What impact does the "greenhouse effect" have on human life?

The Impact of Climate Warming on Human Health

Harm caused by high temperature and heat wave

The body temperature is constant at about 37℃, the most comfortable ambient temperature is 20 ~ 28℃, and the most ideal ambient temperature for human health is about 65438 08℃. The human body has certain adaptation and adjustment function to cold and hot, but too high or too low temperature will have adverse effects on human health. When the temperature rises to 30 ~ 35℃, the blood circulation is vigorous, and people will feel tired, sluggish and restless. When the temperature rises above 35℃, people will not think about eating, lose weight, and the temperature in the body will be adjusted by sweating. Because sweating will consume a lot of water and salt in the body, it will lead to an increase in blood concentration and an increase in the burden on the heart, which is prone to muscle spasm, dehydration and heatstroke. At this time, if the air humidity is high, such as in the south of China, sweat gathers on the surface of human body, which makes it difficult to evaporate and dissipate heat, leading to an increase in body temperature and an accelerated pulse, which makes people feel sultry and uncomfortable and prone to dizziness, rash, rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases.

In 2007, high temperature and heat waves hit all parts of the world. The first wave of heat waves hit the southeast and south of Australia, and the main agricultural areas in the two places were extremely short of water, which led to a sharp reduction in agricultural production; The United States broke or leveled 263 temperature records; South-central Europe and Eastern Europe were also hit by heat waves and droughts, killing 600 people. The highest temperature in Italy is as high as 45℃, and the temperature in some parts of Bulgaria even soared to 54℃. The extreme maximum height in some parts of Japan is as high as 40.9℃, setting a new record for the highest temperature. The continuous heat wave caused 13 people to die unfortunately.

Harm caused by extreme weather

Climate warming brings not only high-temperature heat waves in winter and summer, but also extreme weather events such as snowstorm, cold current, rainstorm and drought. Under the influence of climate warming, the water vapor content in the atmosphere has increased. After the water vapor content increases, it will definitely drop at a certain moment, which is bound to be related to the weather. Under the background of global warming, extreme weather/climate events, such as global floods, droughts, high temperatures, typhoons, freezing rain and snow, have intensified, especially since the 1980s, with frequent disasters, which have caused serious impacts and losses to society, economy and people's lives. It is estimated that during the ten years from 199 1 to 2000, the average number of people affected by meteorological and hydrological disasters in the world is 2 1 1 100 million, which is seven times that affected by war conflicts. Asia is the continent that suffers from natural disasters most frequently. During the period of 1990-2000, natural disasters in this region also accounted for 43% of all extreme climate events in the world. According to recent statistics, the economic losses caused by global climate change and related extreme weather events have increased by 10 times on average in the past 40 years.

Around the Spring Festival in 2008, a rare snowstorm in the past 50 years hit most of the eastern and southern parts of northwest China. The snowstorm in China is the epitome of the cold current and rain and snow that ravage the northern hemisphere. In the winter of 2007 ~ 2008, many countries and regions in the world suffered from the rare rain and snow disaster for many years or even a hundred years, and the ravages of the snow disaster suddenly caught the whole world off guard. Many people were injured or even killed in the snowstorm. Walking on the vast ground in sunny days is easy to induce "snow blindness", mainly because the purple rays in the sun reflect on the cornea of human eyes through the snow, thus causing corneal damage. Its symptoms include photophobia, tears, itching, tingling, edema, foreign body sensation and so on. In addition, the amount of clouds before snowfall is not conducive to the high emission of pollutants, which is not conducive to human respiratory health; The amplitude cooling after snowfall will also bring discomfort to the human body, and it is easy to induce or aggravate some diseases.

Since the spring of 2009, severe drought has occurred in China 10 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities). According to the statistics on February 7th, the drought-affected area of cultivated land in China reached 30160,000 mu, and the drought-affected area of crops reached1.61/20,000 mu, of which 55.39 million mu suffered from severe drought. According to the statistics of 1 1, there are 274 million mu of cultivated land and crops 134 million mu, of which 376 10000 mu is severely drought, 4 16000 mu is drought, and 4.65 million people and 2.33 million large livestock have difficulty drinking water. The drought-affected areas in winter wheat areas in Hebei, Shanxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Henan, Shandong, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces totaled 1.65 and 4.38+0.8 million mu, of which 34.84 million mu were seriously affected by drought. On June 5438+05, the drought-affected area of crops in China was/kloc-0.04 million mu, which was about 57 million mu less than the peak on February 7.

