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Examples of remote sensing application

For a long time, geography mainly relies on field observation to obtain the first-hand (information) data of geographical research. Traditional means, whether in quantity or quality, or in real-time and timeliness of information, can not adapt to or meet the needs of the current geographical development and rapid development of the new situation. The introduction and application of remote sensing in geography has added a modern means to obtain information for geography.

The information obtained by remote sensing is incomparable with traditional methods. The accuracy and objectivity of remote sensing information lies in objectively and accurately recording the electromagnetic radiation (reflection and emission) characteristics of ground objects and objectively reflecting the real situation of surface landscape in real time. For example, as a remote sensing image displaying remote sensing information, it can truly and vividly reflect the present situation of the distribution of ground objects, the relationship between ground objects or phenomena, and the mutual influence and change between ground objects. Therefore, the introduction of remote sensing provides convenience and foundation for the further study of comprehensive regional analysis and regional dynamic analysis of geography, and improves the practical application value and benefit of the results.

Remote sensing can provide visible light band, infrared, ultraviolet, microwave band information and multi-band information; It can provide information in the form of images, as well as analog or digital data information; Not only can real-time two-dimensional plane information be obtained, but also three-dimensional space information can be obtained. The geographical information thus obtained has formed a multi-level, multi-way, multi-faceted and all-round way, which greatly broadens the breadth and depth of geographical research and opens the way for the development of geography today.

When applying remote sensing information, we must choose suitable remote sensing information according to the purpose and task of geographical research, and pay attention to the mutual cooperation and application with other non-remote sensing information, so as to give full play to the role of remote sensing information in geographical research and improve the social and economic benefits of geographical research results.

The application fields of remote sensing are as follows: 1. resource investigation; Second, environmental monitoring and assessment and the fight against natural disasters; Third, regional analysis and construction planning; Fourth, global macro research; 5. Surveying and mapping; Six, historical sites, archaeological investigation; Seven, military.

First, the application of remote sensing in resource investigation

Application of (1) in agriculture and forestry

Mainly in the investigation of agricultural and forestry land resources, land use status, agricultural and forestry pests and diseases, soil drought, salinization and desertification, crop growth monitoring and yield estimation, forest resources inventory and so on.

1. Land resources and soil survey

The investigation progress has been accelerated, and the accuracy and quality of the work have been greatly improved. Using 560 Landsat images, China completed the analysis, measurement and statistics of 15 land use types in only two years, and provided the basic data and related maps of land use in the whole country and provinces.

2. Crop yield estimation

The accuracy of the United States' estimation of the world wheat yield is over 90%, and it has been extended to the yield estimation of more than eight crops such as corn and soybean. From 1983 to 1986, China conducted a large-scale winter wheat yield estimation experiment in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, with an accuracy rate of over 90%.

3. In forestry

In recent years, China has completed a comprehensive survey of "Three North" shelterbelts by remote sensing. The type, distribution, area and preservation rate of existing shelterbelts were completed in the investigation of the first phase of the "Three North" afforestation project, covering most of the northwest, northern North China and northeastern northwest, with a total area of 6.5438+0.28 million square kilometers. Quantity, quality and distribution of grassland; Investigate the types, distribution, quantity and utilization of land resources. More than 200 remote sensing thematic series maps were provided, and the resource and environment information system of the whole region was built, which laid the foundation for grasping the present situation of shelter forest areas and further development planning of forest areas.

(ii) Applications in geology and mineral resources

It is mainly manifested in basic geological work, mineral geological work, and comprehensive geological survey and application in engineering geology, seismic geology and disaster geology.

Remote sensing images have a wide field of vision, and geological phenomena and their relationships vividly reflect the spatial relationship between regional geological structures, which provides extremely favorable conditions and foundations for cross-regional and even global regional geological research. It has solved some problems that have been debated for a long time in geological circles or are difficult to be solved by routine methods. Remote sensing provides a basis for geologists with different academic viewpoints and promotes the development of geology.

