Zhu Kezhen's Preliminary Study on Climate Change in China in Recent 5000 Years.

China is an outstanding scientist and educator, a contemporary famous geographer and meteorologist, and the founder of modern geography in China. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, he taught in Wuchang Normal University, Southeast University and Central University. 1928 was the director of the Institute of Meteorology of Academia Sinica, 1936 was the president of Zhejiang University, and 1949 was ordered to go north to build the China Academy of Sciences. After People's Republic of China (PRC) was born, he served as the first vice president of China Academy of Sciences, vice chairman of China Association for Science and Technology, chairman and honorary chairman of China Meteorological Society, and chairman of China Geographical Society. He was also elected as a member of the NPC Standing Committee, and joined the China * * * Production Party with honor on 1962. He has worked hard for the development of science and education in China for more than half a century, and he really devoted himself to it. He is a flag of modern scientists and educators in China and a master of meteorology and geography.

Zhu Kezhen was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province. 1890 was born in an ordinary family in Dongguan Town. His eldest brother is a scholar who is engaged in teaching Chinese. Under the influence of his family, he studied in a private school since childhood and studied very hard. When I was in middle school, I studied in Shanghai Chengzhong School and Fudan Public School, but I dropped out of school because of the poor style of study in Fudan, and then went to Tangshan Road and Mine School. Because of his hard work and outstanding achievements, he ranked first in the class in five exams. 19 10 was admitted as a public student with excellent results and went to the University of Illinois to study agronomy. Later, he transferred to the Geology Department of Harvard University, specializing in meteorology. The style of study of Harvard University, which is realistic, innovative and free to discuss, has a great influence on him. 19 18 at the age of 28, he received a doctorate in excellent thesis on typhoon research. With the ideal of "saving the country by science", he returned to the motherland and taught in Wuchang Normal School and Nanjing Normal School successively. 1920 was hired as a professor of geography at Nanjing Normal University. The following year, the school was renamed Southeast University. Under the auspices of Zhu Kezhen, the Department of Geography was established, with four majors of geography, meteorology and geology, and a new department head. This is the beginning of the establishment of geography department in China University. 1927, the school was renamed Central University. During the period, he served as the head of the geography department and presided over the daily administrative work; While teaching general theory of geography. Climatology, meteorology and other courses have trained the first batch of research and education talents in meteorology and geography in China. Lv Jiong, Huang, Shen and Hu Huanyong are all outstanding scholars trained in this period. He also actively participated in the Chinese Science Society and did a lot of publicity work.

During his teaching in Southeast University, he actively established a meteorological station in the south farm of the school. From 65438 to 0922, he purchased various instruments and equipment, and regularly observed temperature, humidity, air pressure, rainfall, sunshine and other items. Nanjing Climate Report is released every month. This is the starting point and symbol of China's independent construction and establishment of meteorological undertakings.

With the victory of the Northern Dynasties in 1927, the government established the Academia Sinica, the preparatory committee of the Observatory and two research institutes of astronomy and meteorology. Zhu Kezhen, a former vice president of China Meteorological Society, was appointed as the director of the Institute of Meteorology. At this time, the Institute of Meteorology is not only a national meteorological academic research unit, but also a national institution leading the construction of national meteorological undertakings. Zhu Kezhen started from scratch, overcame many difficulties and made great efforts to develop China's meteorological cause. He first led the construction of China meteorological station network and put forward the national plan of establishing meteorological stations. It is planned to build 10 gas stations, 150 weather stations and 1000 rainfall weather stations nationwide within ten years. In the year when the Institute of Meteorology was founded, the Nanjing Arctic Pavilion Meteorological Observatory was first built. It was the birthplace of modern meteorological science in China and the research center and operational guidance center of meteorological science in China at that time. During this period, the weather forecast business was also carried out, and the Code of Meteorological Observation Business was drafted, which unified the observation time system, code type, wind level standard and weather phenomenon coding, and carried out the publishing business of meteorological data reorganization. He has published Rainfall in China, Temperature in China, Climatic Data in China, Monthly Meteorological Report, Quarterly Meteorological Report and Annual Meteorological Report. 1934 initiated the establishment of the Chinese Geographical Society.

