How to memorize the world map better?

In fact, the world map is not difficult to remember. It can only be said that many people are not good at associating in life. The best time to learn maps is when you are watching the news, especially Chaowen Tianxia. Below is the world map memory method I compiled for you. I hope it will be helpful to you!

Map memory methods and techniques

1. Clear purpose and repeat memory

Due to various reasons, the maps in textbooks (atlases) are often a combination of various geographical phenomena, and one map has multiple uses. Therefore, when reading pictures, you must be good at grabbing the most important things that need to be remembered from the pictures. Make your memory intention clear and remember with purpose and focus. For example, the map of each continent in the "World Atlas" combines location, administrative regions, terrain, water systems, cities and other geographical elements into one map. It takes a lot of time to read it extensively without any purpose, but the effect is not ideal. Remember everything you want, but remember nothing. If you sort out the priorities and strengthen the key points to remember, the results will be very different. To remember the terrain, just find the location and scope of terrain areas such as the "Ethiopian Plateau", "East African Plateau", "South African Plateau", "Congo Basin" and "Sahara Desert" on the map of Africa. Then not only Africa "is The terrain characteristics of "mainly plateaus with little undulations" and "the terrain slopes from southeast to northwest" are easy to remember, and these terrain areas are also difficult to forget.

2. Use maps skillfully and compare memories

Only through comparison can identification be achieved. Only comparison can highlight the uniqueness and individuality of different geographical phenomena. In geography learning, the map is used skillfully to compare and memorize, which is intuitive and the effect is obvious. Use the map to observe the distribution of the three types of terrain in South America, and compare it with the terrain in North America: the west is full of tall mountains, and the east is low plains and plateaus (mountains). The similar topographic features of these two continents are clearly visible on the map. . The different topographic expressions of North American plateaus (mountains) and plains, which are basically distributed vertically from north to south, and South American plateaus and plains, which are basically distributed in parallel and alternate latitudinal directions, will be deeply engraved in my mind.

3. With the help of maps, associative memory

There are various correlations between geographical knowledge, and geographical association is the way to understand, memorize and recall clues. There are many ways to associate. For example: From the picture, you can see that the location of Cherrapunji in India is facing the southwest monsoon rain, and think of the location characteristics of Huoshaoliao in my country; face the topographic map of North America and understand that it is "high on both sides, low in the middle, and mountainous." "The plateau is mainly concentrated in the central part"; when you see the tall evergreen plants of the tropical rainforest and the apes, rhinoceros, crocodiles and other landscapes, you can think of the tropical rainforest climate with high temperature and rain all year round; when you see the Atlantic ocean current map, you think of the Pacific ocean current system, etc. With the help of maps and association, you not only master the newly learned geographical knowledge, but also help consolidate the previously learned knowledge and make it more firmly memorized.

4. Image and text conversion, understanding and memory

It is difficult to rely solely on comprehensive language and text memory for abstract and complex geographical relationships. It is more difficult to understand and remember with the help of various charts. Easy. The description of the "frost-free period" in the textbook is: "The period from the first frost in the first autumn to the last frost in the second spring is called the frost period. Excluding the frost period, the rest of the year is the frost-free period." It will be much easier if you design the following diagram to understand memory.

5. Multi-picture synthesis and pattern memory

In the process of reading pictures in geography learning, you will get a lot of memorization materials. Through these materials, you can organize them into certain patterns to strengthen your understanding. The memory effect is very necessary. From the "World Ocean Current Chart", I learned the ocean current systems of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Southern Indian Oceans. Combining the currents of these three oceans, it can be summarized as follows: The mid- and low-latitude ocean currents of the three oceans (except the North Indian Ocean) have a complete circulation system. , the northern hemisphere flows in a clockwise direction, and the southern hemisphere flows in a counterclockwise direction. The circulation is cold in the east and warm in the west. Supplemented with simple pictures, the memory will be stronger.

