Descartes' characters experience

Born in Toulon, Scilletta Peninsula in western France. Descartes is the fourth child, with a big brother and a second sister. The third brother died in his early years. At the age of one, his mother died suddenly, and Descartes, who had lost his mother since childhood, has been ill.

Once sick, young Descartes' life almost died. Under the care of his loving father, he turned the corner. Rene descartes's name "René" means "rebirth" in French. Descartes' parents belong to noblesse de robe, although this level is the lower class of the nobility, and its social status is higher than that of the bourgeoisie. A few years after Jenny Brock's death, Descartes' father married a young lady named Maureen. Descartes has been raised by his grandmother since then, and the father and son only meet each other when they go to Rennes for vacation every year. Descartes was sickly since childhood, but his intelligence far exceeded that of his brother and sister. He often asks his father questions such as the rationality of things and what is the reason. Descartes' father discovered his talent very early and often called him my little philosopher. But their father and son don't get along well. He once said that he was his father's least favorite child. The affection between him and his brother doesn't seem that deep. Perhaps for this reason, he often leaves his hometown to travel alone and treats his friends with special affection.

Among his childhood toys, he liked a squint doll best, so when he grew up, he always had a special affection for people with defects. 1604, Descartes reached the age of 8, and his father sent him to a royal public school founded by Jesuit priests in Lafite, where he began to receive formal education. At that time, the school was the most prestigious institution in Europe, with abundant talents, and aristocratic children from all over the world poured in. Descartes studied here for about 8 years and 6 months and was a model student of the school. The teacher made allowance for his poor health and allowed him to sleep a little longer in the morning, but he used this precious morning light to lie in bed and read many precious books. The teaching in Syracuse public schools in lafayette is carried out according to the unified plan made by Jesuit schools.

The first five years are studying humanities, including Latin, Greek and classical works, as well as French prose and poetry works, music and drama performances, as well as the necessary training as a gentleman: riding and fencing. The sixth to eighth year courses are always called philosophy. In the sixth year, I studied Aristotle's Logic and Morality. In the seventh year, I studied physics, mathematics and astronomy. Almost all these subjects are about Aristotle, but in mathematics and astronomy, he occasionally learned about some development conditions at that time from his teachers. In the eighth year, I studied metaphysics, mainly the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas and the comments of Jesuits.

While studying, he was entrusted to the care of a distant relative, Father Xia Lai. The priest was an outstanding scholar and soon became the principal of this school. Descartes called him my second father. Descartes has great respect for teachers, and he has always maintained sincere love and friendship with them. The Jesuit priest also cares about this ambitious man with fatherly heart. His teacher's evaluation of him is: smart, diligent, clever, introverted, competitive, very fond of mathematics, with this ability. Even so, he was not satisfied with his school work, because most public schools at that time adopted the old scholasticism, which was undeniably out of touch with the times, and its answers to all kinds of timely scientific questions were not satisfactory, which was extremely empty and monotonous. Especially after the rise of experimental science, Aristotle's physics was denied by new facts, and the philosophical system established by Aristotle was generally challenged and doubted. Later, when he expressed dissatisfaction with the education in the school, he said that he thought he was not a knowledgeable person, but an ignorant person, who had learned nothing but doubts and uncertainties. Language, literature and history tend to make people fall into illusory exaggeration; Poetry and rhetoric do not tell the truth; Although mathematics is self-evident, it can give yourself some comfort, but its use is limited; Religious and moral revelations are as mysterious to learned people as to ignorant people; Although the smartest people have been studying philosophy for centuries, the result is still that there are no indisputable problems. Descartes was not only dissatisfied with his knowledge accumulation, but also angrily said that the textbooks he had learned were knowledgeable and tattered.

At first, the teacher tolerated Descartes' doubts, and later several teachers attacked him violently, which was a very sad and painful thing in his life. Fortunately, when he was in public school, he had a very good classmate, future father MarinMersenne. They had a lot of fish and geese all their lives. 16 12 After graduation, he went to Potis University to study law. After several years of hard work, he finally got a bachelor's degree. 16 16 obtained the LLM degree with the highest score.