1936 served as president of Zhejiang university in April, lasting 13 years. Taking "seeking truth from facts" as the school motto, he clearly put forward the progressive proposition that universities in China must cultivate "useful professionals" that meet today's needs. After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, he United all the teachers and students, took books and instruments, and went to Zunyi and Meitan in Guizhou at the end of 1939 via Jiande in Zhejiang, Ji 'an in Jiangxi and Taihe in Guangxi. Under extremely difficult conditions, he organized classes for teachers and students, supported the war of resistance with practical actions and served the local people. In the tide of democratic and patriotic learning, he always stood on the side of progressive students and protected the patriotic and just actions of teachers and students of Zhejiang University. In running a school, he attaches great importance to students' entrance education and graduation education, pays attention to cultivating students' solid basic theory and extensive knowledge, pays attention to students' practical training and intellectual training, and pays attention to the construction of teachers.

1949 On the eve of the liberation of Hangzhou in April, Zhu Kezhen led the teachers and students of Zhejiang University to actively prepare for liberation. At the same time, cable the Kuomintang government, resolutely refused to move to Taiwan Province province. He lived in seclusion in Shanghai, closed the door to welcome liberation. After liberation, he happily attended the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Conference and actively participated in the construction of new China. After the founding of New China, Zhu Kezhen was appointed as the vice president of China Academy of Sciences, and concurrently served as the director of the department of biogeography of China Academy of Sciences, the director of the comprehensive investigation committee, the chairman of the Chinese Geographical Society, the honorary chairman of the Chinese Meteorological Society, and the vice chairman of the National Association for Science and Technology. He was also elected as a deputy to previous people's congresses and a member of the NPC Standing Committee.

As an organizer and educator of new China geoscience, he advocated the establishment of many new research institutions and trained a large number of geoscience backbones. It is emphasized that geography must get rid of simple description, use the latest scientific achievements and instruments and equipment, conduct fixed-position observation, establish laboratories, adopt modern working methods, and comprehensively use the latest theories of basic sciences such as biology, physics, chemistry and mathematics for research and demonstration.

1956, Zhu Kezhen led the establishment of the comprehensive investigation committee of China Academy of Sciences, and has been concurrently the director. He pointed out many times that a large-scale comprehensive investigation is necessary to rationally develop natural resources and develop the national economy. Comprehensive investigation should provide scientific basis for national and local national economic planning. Its task is to investigate the basic characteristics, quantity and quality of natural conditions and natural resources, and on this basis, put forward scientific plans for the development, utilization, management and protection of natural resources. As early as the early days of liberation, he was anxious for the country and actively devoted himself to the geographical investigation and research of Hainan Island, Leizhou Peninsula and southern Guangxi for the purpose of developing rubber. 195 1, Tibet task force was established. In order to harness the Yellow River, he presided over and organized a comprehensive investigation team for soil and water conservation in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. Since then, the Chinese Academy of Sciences has set up a comprehensive investigation committee and organized four major investigation tasks. The first is the study of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Hengduan Mountain Area in Kang-Dian. The second is the investigation and study in Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu and Inner Mongolia. Third, the study of special biological resources in tropical areas; The fourth is the investigation and study of water resources in major rivers. With his support. During the two years from 1956 to 1957, six comprehensive investigation teams were established successively. They are: Heilongjiang comprehensive investigation team, Xinjiang comprehensive investigation team, South China and Yunnan tropical biological resources comprehensive investigation team. Soil expeditions in the Yangtze River and Yellow River basins, scientific expeditions in Qaidam Salt Lake, etc. In addition, an investigation team for sand control and South-to-North Water Diversion was organized. By the time of his death, under his leadership, China Academy of Sciences had organized comprehensive investigation teams of different scales for 25 years, with more than 100 units and more than 10000 person-times. Accumulated a lot of precious materials and achieved fruitful scientific research results.