6. Alternative techniques

Divide the world map into several large areas. For large areas, use the cross method to mark the longitude and latitude lines almost in the middle. Then record the southeast of these longitude and latitude lines. The geographical situation of the northwest. For the area in, you use the "well" method. Use two longitudes and two latitudes to circle the area. For small areas, use the "十" method, using one longitude and one latitude to circle the area. You can Buy transparent paper with red markings and press it on the map to mark red. The more you mark, the easier it will be to remember. When remembering geographical things, you should use the connection method. For example, the Heili Aral Sea runs from west to east, which is about 30 (black), 40 (Black) 50 (miles), 60 (salty) east longitude. Methods to memorize maps efficiently

1. Enrich associations and compare words and pictures

Memorizing and filling in maps is boring. Information sources should be processed appropriately based on the unique reflection mechanisms of humans and animals. Use multiple methods of stimulation to obtain the best results for motor memory and emotional memory. The abstract map symbols are turned into concrete objects to stimulate associations. For example, the Qaidam Basin regional map has mining areas and railways, and is compiled into "Cold Lake to the east to catch fish (Yuka), firewood (Daqaidan) to the south to Xishan ( "At the foot of Xiti Mountain, the Khan (Cha'er Khan) chopped Golmud with his sweat, and transported it eastward by train to Chaka." While looking at the picture and reciting the words, you can quickly memorize this part of the picture.

2. Streamline key points and signal prompts

The information carried by the map must be analyzed, processed, differentiated, and reorganized; improve its accuracy; narrow the scope and eliminate interference channels. The correct approach should be:

⑴ Based on the schematic diagram, start with the easy and then the difficult. For example, if the railway is based on the main line, fill in the hubs accurately, and change the curve into a straight line, it will be easy to master.

⑵ Use single-color pens and multi-color pens to outline the illustrations, and then compare them with the map book. In this way, watching "black and white" first and then watching "color TV" can highlight the key points and complement each other.

⑶ Strengthen the difficult-to-remember content and reveal the key points of the regional map. For example, it can be revealed continuously in the legend practice class and the quick map search competition, such as "Should the hydropower station be drawn upstream or downstream of the reservoir?" "Does the Kiel Canal pass through the national border?" "Which mining area is the midpoint of the Shitai Line?" and so on.

(4) Grasp the text features and simplify the signals. For example, when learning about the ports in the eastern part of the Korean Peninsula, let students recite "Chongjin Jin (Ce), Hamhung Hing (South), Wonsan (Bu) Mountain" while looking at the pictures. This saves time, effort and is easy to remember.

3. Read pictures and recall texts, and look at pictures to reflect on the text.

The focus of mastering map knowledge should be on discovering features, understanding concepts, revealing patterns, and clarifying causes. If you read pictures one-sidedly without thinking about the text, your knowledge will appear fragmented. On the contrary, if you memorize the text by rote, the geographical concepts will lose the support of concrete images, which will inevitably lead to the indistinguishability of peaches and plums. In particular, high school students' abstract thinking develops rapidly and their language expression ability is strong. During teaching, students should be trained to write and read picture explanatory texts, extract key points of explanations, carry out after-class discussion activities, and activate textbook knowledge in maps.

4. Artificially designed pictures, graphics give meaning

In order to make the mutual location relationship of geographical things in the image clearer, the geographical things are attached to the artificially designed geometric framework. For example, in the Yangtze River Delta Industrial Zone, Wuxi, Suzhou, Yixing, and Huzhou can be connected to form a trapezoid on one side around Taihu Lake on the map; the location of the five major cities in the UK is illustrated by using a gold thread through beads to connect Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield, Birmingham, London is interspersed in an inverted "S" shape to illustrate the location of the five major cities in the UK. Another example: Melbourne, Canberra and Sydney in southeastern Australia form a "three-star"; Yuxikou and Wuhu form a "connected river". Graphics can also be used as visual explanations, such as using "Y" to represent the shape of the Baltic Sea.

In the picture-filling training, according to the principle of whole→part→whole, large and small pictures are combined, and the procedures of reading pictures first, then simplifying and finally restoring are practiced. That is: first look at the general map, then show the shadow map (also known as the blank map or filled map), visualize and puzzle it in your mind; then simplify the filling and copying, and finally open the map book to verify the restoration. Because all senses are mobilized to coordinate actions, map knowledge can be remembered and retained.

How to memorize maps quickly

1. Comprehensive method The process of understanding geographical features, in most cases, requires synthesis on the basis of analyzing the characteristics of elements and the connections between various parts.