China's geological and mineral system adopts the method of remote sensing geological survey. There are more than 1030 linear structure, 138 ring structure and 1000 ancient mining caves in Xiaoqinling gold field. According to the results of geochemical and geophysical exploration, the 13 prospect area is put forward. After inspection, 22 gold-bearing quartz vein zones and altered structural zones have been found, and 3 gold deposits have been seen, all of which lasted only one year. Another example is: Coalfield Corporation delineated 17 coal-bearing basins on the western slope of Daxing 'anling in Northeast China by using remote sensing geological method, among which 4 were newly discovered, with an additional reserve of 54 billion tons. There are countless similar examples, and remote sensing geological method has become an important method in mineral geological work.

As a modern means, remote sensing is also widely used in comprehensive geological surveys such as engineering geology, seismic geology, hydrogeology and disaster geology. The Remote Sensing Center of the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources has carried out color and side-looking radar imaging flights between Chongqing and Yichang in the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River. According to the obtained data, the engineering geological interpretation and analysis of the Three Gorges reservoir area are carried out in detail, and the shape, formation mechanism and development trend of Xintan slope are analyzed in detail, which provides the basic information for the construction of the Three Gorges Project for the country.

(3) Application in hydrology and water resources

Water resources investigation, watershed planning, soil erosion investigation, ice and snow monitoring, Haikou coastal zone and shallow sea topography investigation, marine investigation and research. Lakes in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: 500+300.

Remote sensing technology can be an effective means to investigate hydrology and water resources in desolate areas where human footprints are difficult to reach.

Infrared remote sensing images are very beneficial to identify aquifers, judge water-filled faults and find out the location of water-rich areas.

In the Hawaiian Islands, the United States discovered more than 200 dew points of underground fresh water by infrared remote sensing, thus solving the demand for fresh water on the island.

China has carried out aerial thermal infrared remote sensing experiments in Dalian, and found 22 fresh water springs with no historical records in coastal areas. Through the analysis of these springs, the underground fresh water discharge area is determined, which provides an important way to solve the drinking water source for people and animals in coastal areas.

Second, the application of remote sensing in environmental monitoring and assessment and fighting against natural disasters.

Application of (1) in environmental monitoring

Remote sensing mainly uses large-scale images provided by remote sensing to monitor air pollution, water pollution, land pollution and marine pollution. Because the information provided by remote sensing is fast, timely, true, objective and vivid, we can know and master the location of pollution sources, the nature and dynamic changes of pollutants, and the impact of pollution on the environment in real time, thus providing a basis for timely protection or diversion measures and environmental assessment.

(b) Combating natural disasters.

Natural disasters refer to disasters brought by environmental anomalies or sudden changes to human life and survival. In recent years, remote sensing technology has made many important achievements in disaster prediction and has become a powerful tool and means to predict natural disasters.

At present, meteorological satellites have entered operational operation, forming a multi-level forecasting network, which has played a very important role in disastrous weather monitoring, weather analysis and forecasting, meteorological research and so on. The successful development and successive launch of China's Fengyun-1 and Fengyun-2 meteorological satellites indicate that China's meteorological forecasting technology has developed from single, short-term and small-scale forecasting to comprehensive, medium-and long-term and large-scale accurate forecasting. It provides reliable data for the accurate prediction of drought, flood, landslide, debris flow and diseases and insect pests in China, and provides reliable basis for taking disaster reduction measures.

Forest fire has always been one of the important disasters that threaten forestry construction. As early as 1970s, China carried out aerial remote sensing-forest fire detection experiment. At an altitude of 3000 meters, the fire source of 0. 1 m2 on the ground can be found by thermal infrared sensor. 1May, 987, in the great forest fire in Daxinganling, Heilongjiang Province, remote sensing played an important role in accurately determining the location, scope and spreading trend of the fire source, providing timely and accurate fire information for extinguishing the fire, monitoring the development of the fire, evaluating the fire loss after the disaster and restoring and rebuilding the plan, and achieved remarkable social and economic benefits.

Third, the application of remote sensing in regional analysis and construction planning

Remote sensing image is a true and objective record and image display of the landscape in a certain area of the surface. Geographical area analysis also makes full use of this feature and advantage of remote sensing images and becomes an important aspect of remote sensing application in geography. For example, the early remote sensing experiments in Tengchong, Changchun, Xinjiang and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China, as well as the comprehensive remote sensing survey on the Loess Plateau and the comprehensive remote sensing survey on the "Three North" shelterbelt in recent years are all guided by remote sensing regional analysis and based on regional analysis, reasonable regional elements are arranged.