As an outstanding geographer and geographer, Zhu Kezhen not only established the earliest geography department in China, but also trained a large number of geographical science professionals, and put forward creative opinions on many major geographical fields and problems. He believes that geography is the basic science in the cause of economic construction and the science of studying modern ground environment. Therefore, we should focus on the interaction between lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere on the surface of modern earth, the occurrence, development and distribution of crustal structure and its components, and the science of mutual restriction and transformation between them. The geography of China develops healthily along this direction. In terms of geographical research methods, he attaches great importance to the study of regional differentiation. As early as 1929, he published Climate Regionalization in China, which initiated this research. 1958 published the article "Subtropics in China", pointing out that the northern boundary of the tropics should not be moved to Nanling, nor should all parts of North China, southeast China and southern Xinjiang be classified as subtropics. He said: the subtropical climate can be defined as: it is slightly cold in winter, which makes tropical crops that like heat unable to grow well. Every winter, although there is snow and ice, the frost-free period is more than eight months. Crops can be harvested twice a year. He not only put forward the standard of division, but also clearly pointed out the north-south boundary of subtropics. His views have been recognized by academic circles.

Zhu Kezhen's achievements in meteorology and climatology have attracted great attention from academic circles at home and abroad. He engaged in the study of typhoons and East Asian monsoon in his early years and made outstanding contributions to the study of climate change. He has been studying a lot of classics, history, books, anthologies, Chinese and foreign documents for decades, and studying the climate change in China and the world. 196 1 year wrote "World Climate Fluctuation in Historical Period", 1972 published "Preliminary Study on Climate Change in China in Recent Five Thousand Years" and other academic papers. According to the geographical phenomena described in relevant documents, such as the thinning of Arctic sea ice, the northward movement of the southern boundary of Soviet permafrost, the retreat of world alpine glaciers, and the rise of sea level, the former proved that the climate in the 20th century gradually became warmer, which can be traced back to the historical period and the Quaternary world climate, and found that the cold period in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the second half of17th century was consistent with the "Little Ice Age" in Western Europe. Finally, it is pointed out that the change of solar radiation intensity may be an important reason for climate fluctuation. This provides a new argument for the study of historical climate. The latter paper can be said to be the crystallization of his decades-long study of history and climate, and it is a major academic achievement that shocked both at home and abroad. He made full use of the records of ancient books and local chronicles in China, as well as archaeological achievements, phenological observations and instrument records, and made a study of removing the rough and the fine, removing the false and retaining the true, and reached a convincing conclusion. The article points out that during the period from Yangshao culture to Yinxu in Anyang in 2000, the annual average temperature in the Yellow River basin was about 2℃ higher than it is now, and the temperature 1 month was about 3-5℃. After that, a series of cold and warm changes, the amplitude is roughly 1-2℃, and the period of each wave is about 400 to 800 years; Several low temperatures in history occurred in BC 1000, AD 400, AD 1200 and AD 1700. Every 400-800 years, there is a small period of 50- 100 years, and the temperature changes in the range of 0.5-1℃; The historical fluctuation of climate is worldwide, but every coldest period seems to appear from the Pacific coast of East Asia and then spread to the Atlantic coast of Europe and Africa. The reason for the large change is mainly controlled by solar radiation, and the principle of small change is related to atmospheric circulation activities. This research, extensive and profound, rigorous and meticulous, has set a brilliant example for the academic community and has been highly praised by scholars at home and abroad. Tan Qixiang, a Chinese historical geographer, said: "Every time I read this article, I feel that it is a work with deep kung fu and heavy weight. It has been rare for many years and should be sideways among world famous works." Japanese climatologist Masanori Yoshino said: "Zhu Kezhen has played a great role in the history of climatology. ...... Today, half a century later, his published papers are still ahead of the academic world. "

In the research of meteorological science, Zhu Kezhen has always attached great importance to the relationship between meteorological climate and production and human life. As early as 1922, he published an academic paper on the relationship between meteorology and agriculture. 1964 published the relationship between climate characteristics and food crop production in China. Based on the principles of botany and the total solar radiation, temperature and rainfall, he analyzed China's climate characteristics and the relationship between climate and crop production, discussed the potential and limits of grain crop development in various regions, and put forward directional suggestions for reforming the farming system. This paper was highly valued by the academic circles, and Zhu Kezhen was also received by President Mao Zedong.

