Geography-Europe

1, natural environment

(1) position range

The western half of Europe, bordering the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Atlantic Ocean in the west and the Mediterranean Sea in the south, is divided into four parts: Northern Europe, Western Europe, Central Europe and Southern Europe.

(2) The coastline is tortuous

The most tortuous continent in the world has many peninsulas, islands and bays. Scandinavia is in the north of the main peninsula, and Balkan Peninsula, Apennine Peninsula and Iberian Peninsula are in the south. The main islands are the British Isles and Iceland. The main inland seas include the Baltic Sea in the north, the Mediterranean Sea in the south and the Black Sea in the southeast. The marginal sea has the North Sea, and the Bay of Biscay is a famous bay.

(3) topography

The continents with the lowest average elevation in the world are mainly plains and mountains.

Be distributed

Plain: North Sea, Baltic Sea, Bode Plain to the east of Rhine River and Western Europe Plain to the west.

Mountain: Scandinavian Mountains in the north, Alps in the south and Lang Feng as the highest.

Deeply influenced by glaciers: there are many lakes-"the country of thousands of lakes"-Finland's fjord coast-Norway's coast

The plain is wavy-lakes are scattered on both sides of the Alps in the Bode Plain.

(4) The climate is deeply influenced by the Atlantic Ocean.

Features: It is mild and humid, with obvious maritime characteristics (mild in winter, cool in summer, less in daily range than annual range, and even in annual precipitation distribution), and gradually transits from maritime climate to continental climate from west to east.

cause

Latitude position

Most areas are located between 35 and 60 north latitude and belong to temperate climate.

Land-sea distribution

The Atlantic Ocean is in the west, and the outline of the continent is tortuous, which makes the ocean influence go deep inland.

zone

The central part is a plain, and the east-west mountains are conducive to the moist ocean airflow going deep inland.

ocean current

The passage of the North Atlantic warm current has played a role in warming and humidifying coastal areas.

atmospheric circulation

Located in the westerly belt, the prevailing westerly wind transports the warm and humid air flow of the Atlantic Ocean to the inland.

Be distributed

The difference between east and west: the west has a temperate maritime climate, while the east has a temperate continental climate.

North-South differences; The climate is polar in the north and Mediterranean in the south.

Climate and agriculture

(1) The temperate maritime climate-mild winter, cool summer, even seasonal distribution of precipitation, moist air, heavy cloud cover, rainy days and little sunshine-is not conducive to the growth of crops, but is suitable for the growth of juicy pastures-developing animal husbandry.

(2) Mediterranean climate-dry in summer and rainy in winter (different rainy and hot periods)-subtropical fruit producing area, rich in oranges, lemons, figs, grapes and olives.

(3) Agricultural production-shortage of arable land and labor force-agricultural modernization attaches great importance to mechanization and biotechnology-European agriculture is the second production sector. The combination of agriculture and animal husbandry and high degree of intensification are important characteristics. Wheat, corn, potatoes, vegetables, melons, beets, sunflowers, flax, etc. Mainly planting. Wheat production accounts for about 50% of the world total output, and barley and oats account for more than 60%. Horticulture is developed, mainly producing grapes and apples. Animal husbandry mainly focuses on raising pigs, cattle and sheep.

(5) Rivers and lakes

(1), river hydrological characteristics:

Climate and topography-determine the hydrological characteristics of this area-there are many rivers, dense river networks, abundant rivers, small water level changes, stable water flow, few long rivers and long navigation mileage, including the ice age.

② Main rivers:

The rivers that flow through the country the most-many rivers: Germany, Austria (Vienna), Slovakia, Hungary (Budapest), Croatia, Yugoslavia (Belgrade), Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine-flow into the Black Sea-the estuary is about 45 degrees north latitude and 30 degrees east longitude.

The Rhine, the busiest river in the world: Switzerland, France, Germany (Ruhr, Frankfurt) and the Netherlands-flowing into the North Sea-flows through developed industrial and agricultural areas and densely populated areas in the middle and lower reaches, with convenient shipping.

France Seine-Paris

Thames, England-London

The Elbe River in Germany-Hamburg (the largest port in Germany)

③ Main canals

Danube-Rhine canal

kiel canal

(4) British-French Cross-Harbour Tunnel

2, the country and residents

(1) Country and region: Vatican, the smallest country in the world.

(2) Residents: mainly white, densely populated areas are distributed along coal mines and industrial areas in a slightly "cross" shape, with a low natural population growth rate and zero or negative growth in Hungary.

(3) Economically developed areas: foreign trade is developed, among which Germany ranks first.

Features: Capitalist areas are developed, foreign trade is developed, animal husbandry plays an important role in agriculture, and EU is an important economic entity in the world. Britain is the earliest industrialized country in the world, and its industry has an absolute advantage in the national economy, with equal emphasis on light and heavy industries.