Urban remote sensing can provide basic information of urban development, such as urban land use status, urban land use analysis, urban environmental monitoring and evaluation, urban layout structure analysis, urban road traffic analysis, urban population analysis and urban ecological analysis, and serve urban construction planning and decision-making. Formulate a reasonable urban planning scheme.

Fourthly, the application of remote sensing in global macro research.

The purpose of global research is mainly to study the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere on which human beings depend, so as to promote the deepening of regional research and improve the global environment (environmental degradation). For example, the remote sensing global positioning system (GPS) can be used to monitor and study plate movements and deep fault activities; Using meteorological satellite data and other remote sensing information to carry out global meteorological research and world disaster prediction (El Ni? o); Ocean dynamics research, the distribution of solid water on the earth's surface, the advance and retreat of the world glaciers (global warming), the monitoring and management of the world environment.

El Nino is a transliteration of Spanish "El Nino". In the coastal areas of Ecuador and Peru in South America, seasonal warming of seawater occurs every year. Because this phenomenon happened around Christmas, it was called El Nino by local fishermen, which means "El Nino" (son of God). Now the word El Nino has been used by meteorologists and oceanographers to refer to the large-scale continuous abnormal warming of seawater in the eastern and central equatorial Pacific. Since the 1980s, the frequency and intensity of El Nino have obviously increased, resulting in global climate anomalies.

Application of verb (abbreviation of verb) in Surveying and Mapping

Aerial photogrammetry has always been the main data source and important technical method in surveying and mapping. With the development of remote sensing, the sources of surveying and mapping data are more diversified, and the accuracy and reliability of data, as well as its rapid timeliness and timely dynamics, have been greatly improved. The surveying and mapping cycle is greatly shortened; For example, based on the images obtained by satellites launched in recent years, China has completed the compilation of the Yellow River Delta1∶ 50,000,1∶ 65438+100,000 maps, and completed the first Nansha Islands image map in China.

Remote sensing can also obtain data in various areas where the climatic and meteorological conditions are complex and conventional methods are difficult to operate, filling the gap in ground operations. For example, there are nearly 5 million square kilometers of tropical rain forests in the Amazon basin of Brazil, where the land is vast and sparsely populated, and it is difficult to make routine measurements all day long. Using remote sensing side-looking radar technology, the scanning and imaging work of1∶ 400,000 radar in this area was completed in less than one year, and valuable data were obtained, which provided a basis for surveying and mapping in this area.

Application of intransitive verbs in historical sites and archaeological investigations

In the field archaeological investigation, with the application of remote sensing image analysis, many important historical sites have been discovered and remarkable achievements have been made.

British remote sensing experts discovered the remains of ancient castles in Roman times 30 kilometers underground in London, England through computer-enhanced satellite images.

China also used the information provided by remote sensing to investigate the discovery of Yuanmingyuan site, Great Wall site and Jin Dynasty ancient city in Inner Mongolia, and achieved good results.

VII. Military Applications

The application of remote sensing in military affairs is self-evident. In fact, military application is the earliest and most successful application of remote sensing. Nowadays, the development of remote sensing has developed rapidly because of its successful application in the military. At present, most of the satellites launched around the earth are related to the military. The victory or defeat of today's war depends not only on the comparison of military strength (manpower and weapons), but also on accurate and reliable information acquisition, transmission and decision-making. The Falklands War between Britain and Argentina, the Middle East War and the Gulf War all fully proved the important role of remote sensing in military wars.

Essential difference between microwave imaging and photographic remote sensing imaging

Microwave imaging is microwave remote sensing, photography and scanning imaging are visible light remote sensing.

Visible light remote sensing belongs to optical remote sensing, which uses optical technology and microwave remote sensing uses radio technology.

1. detection band: the detection band range of visible light remote sensing is 0.38-0.76um；; ; The detection band range of microwave remote sensing is usually greater than 1mm, while the band range of lidar is in visible light and infrared band.

2. Visible light remote sensing can only collect surface information, while microwave is penetrating and can detect information within a certain depth below the surface.

3. Visible light remote sensing needs atmospheric conditions, and weather factors have great influence; Microwave remote sensing can realize all-weather and all-day detection and has the ability to penetrate clouds.