2. Use maps to learn geography. First, make good use of the wall charts displayed by teachers in class. When the teacher points to the pictures to teach, students must pay attention to the pictures and not read by themselves or do other things. The teacher teaches according to the pictures and has fully prepared the lesson in advance. He will directly point out the knowledge in the picture to students, preventing students from wasting time and making detours to find it themselves. 4. The homophone memory method is to replace boring data with interesting words for memorization.

3. Picture recognition and memory method: Memorize geographical knowledge by looking at pictures, filling in pictures, and using pictures. First of all, you must master map knowledge and skills, such as identifying directions, measuring distances, identifying terrain heights, becoming familiar with main legends, understanding latitude and longitude networks, etc., and practice the basic skills of map reading.

4. Simplified map method Simplified map method is a method of simplifying maps according to the needs of learning, deleting a large number of complicated legends, and retaining only information about relevant knowledge. By simplifying the conception and design of the diagram, we can achieve the purpose of highlighting key points, facilitating memory, reflecting dynamics, and making it easy to understand, and more deeply reveal the inherent relationship between geographical phenomena.

5. Categorization and memory method It is not easy to memorize messy and unorganized things. If we sort things out and categorize them, it will be easier to remember them. For example, mountains, rivers, islands, lakes, etc. are grouped together, making it easier to remember. Recommended reading: >>Eight summary and memory methods to easily master high school geography learning are shortcuts. What review methods are suitable for you for the high school geography exam? How to improve your score in the geography exam?

6. The comparison method is used for reviewing Compare similarities and differences between similar geographical things or geographical things with similar characteristics. Comparison is always based on a certain purpose and based on certain standards. The common form is a list. The comparison method is very helpful in clarifying knowledge. For example, after learning the terrain characteristics of the seven continents, you can make comparisons based on altitude, terrain relief, terrain types and distribution. The comparative method generally needs to be combined with other methods to reveal the characteristics, laws and connections of things. How to memorize geographical maps

1. Sort the seven continents by area: Asia, Africa, North and South America, Antarctica, Europe and the Ocean.

2. Continental boundaries: Suez, the boundary between Asia and Africa, the canal passing through Egypt, and Panama, North and South America. The canal divides this into two sides.

3. World residents: The world’s population is distributed in Asia and sub-Africa at the most, Oceania at the least, and Antarctica is uninhabited. Densely populated areas include Asia, Southeast Asia, America and Europe, polar deserts and mountainous areas, and tropical rainforests with small populations.

4. Summary of Australian knowledge: Australia is an oceanic ring, with the Tropic of Capricorn passing through the middle. It is a vast land with sparsely populated countries and developed countries. The plateau accounts for half of the area. The climate and vegetation are in a semi-ring shape, with rare animals and many wonders. Riding on a sheep's back and riding a mine cart, the capital is Canberra.

5. The four ends of our country’s territory: the Heilongjiang River is on our head, the Zengmu Sand Island is on our feet, we drink the water from the confluence of the two rivers, and the Pamir is wagging its tail.

6. The names of China’s fourteen neighboring countries: East Korea, northern Mongolia, northeast and northwest Russia, west Hajita Aba, southwest India and Bhutan, and Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam in the south.

7. China’s administrative divisions: Two Lakes, Two Guangxi, Two Rivers and Mountains, Four Cities, Four Rivers, Fujian, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Mongolia, Qingdao, Shaanxi and Gansu, Xinjiang, Tibet, Ningxia and Hainan. Hong Kong and Macao are my good rivers and mountains. The day of Taiwan’s return Looking forward to reunion.

8. The main mountain ranges in my country: There are three horizontal lines running from east to west, with the sky overcast in the north and Kunqin in the middle. Hunan, Guangxi, Guangdong and Jiangxi overlap the Nanling Mountains. There are three peaks from the northeast to the southwest, Xing'an Taihang Wu Xuefeng, Changbai Wuyi in the middle, and Taiwan Mountains in the east. The arc-shaped Himalayas, Mount Everest stands proudly in the Sino-Nepalese border, the highest peak in the world.