Descartes showed attendance in thinking since he was a child. He liked to get to the bottom of many things and never blindly accepted other people's views. At home, the clever and articulate nanny was asked by the little Descartes who kept asking questions. At school, Descartes often asked many questions that his teacher never thought of. Eight-year-old Descartes was sent to school by his father. Because Descartes' physique is much weaker than that of children of the same age, the headmaster authorized him to lie in his room and rest without going to class if he felt unwell. But Descartes didn't use this special care for lazy sleep, just closed his eyes slightly, but his brain kept speeding up the memory of what the teacher had taught and what he had read, and asked questions, and then answered them with his own knowledge. His pillow is always piled with books on philosophy, mathematics, astronomy and history, and Descartes' mathematical thought was conceived in quiet meditation in his early years. 16 16, rene descartes obtained a doctorate in law from the University of Boeton, and later became an officer in the Netherlands. One day, Beckman, who was quite famous at that time, posted a math problem on the wall and offered a reward for finding the answer. Descartes asked someone to help him translate the title from Dutch into French. At that time, Beckman took a casual look at the bearded young officer. He never dreamed that Descartes handed in the correct answer two days later, and Descartes stood out. This adventure made the two mathematical geniuses become very close friends, and they also discussed mathematics and science together. This success made Descartes see his talent in mathematics and further stimulated his research enthusiasm. After graduating from college, his father wanted to enrich his knowledge, so he took him to Huadu Paris 16 17. But he has no interest in the luxury and debauchery of the city. Only gambling related to mathematics can attract him a little. It is said that he is shrewd and unpredictable, and has repeatedly turned the banker upside down! In Paris, he met his best friend Mesner, who has joined the Little Brotherhood and will become a priest. They relived their old feelings. The knowledge in the book can no longer satisfy Descartes' thirst for knowledge. At that time, he was 22 years old and his health gradually improved. He wants to travel around Europe and look for practical knowledge in this world book. After some consideration, he began to travel 16 17, observing all kinds of things along the way, taking notes carefully and thinking about problems repeatedly. 16 18, he served as an unpaid officer under Prince Moliis of Nassau, the Netherlands. Because he believes this is the most ideal, economical and simple way to travel around the world. In addition, the children of nobles enjoy many privileges in the army and can live quite freely. That winter, because the weather was cold and there was no war, I rested in the camp. Soon the two sides signed a peace treaty and Descartes went to Br da. In Belinda's street, I met a doctor named beekman by chance. He was very cheerful, and both of them shared the same scientific interests, and soon became friends who never turned against me. He had a great influence on Descartes. So Descartes was very grateful to him and presented his first book, Compedium Musicae, to this friend: in fact, only you woke me up from laziness and aroused my scientific interest that I had almost completely forgotten. You have brought a mind that has left science back to the most just and beautiful road. Under the impetus of beekman, he began to write his own mathematical thesis, and formed those basic ideas that later established analytic geometry.

The following year, Descartes went to Denmark and Germany, attended the coronation ceremony of Frankfort's Kaiser, then went to Moravi, Poland, and finally returned to Germany, with the Duke of maximilian of Bavaria (Maximilien de Bavi &; EgraveRe) is led by the army against Boh&(Boh&; Ecirc Wang Jun In that severe winter, Descartes lived in a very warm room in a small German village. Because he has no worldly troubles, he can lie in bed and meditate, get inspiration and realize the wonderful foundation of science. Yes1619165438+10/0. According to his own description, he had three visions or amazing dreams.

The first dream was a terrible dream. He felt that many ghosts appeared in front of him, scaring him to run around. After waking up, he felt a kind of pain, which made him afraid that all this was caused by some demons to seduce him and prevent him from completing the task. He stayed awake for about two hours. He prayed to God to support him and forgive his sins and shortcomings. Then he fell asleep again and had a second dream.

In the dream, he thought he heard a sharp voice. He thought it was thunder and woke him up. When he opened his eyes, he felt that sparks were everywhere in his room. This is not surprising. Descartes often had this experience. When he woke up in the middle of the night, the stars flashed in front of him, so that he could see the objects around him. Descartes slowly recovered his calm. At this time, he turned to philosophical reasons and reached a conclusion that was consistent with his understanding. He understood thunder as a signal that the truth came to him and wanted to possess him. So he fell asleep again.