Zhu Kezhen is also the founder of phenology research in China. He observed and recorded phenology from 192 1. 1963 and Wan co-authored the book Phenology. Rich in content, popular in writing, popularizing phenological knowledge, advocating adapting measures to local conditions, and arranging agricultural activities by using phenological laws. The book sold out quickly as soon as it was published.

Zhu Kezhen loves China's Party and socialist cause. 1June, 962, at the age of 72, he gloriously joined the China * * * Party and realized his long-cherished wish. He is virtuous, selfless, strict with himself and lenient with others; He is rigorous in his studies, striving for perfection, persevering and seeking truth from facts; He is concerned about young people, backward in return, sincere and approachable; He works deeply, seriously and meticulously, and works hard with great concentration; He adheres to principles, pursues truth, is not afraid of strength, and is neither arrogant nor impetuous; He is studious, practical, persistent and consistent. He not only made outstanding contributions to the establishment of modern geography, meteorology and climatology, but also set a shining example for the younger generation with his spirit of pursuing truth and forgetting personal interests and his attitude towards academics and work.

Zhu Kezhen is also the promoter of the development of modern phenology in China, and phenology is one of his great contributions. Every achievement of China's modern phenology is inseparable from his work.

He is an advocate and organizer of China Modern Phenology Observation Network. A unified and rigorous phenological observation network is an important symbol of the development of modern phenology. As early as 193 1 year, Zhu Kezhen summed up the achievements in ancient China and put forward a new method for phenological observation. Under his impetus, from 1934, the former Institute of Meteorology of Academia Sinica selected 2/kloc-0 species of plants, 9 species of animals, several hydrometeorological phenomena and almost all crops, and entrusted them to agricultural experimental sites around the country for observation, which was the earliest organized phenological observation in China. At present, there is a seven-year record of 1934- 1940. Due to the suspension of survey in many places during the Anti-Japanese War, only 1934- 1936 records are relatively complete. After liberation, more regular and continuous observation began. 1953 began to observe the phenology of winter wheat, followed by the phenology of cotton and rice. Since 1957, crop phenology observation has been popularized to the whole country. 196 1 year, under the guidance of Zhu Kezhen and under the auspices of the Institute of Geography of China Academy of Sciences, the national phenological observation network was established, and the phenological observation method (draft) was formulated, and the domestic phenological observation species were determined: 33 woody plants, 2 herbaceous plants and animals 1 1. Unfortunately, during the period of 1966- 197 1 year, most units stopped observing and did not resume until 1972. In recent years, the agrometeorological experimental station under the National Meteorological Administration has also started phenological observation. Observation data were published one after another, and the name and content of the first annual report were examined and approved by Zhu Kezhen himself.

He also took the lead in writing phenological monographs and popularizing phenological knowledge. The book Phenology, published in 1963 and reprinted in 1973, is the crystallization of years of phenological research in Zhu Kezhen. He systematically introduced the basic principles of phenology, the knowledge of phenology in ancient China, the development of phenology around the world, the basic laws of phenology, and the methods of forecasting agricultural time by using phenology. In the chapter "Dynamics of Biophenology in a Year" added in the second edition of 1973, he applied materialist dialectics to explain the internal and external causes of phenological changes and their relationship. Because of the complexity of phenological changes, he suggested exploring the mystery from physiological and genetic aspects. He also believes that phenology work is a mass work and hopes to be widely carried out in rural areas. The book is easy to understand, easy to understand, and has a strong scientific and knowledgeable nature. In his article "Preliminary Study on Climate Change in China in Five Thousand Years", he quoted a large number of paleophenological data and adopted phenological analysis methods. Japanese climatologist Masanori Yoshino commented on this article: "Zhu Kezhen has played a great role in the history of climatology ... After half a century, his published papers are still ahead of the academic circles.