9. my country’s main railway lines: Beijing-Guangzhou and Beijing-Kowloon in the south, Beijing-Harbin and Beijing-Shanghai in the east. Jiaozhi, Zhiliu and Baocheng extend to Jiaoguikun to the south. Bao and Baolan are from East and West Beijing, Lanxin from Longhai is to Northern Xinjiang, Shanghai-Hangzhou-Zhejiang-Jiangxi to Zhuzhou, Hunan-Guizhou-Zhuzhou to Guiyang, Guiyang-Kunming is Guiyang-Kunming.

10. my country's nine major commercial grain bases:

Sanjiang Songnen and Jianghuai, Poyang Dongting Jianghan Link, Taihu Pearl River Delta, and Chengdu Plain Grain are the first.

11. When students learn the topography of China, they can summarize it with a song:

(1) The three-step dividing line of my country’s topography:

The dividing line between the first and second steps, Kunlun Qilian Hengduan Mountain, the dividing line between the second and third steps, Daxing Taihang Wu Xuefeng.

(2) Influence of the characteristics of the three-level ladder

The ocean is moist and provides abundant water supply, which is beneficial to agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishing.

Many large rivers flow eastward, connecting the sea and land transportation networks.

The height difference of Gungundongliu is large, and water energy can be stored in the steps.

12. Overview of the Yangtze River: Tanggula on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The Yangtze River originates from this mountain. Geladandong is the source. From west to east, Qinghai-Tibet and Yunnan, Sichuan, Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, and Jiangsu, it flows from Shanghai to the East China Sea. The entire process It is 6,030 meters long and ranks third in the world. Above Yichang is the upper reaches, with cut mountains, ridges and many canyons, with a drop of 6,000 meters and the richest water resources. From Yichang to Hukou in the middle reaches, lake tributaries are common. In the lower reaches from Hukou to Haikou, the river is wide, the water is deep and the plains are wide.

13. Overview of the source of the Yellow River: The source of the Yellow River on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau originates from the Bayan Har Mountains. It leaves the mountains and enters Qingchuan in the east, goes north to Ganning, turns to Inner Mongolia, goes south to Shanxi and Shaanxi, turns around Henan and Shandong, and goes east to pour into the Bohai Bay.

14. Summary of the Qinling-Huaihe line: On both sides of the Qinling-Huaihe line, there is the dividing line between subthermal and warm temperatures, humid and semi-humid halves, the 800 mm precipitation line, the zero average temperature line in January, paddy fields and dry land The dividing line between the south and the north has a very different natural scenery.

15. Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: To the east of the Pearl River Estuary is Hong Kong, known as the Pearl and Paradise. Kowloon and Hong Kong Island in the New Territories each have their own strengths in economic development. Imported raw materials are used for production, electronic watches and clothing, banks are like forests and ships, and the financial center is a free port. The return of 1997 will lead to greater development, and one country, two systems is a good idea.

Coal

Hebei Fengfeng and Kailuan Datong Xishan Jinyang Spring

Black Youji Xiya Hegang Liao Fufu Xin Huaibei Wan

Xuzhou Coal Mine has a flat-topped mountain in Jiangsu and Henan

Inner Mongolia's Zhungeer Huolin Dongsheng Yuanbaoshan

Shaanxi Shenfu Guiliupan plus Ningxia Shizuishan

Iron

Hebei Wu'an and Qian'an Liaoning Benxi and Anshan

Bayan Obo Inner Mongolia Anhui Iron Mine Ma'anshan

Hainan Shilufu Iron Mine Panzhihua Mine in Sichuan

Hubei Iron Mine is the Jingtie Mountain in Daye Gansu Province

Non-ferrous Metals

Antimony is produced between Nanling Mine, which produces tungsten, and Dayu Tin Mine

Tongren Mercury Gejiu Tin Xiuwen Zibo Pingguo Aluminum

The copper mines in Yundong, Sichuan, Gansu and Dexing are famous

The two mountains of Xitie, Shuikou and Shan are producing zinc and lead

Zhaoyuan Gold, Silver, Copper, Gansu Jinchang Nickel Resources

Provincial Administrative Regions in my country

Municipalities directly under the Central Government of Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Chongqing, Mengning, Xinjiang, Tibet and Guangxi Autonomous Region, one country, two systems, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao, the three northeastern provinces of Heilongjiang Jilin, Hebei, Jin, and Shandong return to northern China. Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, and Jiangxi are in east China, Hunan, Hubei, and Henan are in central China. South China also has Guangdong, Fujian, and Qiong, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou are in the southwest, and there are Shaanxi, Gansu, and Qinghai in the northwest.