After a while, I had a third dream. This is different from the first two dreams, gentle and pleasant. He saw these two books in his dream, one is a dictionary, and the other is a collection of poems that he once loved to read many times. The most interesting thing is that Descartes analyzed dreams in his dreams before he woke up. He judged that dictionaries only refer to all kinds of sciences combined together, while poems more obviously and clearly mark the unity of philosophy and wisdom. He also analyzed all the poems he had read. He thinks the first two dreams are terrible condemnation of his past life, because his past life is not so blameless before God as before people. But the third dream is gentle and pleasant, which indicates the future, what will happen in the second half of his life, and that he will be able to carry out the great cause he envisioned, which makes him feel that he is shouldering a great responsibility from heaven. He was convinced that these three dreams were a gift from heaven and asked him to shoulder the mission of philosophy, so he was very excited and made a wish to make a pilgrimage to Roleder. 1620 participated in the Battle of Bohan, and probably also participated in the Battle of Baishan. But the next year, he retired, went to Holland and lived in The Hague. At this time, he met Princess Elizabeth for the first time, when she was still a little girl who was not sensible. Later, she admired Descartes very much, because when she was 19 years old, she read Descartes' Introduction to Methods, only then did she know that philosophy was so approachable and profound. 162 1 year, Descartes experienced military camp life for the last time and joined the Hungarian army. In March of the following year, I went back to France to deal with financial problems and negotiated with my brother about my ancestral home and cultivated land. These industries can earn six or seven thousand francs a year. In order to concentrate on his research in the future, he must first plan his living expenses and sell his share of the industry. Soon, he traveled again, first to Switzerland and then to Italy. He lived in Italy for more than a year and went to Venice to attend the local special festival-the wedding celebration of Venice and the sea. Then walk from Venice to Notre Dame for a pilgrimage to fulfill the oath of the year. In addition, he also participated in the holy year promulgated by urban VIII. Although I passed by Fei Lengcui, I didn't visit Galileo. 1625 crossed the Alps, returned to France, and lived in Paris for research. At that time, academic celebrities in Paris (including Balzac, mathematician Aldis, Paris mathematics professor Moran and astronomer Debona, etc. ) They have frequent contacts with Descartes because they admire his name. Descartes also made many old friends here, including marin mersenne. Melsena has been Descartes' most loyal friend for many years and has frequent correspondence. He used his acquaintance with many famous European scholars to introduce Descartes' works to them, and then summed up their opinions and told Descartes.

At first, he lived in a friend's house of his father, but due to social difficulties, he left without saying goodbye and moved to a strange city. Father Mesner, a good friend, is also in Paris, trying to find a quiet place for him. 1In the autumn of 628, Descartes decided to leave France for Holland. Since then, he has settled there, and has hardly left until 1649. As for why Descartes chose Holland, we guess it may be because he is afraid that people will accuse him of heresy in France, which is not conducive to his life and freedom, or it may just be because there are too many acquaintances in France, and entertainment will hinder his research work. It is better to live far from home, but it is easy to find a quiet environment and finish his philosophical writing plan with peace of mind. Because the Netherlands is really a good place, with civilized politics and simple folk customs, and the people enjoy full freedom of thought and speech. During Descartes' 20 years in Holland, he changed his residence many times, but he usually chose to be near a university or a famous library. His income allows him to rent a small villa and hire several servants. He has never been married in his life, but he had a mistress named Helen when he was in Holland. She gave birth to a girl named Fran for Descartes? Descartes loved her very much, but unfortunately the girl died at the age of five, and Descartes was sad for a long time. In order to establish his philosophy as the official philosophy of Catholicism, Descartes was eager to spread his philosophy. 1644, he explained everything from the existence of God to nature in Latin, and compiled "Philosophical Principles". This book is dedicated to the beautiful Princess Elizabeth who admires him. This book is divided into four parts. The first part, Principles of Human Knowledge, describes his metaphysical thoughts. The second part is the principle of material things. The third part is "the visible world"; The fourth part, the earth, comprehensively and systematically expounds his basic ideas of mechanical materialism in On the Universe. Descartes compiled it into a textbook and bound it into four volumes, meaning to bring its philosophy into the classroom.

