The reason for the formation of the poison source is urgent! !

The Golden Triangle, the Golden Crescent and the Silver Triangle are traditionally regarded as the three major sources of drugs in the world. Later, another drug source was added, namely the Bekaa Valley in Lebanon. These areas are currently recognized as the four major drug sources in the world. In addition, Africa's rising "black triangle" has gradually attracted the attention of the world.

First, the "Golden Triangle"

"Golden Triangle" refers to a triangle located in the border areas of Thailand, Myanmar and Laos in Southeast Asia. Because this area is rich in opium and other drugs, it is the main drug producing area in the world and is known as the "Golden Triangle". The "Golden Triangle" covers Shan and Kachin States in northern Myanmar, Chiang Rai Province in Thailand, Longnanta, phongsaly province and Udomsai Provinces in northern Chiang Mai, and Luang Prabang Province in western China, with a total of more than 3,000 villages and towns. The total area is 6.5438+0.94 million square kilometers.

Because most of the "Golden Triangle" areas are in mountainous areas above 1000 meters above sea level, the climate is hot, the rainfall is abundant, and the soil is fertile, which is very suitable for the growth of poppies. In addition, the dense jungle, rugged roads and traffic jams here are beyond the reach of the three governments, which provides unique conditions for poppy cultivation in politics, economy, geography and climate. By the 1960s, it had become one of the four major drug producing areas in the world, famous for producing opium, and a golden area for poppy cultivation, refining, trafficking and smuggling. For a long time, there are many anti-government armed forces and other drug armed forces here, so it is also called "adventurer's paradise".

Although successive governments of the three countries have done anti-drug work, they have failed to effectively stop the development of poppy cultivation in this area. /kloc-from the end of 0/9 to the beginning of the 20th century, Britain, the United States, France and other countries came here successively to teach cultivation, refining and marketing techniques, and bought opium. The first opium production climax was formed in 1950s. Then came the "golden age" in the 1960s, when the output rose from dozens of tons to around 200 tons. By the early 1980s, the output reached about 700 tons, increased from 1988 to 1200 tons, and doubled from 1989 to 2,400 tons. At 19 1, the output has exceeded 3000 tons.

In addition, there are many heroin processing plants in the "Golden Triangle" area, most of which are located in deep mountains and dense forests, and a large number of technicians operate advanced machinery and equipment to work day and night. Because the opium in the "Golden Triangle" area is of high quality, and most of it is processed into refined heroin, "heroin" has now become a special term for high-quality heroin and is sold all over the world.

Myanmar is the country with the largest poppy cultivation area and the largest output in the "Golden Triangle" region. The people living here are mainly ethnic minorities in Myanmar, who have been growing poppies for generations. In order to resist the government and protect their opium cultivation, local residents armed themselves. Among these armed forces, the largest is the Khun Sa Group, which is located on the former Myanmar-Thailand border. They have a strong and well-trained armed force of nearly 3000 people. This unit is dressed in military uniforms, well-equipped and experienced in combat.

From the end of11970 s to the beginning of11980 s, as the Burmese and Thai troops intensified their attacks on the Khun Sa Group, some poppy plantations were destroyed. At the same time, the United Nations Drug Abuse Control Fund allocated special funds to implement the policy of replacing poppy cultivation with grain and coffee in the "Golden Triangle" area. In a period of time, it has achieved results, and the output of opium poppy has fallen sharply, making the "Golden Crescent" in Central Asia once replace the "Golden Triangle" and become the largest opium production base in the world. However, since 1986, poppy production in the "Golden Triangle" has rapidly resumed development, with a sharp increase in output, which greatly exceeded the historical record and once again became the world's number one opium production base.

In recent years, due to the intervention of the international community and the help of alternative planting in the "Golden Triangle" area, the area and output of opium poppy in the "Golden Triangle" area have been greatly reduced, and the output of opium poppy and heroin has dropped from the first place in the world in the past to the second place now, and local farmers are gradually giving up medicine for agriculture. However, the "Golden Triangle" area in northern Myanmar is still the most harmful foreign drug source to China, and the vast majority of heroin seized by China comes from this area, and the ice produced by it also keeps entering China. According to the satellite remote sensing and ground survey in China, the opium poppy planting area in northern Myanmar decreased to 279,000 mu in 2007, but it continued to increase since then, and increased to 429,000 mu in 2065,438+00, up 65,438+07.7% year-on-year. At the same time, the output of synthetic drugs in this region has increased significantly, and the smuggling and infiltration into China has further intensified. Affected by this, in 20 10, the amount of methamphetamine seized in Yunnan, China surpassed that of heroin, which was the largest in the same period. According to the United Nations, despite the sharp drop in opium production in Southeast Asia, the drug problem in this region is still very serious. At present, Southeast Asia has become the main source of amphetamine-type drugs.

Second, the "Golden Crescent"

The "Golden Crescent" is located at the junction of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran. It is called the "Golden Crescent" because its geographical shape is similar to that of the Crescent, and because it is rich in highly profitable drug opium. The "Golden Crescent" area includes Pakistan's Northwest Frontier Province and Baluchistan Province, Iran's Sistan-Baluchistan Province, Afghanistan's Reggie Stan and Nuristan.