The best in my country.

The province with the smallest area is Macau

The province with the highest latitude is Heilongjiang

The province with the largest area is Xinjiang

The widest range of longitudes The province is Inner Mongolia

The province with the widest latitude is Hainan Province

The province with the most population is Henan

The province with the least population is Macao

my country's seven ancient capitals

The seven ancient capitals are Beijing, Xi'an, Nanjing and Hangzhou; Luoyang and Kaifeng in Henan, and the Yin Ruins in Anyang, which are rich in historical materials.

Beijing Forbidden City, Tiananmen Square, Summer Palace and Badaling. There are two large and small wild goose pagodas in Xi'an, Lishan Huaqing Pool and Qinling Mausoleum.

Nanjing Yuhuatai River Bridge, Zhuwu Lake and Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. The Double Ten Scenes of West Lake in Hangzhou, Lingyin Temple and Feilai Peak.

The essence of Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang and the famous Baima Shaolin Temple. Kaifeng Iron Tower and Dragon Pavilion, listen to the bells of Xiangguo Temple and Guanyin.

China’s iron ore mines:

There are eight iron ore mines in my country, the largest of which is Baiyun, Hubei and Inner Mongolia. Anshan and Benxi in Liaoning, Qian'an in Hebei and Ma in Anhui. Hainan's iron ore mine is in Shilu, and Sichuan's Panzhihua.

China's coal mines:

There are eleven coal mines in China, including Kailuan and Hebei provinces. Liaoning coal mine is in Fuxin, and Dayang Xishan is in Shanxi.

Xu, Anhui and Huaibei, Jiangsu Province, caught the crane and black dragon, and Pingdingshan Mine in Henan Province.

Non-ferrous metal mines:

Dexing Copper Mine is in Jiangxi, and Hunan Tin Mine produces antimony. Tongren in Guizhou produces mercury mines, and Gejiu in Yunnan produces tin.

Jinchang Mine in Gansu Province produces nickel, and tungsten minerals are produced in Dayu, Gansu Province. Lead and zinc are produced in Shuikou Mountain in Hunan, and aluminum is produced in Pingguo, Guangxi.

The white clouds in Inner Mongolia have thin soil, and there are gold coins in Zhaoyuan, Shandong.

Three principles for freight selection:

If the urgent need for valuables is not large, the best choice is air travel. Fresh and perishable goods can be transported by road for short distances.

For long distances and large quantities, special trains are available on railways. Bulk and heavy, long distance, water and railway transportation.

Top ten tourist attractions in China:

Badaling, the Forbidden City in Beijing, and the Summer Resort in Hebei Province. The Mausoleum of the Qin Emperor in Shaanxi Province and the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River in the Hubei and Chongqing borders.

Huang in Anhui, Guilin in Gui, Su Garden in West Lake in Zhejiang, and the sun and moon are bright on Taiwan Island.

Ethnic minorities with larger populations:

my country is a multi-ethnic country with fifty-five ethnic minorities. The largest population is Zhuang, with four million people returning to their native land, Miao, Wei, Yi, Tibetan and Mongolia.

my country’s fourteen land neighbors:

Russia and Mongolia in the north, North Korea on the east coast, Hajita in the northwest, three capitals

Indonesia and Bhutan, The four countries are in the southwest, Baheji, and Afghanistan

The three countries in the south, Lao Myanmar and Vietnam

Characteristics of China's terrain areas:

There are snow-capped mountains on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. From a distance, there are mountains and rivers nearby.

The Inner Mongolia Plateau is the second largest and is flat as far as the eye can see.

The loess pine trees on the Loess Plateau are fragmented and have many ditches and ridges.

The Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau is home to numerous peaks and karst dams.

Tali, Junggar, Qaidam, the Gobi Desert inside the basin,

The Sichuan Basin is surrounded by mountains, with the Chengdu Elephant Fan in it.