Unexpectedly, five years later, this book caused another huge storm. This time, theologians such as Reviu attacked Descartes and regarded Descartes' mechanical cosmology as almost equal to atheism. As early as 164 1, one of Descartes' disciples, Reggis, taught in utrecht university Descartes' philosophy system. Gilbert Voetius, the principal at that time, was very opposed to Descartes himself, so he sued Descartes in the city court. And urged the local court to order a ban on this new idea. Descartes rose to defend himself and published rene descartes's Letter to the Famous Gilbert Walter Etters, refuting Walter Etters, while Walter Etters was not to be outdone and severely reprimanded, but was refuted by Descartes again. The local court ordered Descartes to appear in court to defend himself, but Descartes refused, so he passed a judgment against him. The school board in Utrecht declared Descartes' philosophy inappropriate and wanted to publicly burn Descartes' works. Fortunately, his friend in The Hague (the French minister) interceded for him, and the judge was finally willing to take care of everyone's face. It was only forbidden to openly discuss Descartes' philosophy in the future and cancel Regis' class, but it was not allowed to openly oppose Descartes' articles. Life in Holland is not as calm as before. Some religious scholars regarded Descartes as an enemy, so Descartes returned to China several times. The first time was in 1644, that is, the year when Principles of Philosophy was published. He hopes that Father Meslan, who teaches in Paris (P? Mesland) can use his metaphysics as a teaching material. However, in view of the close relationship between Father Meslan and Descartes, the President of Jesuits transferred him to Canada early and refused him to come back. The second time was in 1647. This time, he returned to China because the French king allowed him to get a salary, but it never came true. But he met blaise pascal, a French educator and theologian, and showed him a famous experiment, which proved that air has pressure on all objects. The third time was in 1648, when the French civil war broke out and the political situation was turbulent, so he only met some famous figures of his time, such as Gassendi, Hobbes, Melsena and others, and hurried to the Netherlands, giving up the plan of returning to China to settle down. 1649 In February, Queen Christina invited Descartes to teach her philosophy in the palace in Sweden, with the aim of making her palace a refuge for art and a gathering place for learned people. From 1647, she obtained Descartes' works through the French ambassador and kept in touch with him. After receiving the manuscript of Passion of the Mind, she sent out invitations several times in succession, expressing her desire to meet the outstanding Mr. Descartes. Descartes hesitated for a moment, because he was born in the garden of Dulan, and he didn't want to go to those places where wild animals were infested with rocks and snow. But later, he thought that such a noble queen might be of great help in spreading his philosophy. In addition, the queen sent a general to persuade him and sent a warship to meet him. At the same time, the French ambassador to Sweden urged him repeatedly, and he finally decided to go north. In September of that year, he took a boat from Amsterdam to Stockholm, the capital of Sweden. Before he left, he handed over the manuscript of his last book, Trait despassions, to the publishing house, and there was another unfinished book, namely, Looking for Truth with the Light of Reason (la recherche de la verit par la Mi Lu&; EgraveRe Naturelle) was also completed at this time.

When Descartes arrived in Stockholm, it was the cold season and the weather in the north was extremely cold. Descartes was deeply impressed by the grand welcoming ceremony held for him by the 23-year-old queen, but the queen's temperament was a bit weird. She has to attend his class three times a week, but she has to give it to her at 5 am. To Descartes' surprise, he used to get up very late. Now, in order to adapt to the queen's hobby, he gets up in the middle of the night three days a week, and then walks from his apartment to the queen's study trembling in cold weather. So after two months, 1650 in the early morning of February, Descartes caught a cold and soon turned into pneumonia, which was serious. 10 days later, he died at the age of 54 after receiving the last sacrament. At that time, the academic circles did not pay attention to the news of his death. Only one newspaper reported the news, but the wording was ironic: a madman died in Sweden, who believed that people could live as they please. Because he was a Catholic, he was buried in a cemetery for unwashed children in Protestant Sweden. At the funeral, only a few friends came to attend. Does this realize his motto: anyone who hides himself is good, but Descartes' ideal is the realm that thinkers have been pursuing after all. Doubt about his methods, what is true and the explanation of self-evident laws or intuition are undoubtedly the central issues of modern philosophy, so in less than a few years, everyone discovered his greatness and admitted that he was a prophet of the times. 1667, his body was transported back to Paris and solemnly buried in St. Gnawi-Eglaf; Monte, Widdel). 1799, the French government put his body in the French History Museum, together with the glorious figures in French history. 18 19, his body was placed in Saint-Germain (Saint-Germain-des-PR&; Egrave is in the church, showing people. In particular, the tombstone reads: Descartes, the first person who fought for and guaranteed rational rights for mankind since the European Renaissance. 1896 and 1937, philosophy conferences were held all over the world to commemorate his birth and the 300th anniversary of the introduction to methods. Descartes died of pneumonia. The academic circles under the control of the church were indifferent to Descartes' death, and only a few friends gave him a funeral. With the expansion of Descartes' influence on mathematics and philosophy, after Descartes' death 18, the French government transported his ashes back to the celebrity cemetery in Paris. Commenting on Descartes' ashes returning to his native France, German mathematician Jacques humorously said: "It is usually more convenient to have the ashes of great men than to have them when they are alive." 1799, his ashes were placed in the Museum of History, 18 19, and he was moved to the Sacred Heart Church of Saint-Germain. His tombstone reads: Descartes, the first person to fight and protect rational rights since the European Renaissance. 1. (beautiful rumor)1On the streets of Stockholm in 650, Descartes, 54, met the Swedish princess Christine, who was 18 years old.

