Detailed explanation of Korean language knowledge

Respectful language

Korean is the language with the most developed respectful language.

Behaviors vary depending on the situation in which the conversation is taking place and the age and status of the other party. For example, Koreans can express the phrase "come quickly" in the following different ways.

1.?

2.?

3.

4.

The endings of honorifics include

. .? .?.?

Example

(original form) ?+ (respectful language)

(original form) ?+ (respectful language)

(original form) ?+? (respectful language)

(original form) ?+? (?+?=?) ? (respectful language)

Particles

?/? is located after the subject of each sentence, which means that the nouns, pronouns, and numerals in front of this particle should be the subject of that sentence.

?/? is located after the object of each sentence, which means that the nouns and pronouns in front of this particle should be the object of that sentence

Example

? (Cheol-soo hits the ball)

? (The ball hits Cheol-soo)

?/? is located after the noun. But this noun should refer to a direction or destination.

?/? Equivalent to "to" or "in" in modern Chinese

Examples

? (Go to Seoul) (Study in school) < /p>

?/? is located after the noun. This particle indicates a prop or method.

Example

? (Go by taxi)

Affirmation and negation

Korean sentences end with ?, then that sentence The word is for sure.

If the sentence ends with (?/?), then the sentence is negative.

(He is Korean) / (He is not Korean)

? /? (Yes, no)

Example

? (He has Korean friends) / ? (He has no Korean friends)

? (No)

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　ules ?? t eat Gimchi)

　　　　　

　　 Korean tenses are basically divided into three tenses: present, past and future.

Add ? to the predicate of a present tense sentence to turn it into a past tense sentence.

Example

　　　　 +? p>

? ? ? +? +? I eat. I ate

Add to the predicate of the present tense sentence

Example

? ? + ? +? I go. I will

　　 ? ? + +? +? I go. I will go.

? ? + +? I go. I will go

Five basic sentence patterns in Korean

Korean belongs to the Altaic language family and is an agglutinative language. Grammatical meaning is expressed by various endings. The grammatical structure is similar to Japanese. There are five basic sentence patterns:

1. 1. Judgment sentence

?What is this?

That is a flower.

Cheol-soo is a student

?_______? ?__________?

Nominative nominative ending descriptive noun final ending

? Subject noun predicate< /p>

2． 2. Adjective predicate sentence

? How is the weather?

. The weather is very good.

?. The sky is high

?__________? ?___________?

Noun nominative ending adjective stem ending ending

Subject adjective predicate< /p>

3. 3. Verb predicate sentence

? Is the car running?

. The car is moving.

? ?. Flowers bloom

?___________? ?___________?

Noun nominative ending verb stem ending

Subject predicate< /p>

4． 4． Subject-object predicate sentence

What does Cheol-soo do?

? . Cheol-soo is reading a book.

. The child eats an apple.

?___________? ?___________? ?____________?

Noun nominative ending Noun object ending Verb stem terminal ending

Subject object predicate

< p>　5. 5． Modifying sentence

? . Cheol-soo is a good student.

?. The weather is good today.

? ?. The flowers are blooming beautifully.

? ? . Cheol-soo is reading in the library.

. The child eats delicious apples.

6． Compound Sentence

? ? . Spring is here and the weather is warm. (Parallel relationship)

? . Because spring is here, the weather is warmer. (Causation)

? . If spring comes, the weather will be warm. (Turning relationship)

? ?. Although spring has arrived, the weather has not warmed up. (Turning relationship)

? . Whether spring comes or not, the weather will get warmer. (Select a relationship)

? ? ?. Even if spring comes, the weather is not warm. (Concession relationship)

Grammar

1. Word ending (?)

Korean is an agglutinative language, and its grammatical relationship is expressed by additional components attached to the stem. This additional component has no independence and cannot exist alone. The additional components attached to nouns, pronouns, and numerals are called particles (?), and the additional components attached to verbs and adjectives are called suffixes (?). In Korean, nouns, pronouns, and numerals are collectively called aspect words (?), and verbs and adjectives are collectively called predicates (?).