The three major plains are from north to south, the Yangtze River bank in North China in the northeast.

The altitude of the northeast is 200 meters, and people often turn over the black soil.

North China, also known as the Huanghuaihai Sea, has an altitude of 50 meters and a flat terrain.

There are many intertwined rivers and lakes, and "water towns" are spread all over the banks of the Yangtze River.

The geographical boundary of my country's population distribution

is roughly divided by a straight line drawn between Heihe City in Heilongjiang Province and Tengchong City in Yunnan Province. The southeast of this line has a large population, and the northwest of this line has a small population. .

Topographic ladder boundary

The boundary between the first ladder and the second ladder: starting from the Kunlun Mountains in the west, passing through the Qilian Mountains and going southeast to the eastern edge of the Hengduan Mountains.

The boundary between the second and third steps: from northeast to southwest are the Daxinganling Mountains, Taihang Mountains, Wushan Mountains, and Xuefeng Mountains.

Topographic area boundaries

(1) The boundary between the Inner Mongolia Plateau and the Northeast Plains: the Greater Khingan Range

(2) The boundary between the Loess Plateau and the North China Plain: the Taihang Mountains.

(3) The boundary between the Sichuan Basin and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Plain: Wushan.

(4) The boundary between Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Hengduan Mountains.

(5) The boundary between the Jungar Basin and the Tarim Basin: the Tianshan Mountains.

(6) The boundary between the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Tarim Basin: the Kunlun Mountains.

(7) The boundary between the Loess Plateau and the mouth of the Han River Valley: Qinling Mountains.

(8) The boundary between the Hexi Corridor and the Qaidam Basin: Qilian Mountains.

(9) The boundary between the Sichuan Basin and the Hanshui Valley: Daba Mountains.

(10) The boundary between the Inner Mongolia Plateau and the Loess Plateau: the ancient Great Wall.

(11) The boundary between the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Plain and the North China Plain: Huaihe River.

Climatic boundaries

(1) January 0°C isotherm (also the boundary between subtropical, warm temperate and plateau climates): generally along the southeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, passing eastward through the Qinling Mountains ~Huaihe River line.

(2) 800 mm constant precipitation line (the boundary between humid and semi-humid areas): along the southeastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, passing eastward through the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River.

(3) 400 mm constant precipitation line (the boundary between semi-humid and semi-arid areas): from the western slope of the Greater Khingan Mountains through the vicinity of Zhangjiakou, Lanzhou, and Lhasa to the eastern Himalayas.

(4) The 200 mm constant precipitation line (the boundary between semi-arid and arid areas): roughly passes through the Yinshan Mountains, Helan Mountains, Qilian Mountains, Bayan Hara Mountains and the Gangdise Mountains.

River Boundary

(1) The boundary between the outflow area and the inflow area: the northern section is roughly along the line of Daxinganling~Yinshan~Helanshan~Qilian Mountain (eastern end), and the southern part is closer to 200 Millimeters of precipitation line.

(2 The watershed between the Yangtze River water system and the Yellow River water system: Bayan Har Mountains ~ Qinling Mountains.

(3) The watershed between the Yangtze River water system and the Pearl River water system: Nanling.

< p> (4) The watershed between the Lancang River and the Nujiang River: Nushan

(5) The watershed between the Yangtze River Basin and the southeastern coastal river basins: Wuyi Mountain

1. Nine Planets<. /p>

Water, metal, earth, fire, wood, earth and sky, Neptune and Pluto orbit outside;

Only living things on earth are caused by warm air, liquid water

① Warm, Suitable temperature. Air, an atmosphere suitable for living things to breathe.

2. Characteristics of the Earth: The equator is slightly bulging and the poles are slightly flat.

Turning from west to east. Time begins to change.

North and south are parallel lines, forming equal circles.

East and west are longitude lines, forming separate parallel circles;

The equator is the longest and polarized.

3. Divide the east, west, and south hemispheres

Twenty degrees west longitude, one hundred six degrees east longitude,

Cut it into two hemispheres. /p>

The northern and southern hemispheres are divided into zero latitude at the equator.

The four seasons are temperate and the north and south are opposite.