Descartes, who was down and out at that time, lived a life of begging, and all his possessions were only his tattered clothes and a few math books with him. Descartes, with a lofty nature, never asked passers-by for alms. He just silently bowed his head and wrote on the paper, immersed in his mathematical world.

On a quiet afternoon, Descartes sat in the street as usual, bathed in sunshine and studied math problems. He is so addicted to the world of mathematics, to the people passing by, and to the noisy cars and horses. You can't interfere with him.

Suddenly, someone came up to him and patted him on the shoulder. "What are you doing?" Turning around, Descartes saw a beautiful young eyelid, a pair of clear eyes like a blue lake, lovely long eyelashes blinking, waiting for his response. She is the little princess of Sweden and the king's favorite daughter Christine.

She bent down, took Descartes' math book and draft paper, and began to talk to him. During the conversation, he found that the little girl was quick-thinking and interested in mathematics.

After saying goodbye to the girl, Descartes gradually forgot about it and still sat in the street every day to write and draw.

A few days later, he was unexpectedly informed that the king hired him as the little princess's math teacher. Descartes was full of doubts and came to the palace with the guards who came to inform him. While waiting in the living room, he heard a silvery laughter coming from a distance. Turning around, he saw the girl he met in the street the day before yesterday. In desperation, he bowed his head and saluted.

From then on, he became the princess's math teacher.

Under the careful guidance of Descartes, the princess's mathematics advanced by leaps and bounds, and they began to become close. Descartes introduced her to his new research field-rectangular coordinate system. Through it, algebra and geometry can be combined, which is the embryonic form of analytic geometry founded by Descartes later.

Under the guidance of Descartes, Christine entered the wonderful coordinate world, and she was fascinated by curves. Being inseparable every day also makes them fall in love.

In this romantic country of Sweden, a pure and beautiful love has quietly sprouted.

However, it didn't take long for their love affair to reach the king's ears. The king was furious and ordered Descartes to be executed immediately. At Christine's pleading, the king exiled him to China, and the princess was placed under house arrest.

At that time, the Black Death was prevalent in continental Europe. Descartes, who was weak, fell ill soon after he returned to France. In the countdown to life, what he misses day and night is the warm smiling face he met in the street. He writes to her every day, expecting her reply. However, these letters were intercepted by the king and the princess never heard from him again.

Descartes sent Christine his thirteenth letter and died forever. At this time, the little princess under house arrest is still wandering in the corridor of the palace, thinking of her lover in the distance.

There is not a word written in this last letter, but only one equation: r=a( 1-sinθ).

The king couldn't understand it, thinking that there were two secrets hidden in this equation, he called all the mathematicians in the city to his palace, but no one could work out this function. He couldn't bear to see his beloved daughter moping every day, so he gave her this letter. Christine was ecstatic when she received the letter. She immediately understood her lover's intention, found paper and pen, and began to draw equation diagrams. A heart-shaped pattern appeared in front of her eyes, and Christine couldn't help crying. This curve is the famous "heart line".

After the king died, Christina succeeded to the throne. After she ascended the throne, she immediately sent someone to France to find the whereabouts of her sweetheart, but she received the news of Descartes' death, which left eternal regret. ...

This world-famous alternative love letter is still preserved in Descartes Memorial Hall in Europe.

Secondly, Descartes never married, but he had an illegitimate daughter who died at the age of five. He said it was the greatest sorrow in his life. He is always well dressed and carries a sword. Descartes is certainly a great man, but in love, he is unqualified and even makes people angry. The rational philosopher left immediately after being rejected, and the maid around him gave birth to a daughter for him, but only left a name, and no one else knew anything about it. Princess Elizabeth, a fallen aristocrat, took the initiative to write to him. He answered happily, but when Queen Christina came, he left regardless of the princess's miserable situation. Are people who are too rational like this? Like Spinoza and Leibniz, Descartes never married and never enjoyed the happiness brought by family life.