renzhu" is the Oroqen language, which means "wooden house". It is a simple conical house made of twenty or thirty wooden poles with a length of five or six meters and animal skin or birch bark. The structure of the inclined column is very simple: firstly, several wooden poles with branches at the top can be meshed with each other to form a conical frame with an inclination of about 6 0 degrees, and then other wooden poles are evenly placed between these main frames to form an umbrella-shaped skeleton. Covered with leopard skin or birch bark, the "inclined column" is built to protect against rain in summer and cold in winter. There should be a gap at the top of the inclined column, so that it can ventilate and smoke when making a fire, and it can light up. There is also a door to the south or southeast, which can let people in and out. The covering on the inclined column should be replaced according to the overlapping seasons. It is cold in winter and covered with leopard skin. A diagonal column needs about fifty or sixty leopard skins. When the weather gets warmer in spring, you can change birch bark. Inclined columns are mostly built in the leeward and sunny places of hillsides, and in summer they are mostly built in places with higher terrain and cool ventilation.

The inclined column structure is simple, the cover is easy to take off, and the raw materials used are almost readily available. It is the product of Oroqen hunting life. After settling down, most Oroqen people lived in spacious and bright brick or civil houses. This relatively primitive mobile house is only built occasionally during hunting in autumn and winter, for shelter from rain or temporary cold.

Oroqen custom

The Oroqen people attach great importance to etiquette, and it is a tradition to respect the old and love the young. No matter what the occasion, we must let the old people sit in the right position. Old people have to open a cup when drinking, and only when the old man raises a knife and moves chopsticks can other people move.

The Oroqen people are hospitable and guests come. In addition to good wine and meat, guests should also give away their own local products when they leave. Oroqen people are hospitable and simple, and hunters bring meat back. Whether they know each other or not, as long as you say you want some meat, the host will give you the hunting knife at once, and the guests will help themselves. The host is very generous.

Yao nationality-taboo

When you visit Yao's home, you should also understand the local taboos, otherwise it will cause the host's disgust. These taboos are mainly: avoid using the pedal furnace bracket; Avoid burning paper with words in the stove; Don't wear white shoes and white hat when entering Yao's house, because it symbolizes funeral; Avoid sitting on the threshold; You can't wear sandals upstairs; Can't sit on a housewife's stool; On the raft, avoid "umbrella". When talking about "umbrella", say "rain cover" because "umbrella" is homophonic with "scattering"; When logging, avoid saying ominous words such as "eat meat" and "die".

In the past, the Yao people who worshipped Wang Pan were generally forbidden to eat dog meat. Yao people who worship "Miruotuo" did not eat mother pork and eagle meat in the past. In Chenxi County, southwest Hunan Province, cucumbers are fasted before the fifth day of the seventh lunar month. Most Yao people don't eat cat meat and snake meat. In some places, women do not eat lard in the first few days after delivery. Yao people generally sacrifice pigs, chickens, ducks, eggs, fish and other foods to the gods, and avoid dogs, snakes, cats and frogs.

Oroqen religion

The Oroqen people believe in Shamanism. The animistic religious view led to the polytheism of Oroqen nationality. The Oroqen people believe that natural mountains, rivers, trees, wind, rain, lightning, sun, moon and stars all have gods. When hunting, every time I meet an old tree, a high cliff or a cave, I think it is the "white" habitat of the mountain god, and I dare not make any noise. You should kowtow for meat and pray for a bumper harvest. The Oroqen people respect bears as "Yaya" (grandpa), "Taitie" (grandma) or "Amaha" (uncle), and don't call them by their first names.