4. The alternation of day and night and the changes of the four seasons.

The earth rotates, day and night change.

It rotates around the sun and the four seasons appear.

It rotates from west to east, and its direction does not change.

5. The five zones of the earth

The earth has five zones, all divided by four lines;

The tropical tropics and the polar circles are divided into cold temperatures;

There are two types of cold and temperature, and the five zones have uneven temperature ①

①Temperature refers to temperature

6. Map to identify direction.

Map. To identify the direction, place it in front of your eyes;

Up, north and down are south, left, west, right and east.

It is easy to distinguish on a map, but more difficult on a latitude and longitude grid;

The latitude line points to the south, and the east-west longitude circle

The polar projection map has a special orientation:

For the northern hemisphere, the center is north and the four sides are south;

The north latitude circle is east-west, rotating.

For the southern hemisphere, the center is north and south;

The south latitude circle is east and west, and the rotation is clockwise.

7. Continents and oceans

The total surface area of ??the earth is ***500 million;

The percentage of land and water, oceans account for 71%.

There are six major land masses, including islands and seven continents;

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Asia, Africa, South America, the Antarctic Ocean and Europe.

The Pacific is the deepest and widest of the four oceans;

The Atlantic "S" is like the Indian Arctic Ocean.

Plate tectonics, six blocks are put together;

The blocks are relatively stable and there are many earthquakes at the junctions.

8. The location of oceans and continents

Oceans are bounded by continents, and continents are divided by oceans.

The Pacific Ocean is the first of the four oceans, located between Asia and Australia.

The Atlantic Ocean is southwest of North America, and the east coast is the borderline between Europe and Africa.

The Indian Ocean borders Asia, Africa and Australia, and the three oceans in the south are connected by water.

The Arctic Ocean is the smallest, surrounded by Asia, Europe and North America.

9. Boundaries and locations of the seven continents

Three of the ten continents are land, Asia, Europe, Africa and the Ocean, two are the United States and South.

Asia and Europe are one, and Uruguay divides both sides②;

Asia and Africa were originally connected, but the Sui Canal cut them off③;

Asia and North America Looking across the water, the Bering Strait is in the middle;

China and the United States connect the north and the south, but the Pana Canal is blocked ④;

Oceania is small in area and seems to be cut off below Asia.

In the eastern hemisphere of Asia, Europe, and the African Ocean, North and South America occupies the western half.

Only Antarctica is independent and is covered with ice and is called a plateau.

①Ocean, Oceania. Two Americas, South America and North America. South, Antarctica.

②Ula, Ural Mountains and Ural River. Caucasus, Caucasus Mountains.

③Suez Canal, Suez Canal.

④Pana Canal, Panama Canal.

10. Topography of the seven continents

(1) Asia

The terrain of Asia is complex, with high and low areas on all sides.

The alluvial plains are vast and the mountainous plateaus are large.

Rivers radiate water and water resources can be boasted.

(2) Europe

There are many seas on the edge of the peninsula, and the shape is segmented;

Mountains are located in the north and south, and the central plain is low;

Terrain Lord of the plains, the highest in altitude.

(3) North America

The eastern plateau is connected to the mountains, and the western mountainous area is connected to the plateau.

There are high continents in the east and west, and there are lakes and seas in between.

(4) South America

The Andes Mountains dominate the west, and the plains and plateau areas in the east.

Most of the landforms are the world's largest, with plateaus and plains ranking first.

The western mountains are the longest and the Amazon River basin is wide.

The tropical rainforest ranks first in the world, and the pampas is the largest grassland.

(5) Africa

With an average altitude of 600 meters, it is known as the continental plateau continent.

It has a continuous plateau in the east and a desert plain in the west.

(6) Oceania

It is small in area and divided into two regions,

one continent and two islands.

The continent is high from east to west, with a basin in the middle.

(7) Antarctica

Surrounded by three oceans, with many years of ice and snow;

More than 2,000 meters above sea level, it has the highest altitude.

11. Undersea topography

Shallow sea continental shelf, outer continental slope;

Ocean basin trench ridge, ocean bottom is unmeasurable.

12. Terrain changes

Terrain changes, internal and external forces increase.