The "Golden Crescent" area is sparsely populated, with inconvenient transportation and dry climate, mainly inhabited by Patan and Baluchi people who are famous for their fierce fighting. For a long time, they have maintained their traditional national style and personality, and freely traveled to and from the border areas of the three countries. The governments of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran did not manage it effectively, making this region the main opium producing area in the world.

In the late 1970s, due to the dry weather, the opium harvest in the "Golden Triangle" region of Southeast Asia failed, and the demand for drugs such as heroin on the black market was in short supply, and the price soared. At this time, poppy growers in the "Golden Crescent" seized the good opportunity of rising drug prices, expanded the planting area, and impacted the traditional overseas market in the "Golden Triangle", making this area an important opium drug producing area in the world after the "Golden Triangle". At the end of the 20th century, due to ethnic conflicts, religious conflicts and wars, the "Golden Crescent" drug economic circle rose again. At this time, it replaced the "Golden Triangle" and became the largest opium producer in the world.

Before 1980s, opium was always the final product of drug export in the "Golden Crescent" area because of the backward refining technology. Since then, with the sharp increase in the demand for heroin in the western drug market, opium growers and sellers have realized that it is more profitable to sell heroin directly. As a result, a large number of refining workshops have appeared in this area, from raw materials to processing, avoiding the inconvenience and loss of long-distance trafficking. Although the "Golden Crescent" is a latecomer to the international heroin market, it is a blockbuster. Because the purity of heroin produced by it is as high as 80%, it quickly sells well in the western drug market. Moreover, the "Golden Crescent" is located at the gateway of Europe and America, and drugs can be transported from Turkey, Pakistan and Iran to all parts of Europe and America. The "Golden Crescent" has now become a link between Europe and Asia.

Third, the "silver triangle"

"Silver Triangle" refers to the Andes and Amazon where Colombia, Peru, Bolivia and Brazil are concentrated in Latin America. The total area of this area is over 200,000 square kilometers. Because of the suitable altitude, temperature and humidity, the plateau area of the Andes has always been an ideal place to grow coca. This area is famous for its rich cocaine, marijuana and other drugs. Since 1970s, it has been called the "Silver Triangle", also known as the White Triangle.

Planting and chewing coca leaves in the "Silver Triangle" area is an ancient custom of the local people. 11960 s and11980 s, large-scale cultivation of coca, marijuana and manufacture of cocaine became a centralized production area. The "Silver Triangle" is the most important cocaine producing area in the world. In terms of cocaine processing, Colombia is the largest cocaine producer in the world and is called the "kitchen" of drug processing in the world. At present, the annual output of cocaine is about 560 tons, accounting for about 62% of the world total.

According to statistics, cocaine drugs in the "Silver Triangle" area account for almost 100% of the world output, and cannabis accounts for 800'/0 of the world output. In addition, it also produces a certain amount of opium. The drugs produced by the "Silver Triangle" are mainly sold to the United States, accounting for about 3/4 of the American drug market.

Fourth, the Bekaa Valley in Lebanon (Lebanon)

Bekaa Valley is located in the border area of eastern Lebanon near Syria, between the eastern and western mountainous areas of Lebanon, about 30 kilometers away from the capital Beirut. It is a north-south plateau valley with undulating terrain, with a length of about 150 km and an average width of 16 km. It is also a famous strategic place in history and one of the birthplaces of ancient civilization. The climate here is mild, the land is fertile, and the cultivated land accounts for 40% of Lebanon, which is the largest agricultural area in Lebanon.

Under the turbulent situation in Lebanon, opium poppy was planted in the Bekaa Valley, and the huge profits involved almost all armed factions and militia groups in Lebanon in the drug trade. Lebanon has become a big drug country, and the drug trade has become an important economic source of the country. For a long time, the Bekaa Valley in Lebanon has been rich in opium poppy and marijuana.

In the 1990s, under the pressure of the United States and other aspects, opium poppy and marijuana were rarely planted here, but heroin and cocaine were processed and transported to the outside world through various channels, becoming a famous drug production and distribution center in the Middle East. The State Council said that the mountainous area centered on the Lebanese Bekaa Valley has not only become the fourth largest drug producing area in the world after the Golden Triangle, the Golden Crescent and the Silver Triangle, but also an important center for heroin manufacturing and re-export.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) "black triangle"

The "Black Triangle" is a new drug base in Africa, including the border areas of Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, Sudan and South Africa. Its main product is marijuana. In Africa, cannabis is the main drug cultivated, trafficked and abused. The area under cannabis cultivation in South Africa alone exceeds 820,000 hectares. In addition, Africa is also the main transit point for drug trafficking in the world, while Morocco is the main distribution center for transporting marijuana from Africa to the European drug market.

It is predicted that Africa may become a new international drug center. Transnational drug trafficking criminal organizations are taking advantage of the loopholes in the control of precursor chemicals in Africa to establish a distribution center for precursor chemicals trafficking in the region. From 2006 to 2007, the international community successfully stopped the export of 75 tons of ephedrine and its derivatives from Africa. In addition, transnational drug trafficking criminal organizations also try to establish cocaine smuggling routes between South America and African countries, and 200-300 tons of cocaine are smuggled to Europe through Africa every year.