The increase of insect infectious diseases

Snail fever

The endemic areas of schistosomiasis in China are distributed in the Yangtze River basin and some areas south of it. Oncomelania hupensis the intermediate host of schistosomiasis, and the average temperature in Chinese mainland Oncomelania hupensis distribution area 10 is above 0℃. Li et al. conducted research according to the lower limit temperature for the growth and development of Oncomelania hupensis and Schistosoma japonicum, the effective accumulated temperature required for the generation development of Oncomelania hupensis and the effective accumulated temperature required for the development of Schistosoma japonicum in Oncomelania hupensis. The results showed that 1986 ~ 2003 was significantly longer than 1950 ~ 1986 in most areas of the study area. Among them, parts of Jiangxi, Hunan and Sichuan were extended for 45 to 53 days; Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei and Sichuan are extended 15 ~ 30 days; Guizhou, southern Sichuan, southwestern Jiangxi, northern Fujian and Yunnan, northern Guangdong and northwestern Guangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Hebei also increased by 0 ~15d; In most areas, the growth and development season of Schistosoma japonicum was prolonged by 0 ~15d; Fujian, Guangdong, southwestern Guangxi and other places extend 15 ~ 64d. The isoline of the average effective accumulated temperature of Oncomelania hupensis 3846.28℃ moves northward, which means that the duration of completing the generation of Oncomelania hupensis is shortened and the growth and development speed is accelerated. The isoline of the average effective accumulated temperature of 842.95℃ for the development of Schistosoma japonicum in Oncomelania hupensis also obviously moved northward, which also means that the duration of the growth and development of Schistosoma japonicum in Oncomelania hupensis is shortened and the development speed is accelerated. Climate warming will prolong the growth and development season of Oncomelania hupensis and Schistosoma japonicum, and bring great harm to people's lives in China.

malaria

Malaria endemic areas in China are mainly distributed in most areas south of 45 north latitude. Environmental temperature affects the spread of malaria in many ways. Temperature dominates the reproduction rate of Anopheles, and the suitable temperature for rapid propagation of mosquito vectors is between 20℃ and 30℃. In this range, with the increase of temperature, the development time of mosquito vectors will be shortened, so the density of vectors will increase and the transmission rate will also increase. Temperature also affects the blood-sucking behavior of mosquito vectors. The most suitable temperature range for mosquito-borne activities is 20 ~ 25℃. A small change in temperature will cause a huge difference in blood-sucking frequency. With the increase of temperature, the interval of blood sucking is shortened. Temperature also affects the development of plasmodium in mosquitoes. There is a minimum temperature threshold for the development of Plasmodium vivax in mosquitoes, and the minimum temperature for the development of Plasmodium falciparum in mosquitoes is 65438 04.5℃ and 65438 06℃. Under natural conditions, areas where Anopheles mosquitoes exist but malaria does not occur are mainly due to low temperature, which limits the spore reproduction of plasmodium. Deng et al. found that when the humidity is about 80% and the temperature is 25 ~ 28℃, spores proliferate rapidly and the spore density is high. When the temperature drops below 25℃, the spore proliferation rate slows down obviously, and it is also slightly slower at 365438 0℃, and the number of spores is very small. With the warming of the climate, the extension of summer time and high temperature time, the phenomenon of residents sleeping on the street increases correspondingly, which leads to the increase of human-mosquito contact and the aggravation of malaria epidemic.

Harm of ozone layer destruction to human beings

There are some harmful bands in ultraviolet rays, such as ultraviolet UV-B. The increase of ultraviolet UV-B in sunlight has a serious harmful effect on human health, and the potential dangers include causing and aggravating eye diseases, skin cancer and infectious diseases. The destruction of ozone layer will lead to the change of DNA in cells, the decline of human immune system and the decline of human ability to resist diseases. After years of scientific research, it has been shown that for every reduction of stratospheric ozone 1%, the amount of ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth's surface will increase by 2%. According to the current ozone layer destruction rate, by 2075, ozone will be reduced by 40% compared with 1985. By then, the number of skin cancer patients in the world will reach10.50 billion, crop output will be reduced by 7.5%, aquatic products will be lost by 25%, and human immune function will be greatly reduced. So from all aspects, the destruction of the ozone layer will bring serious consequences to mankind.