Vicissitudes of life, strong internal forces;

Plate movement, stretching and compression,

Faults and folds, high depressions;

Volcanoes Earthquakes, plate margins.

External forces should not be underestimated;

Wind, waves, water and ice will cause erosion and change.

Over time, they will chip away at the heights and fill the depressions.

13. Weather and climate

Weather: short-term cloudy, sunny, rainy, snowy, hot and cold winds

Climate: multi-year average spring, summer, autumn and winter

< p> 14. Temperature distribution rules

There are differences in temperature distribution, from high at low latitudes to low at high latitudes;

The land and ocean are different. In summer, the land temperature is high and the sea temperature is low.

< p> The height of the terrain also affects the temperature, with a difference of 6℃ per kilometer.

15. Dangers of global warming

Atmospheric pollution, global warming;

Glaciers melt and coastal areas are flooded.

Take measures without delay.

16. The formation of wind

The air with high temperature rises and forms under low pressure;

The air comes from high pressure and flows to form wind.

17. Earth’s pressure zone

High pressure zone four, low pressure zone three:

Between five degrees north and south, high temperature air turns upward,

Equatorial low pressure, easy precipitation;

Thirty degrees north and south, airflow deflected downward,

Subtropical high pressure, little rain and often drought;

The polar air pressure is low, close to the two poles;

Sixty degrees north and south, the subpolar low pressure is there.

18. Earth’s wind belts

The pressure zones are separated from each other. There are six wind belts:

The trade winds are at the equator and the east winds are at the poles.

North and south westerly belt, 40 to 60 degrees

19. Precipitation formation conditions

The air is saturated and the temperature drops;

Condensation nuclei, Collision;

Weight increases, rain and snow fall.

20. Precipitation distribution rules

The equator is hot and there is a lot of precipitation:

The two poles are cold and precipitation is difficult.

Tropic of regression, divided to the west;

West coast of mainland, subtropical high zone,

Trade wind blows, precipitation deficit;

East coast of mainland, monsoon Therefore,

the climate is warm and the precipitation is abundant.

Mid-latitude, located in the interior;

Far away from the sea, the climate is dry.

21. Factors affecting climate

Factors affecting climate should be considered in four aspects;

The latitude position is first, and there is a huge gap between the two poles at the equator;

< p> Secondly, we need to look at the sea and land. The open sea is dry and cold in summer;

Topography is also very important. It is cold and windy and rainy is not necessary;

Ocean currents should not be underestimated. When warm currents come, the water will be rich.

22. Distribution and characteristics of terrestrial natural zones

The surface climate is unusual, and the vegetation and animals change accordingly.

Regarding the distribution of nine natural zones, there are three thermal types each;

Sub-cold tundra ice sheet zone, and high mountain vertical changes.

On the equatorial side of the tropical rainforest, it is hot and rainy, and the trees are towering into the sky;

Orangutans and apes are often seen, and hippopotamus and elephants are not uncommon.

Tropical grassland is sandwiched between two sides, the most extensive in Africa and South America;

The dry and wet seasons are reversed from north to south, and savanna animals are happy;

Lion, rhinoceros, zebra, giraffe, Migrate towards aquatic plants in the dry season.

The Tropic of Tropical Desert is the largest in Africa and Australia;

There are few vegetation and many sand dunes, and ostriches and camels are resistant to hunger and drought.

Temperate deserts are located on land and can be found in Asia, America, Australia, and Africa;

Summers are hot and winters are cold, and the vegetation is less able to withstand dryness.

Temperate grasslands have four seasons, and are located in the middle of the northern hemisphere;

There is less rain and the grass is especially short, and yellow sheep and rabbits are the most common.

Temperate forests are rich in broad leaves, and pandas and sika deer are rarely seen.

In the sub-cold coniferous forests in the north, pine and spruce are cold-resistant;

In most of northern Asia, America and Europe, animals change their feathers in winter and summer.

Tundra climate has long cold winters, the northernmost part of Asia, Europe and America;

Plants include lichens and mosses, and unique animals include reindeer.

Antarctic ice sheets and icebergs, penguins and seals near the coast;

The North Pole and Greenland, white bears and walruses are not afraid of the cold.

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