Word endings are divided into:

Terminal word endings (? )—such as:?,?,?,…

Connecting word endings ()—such as:?,?,?,?…

Transformative word endings ()—such as:?/ ?,?…

Attributive ending (?)—such as: ?(?)/?/?(?)…

Respectful ending ()—such as: ?/?… < /p>

Temporal word endings () - such as: ?/?/?,?…

Word endings () expressing politeness and solemnity - such as:?,?,?... and other endings. The stems of Korean words do not change, but the endings of words can be changed.

2. Terminal suffix ()

Terminal suffix is ??used after the predicate stem at the end of the sentence and the predicate form of the aspect word.

1. According to the speaker’s purpose of speaking, the endings of final words are expressed in five forms: declarative, interrogative, command, verb, and exclamation.

Examples of endings in classification parts

Declarative form—/

—?

—?/? —

—?

—? ?

Interrogative form —/

—?

—?/? —? /

— ?

—?

Imperative form —/,

—?

—?/?/? —?

— ?

—? .

***Moving shape?—/

—? —

— ?

Exclamatory form —?

—? —?!

— !

Second, it is said that the speaker and the listener The relationship between age, seniority, social status, etc., whether the speaker needs respect for the listener, the degree of respect, etc., terminal endings are divided into two Chinese formats: formal terminal endings and non-formal terminal endings, among which formal terminal endings are divided into It is the basic level (), the lower level () and the respectful level (); the endings of non-test questions are divided into basic level (?) and respectful level ().

\level

　　　　

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　ules

? ? ()

　() ? ?

　()

　()

Statement form? ? ? ?(?) ?

Question form? ?(?)?

Command form? ? ? ?(?) ?

***Active form? ? ?(?)

Exclamation form! ! ! ?! ! !

Some basic common sense about the main differences between Korean and Chinese grammar

1. Chinese words do not have word ending modifications and mainly rely on word order to express the relationship between the various words in the sentence, that is, the position and grammatical function of each word in the sentence. Korean, on the other hand, relies on word endings to indicate the status and grammatical function of each word in the sentence. For example: in Chinese "I go" and "there are many people", the subjects in these sentences are "I" and "people". However, when expressing a subject in Korean, the case suffix "?(?)" that indicates the subject must be added. Right now" "," ?". Similarly, there are certain ending changes when expressing predicates, objects, attributives, and adverbials. This is very different from Chinese.

2. Chinese sometimes uses some prepositions to express the grammatical relationship between each word. At this time, the preposition is added in front of the word, but Korean uses the end of the word to express the grammatical relationship between each word, and the end of the word must be added at the beginning. behind the word. Take the usage of prepositions in Chinese as an example:

We are having a meeting in Daejeon and the translation into Korean is: ? .

3. The word order in Chinese is generally that the object comes after the predicate, while in Korean The object comes first and the predicate comes at the end of the sentence. That is:

Subject - object - predicate, such as:

I am reading in the library. Translated into Korean: ? ? .

4. In spoken language, Korean shows a strict etiquette relationship based on the seniority, superiority, age, and gender relationship between the speaker and the listener. . Failure to grasp the relationship between classes will cause discourtesy and have adverse effects. We must pay attention to this. For example: to express respect for the other party, say: "? ?"; to express an equal relationship with the other party, say: "?"; when the listener is a child, use: "?", etc.

5． Korean mainly uses word ending changes to express the speaker's intentions and methods towards the listener. For example, the four ways of "?" (reading) are as follows:

Declarative: ? . Reading

Interrogative: ? ? Reading?

Imperative: ? ?. Please read.

***Action:? . Let’s study together.

The suffix of each form is called "form". The endings of the above four ways are called "declarative form", "question form", "command form" and "*** action form" respectively.

Personal pronoun classification table

Person/number/class refers to the superior, and the upper generation has the same status as the lower generation

Personal pronoun singular? ?

< p> Plural? ?

Two-person singular? (written) ? (spoken)

?,? ?

Plural?

Three-person Singular (?),?.(?)

Plural (?,?,?)