France is a country with developed industry and agriculture and the largest country in western Europe. Germany is a country with highly developed modern industry, the most populous country in Western Europe, the country with the strongest economic strength in Europe, and the country with the largest number of European neighbors, and its trade volume ranks among the top in the world.

Industrial distribution: World-famous industrial concentrated areas, with a cross-shaped distribution.

Scandinavian Peninsula

England —————————————— Poland.

Italy

(4) Tourism is developed.

Conditions: various natural conditions; Brilliant culture in history; Unique local conditions and customs

Main tourist destinations: Parthenon in Athens, Greece; The Colosseum in Rome, Italy and Venice, the water city; City of Music; Oslo fjord and midnight sun in Norway; Flower, windmill and lake reclamation project in Rotterdam, Netherlands; Geneva, Switzerland, lakes and mountains, watch workshop, mountaineering and skiing; Beach scenery and bullfighting competitions along the Mediterranean coast of Spain; Eiffel Tower, Arc de Triomphe, Palace of Versailles and Fashion Festival in Paris, France; Buckingham Palace, Greenwich Observatory, British Museum, Marx Cemetery in London, England.

3. Britain, Britain

(1) Western European island countries

Full name: "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", referred to as "United Kingdom"

Territory: It mainly includes the northeast of Great Britain and Ireland. The island of Great Britain is divided into three parts: England, Scotland and Wales, of which England is the political and economic center.

(2) Countries with the earliest industrialization

The first industrial revolution formed the textile industry in Manchester and the steel industry (coal producing area) in Birmingham. After World War II, automobile, airplane and electronics industries emerged in the oil processing industries around London, central England, southern Scotland and the coastal areas of the North Sea, and crude oil was self-sufficient.

(3) Agriculture

The west-not suitable for growing food crops, the dairy industry is developed: there is more rainfall and less sunshine, and juicy grass grows well.

Southeast planting areas (wheat and barley): less precipitation, more sunshine, high temperature and long growing period.

London, the capital

Across the Thames, London is the largest city and port. It used to be a famous foggy city (ten rainy days, coal dust in ten valleys). Now most factories use oil, gas or electricity instead of coal, and there is little fog.

4. France

(1) Natural geographical environment

The largest country in Western Europe, with high terrain in the southeast and low terrain in the northwest, hilly plains in the northwest, mountain plateaus (Alps, Central Plateau and Lorraine Plateau) in the east and south, and the famous Paris Basin in the north. The Seine River flows through the Paris Basin and flows into the English Channel, which is rich in water and convenient for shipping.

(2) Economies with developed industry and agriculture.

Paris basin is the most important industrial and agricultural area in France.

Agricultural advantages: plain and hilly terrain, mild and humid climate and fertile soil; The government encourages agricultural development policies; Highly mechanized and modernized.

Distribution of crops: wheat is distributed in the Parisian basin and northern high plains; The southwest and Mediterranean coast are well-developed in horticulture and rich in grapes; Animal husbandry is mainly in the hilly areas of southwest China. An important food producer and exporter in the world.

Minerals: Lille coal mining area-north; Luolin Iron Ore District in Northeast China

Coal and oil are insufficient, and hydropower and nuclear power are vigorously developed, with the proportion of nuclear power reaching 70%.

(3) Important cities

The capital-Paris-is the largest city in China, the national political, economic, cultural, transportation and financial center, a world-famous fashion and cosmetics center, a world-famous tourist attraction, and the Seine River flows through it.

Mediterranean coast-Marseille (port, east of Foss), Dunkirk of Foss (coastal steel industry, Fushan, taranto, China).

5. Germany

(1) Countries with the largest number of neighboring countries in the region at the crossroads of the European continent (9 countries)

(2) The terrain difference between the north and the south: the terrain is high in the south and low in the north, showing a ladder shape.

North german plain is in the north, with low terrain and low temperature, mainly developing animal husbandry and extensive management;

The vast mountainous area in the central valley is suitable for farming and grazing;

Forests and grasslands are widely distributed in the southern plateau and Alps of Bavaria.

(3) Developed industries

Europe is a country with highly developed modern industry, the strongest economic strength and the highest trade volume in the world.

Development conditions

Advantages: abundant coal, convenient land and water transportation conditions and strong scientific and technological strength.

Disadvantages: Oil, iron ore and non-ferrous metals are imported, and half of the products depend on the international market.

Distribution: Rhine-Ruhr area: centering on Essen and Duisburg, aerospace, aircraft and microelectronics are developed around Munich in the south.

Distribution characteristics: the distribution is relatively balanced, and the industry develops from north to south.

The rise and fall of Ruhr

① Rich coal resources

② Near the iron ore area, near the Lorraine iron ore area in northeast France.

Location advantage ③ Abundant water resources.

(4) Convenient land and water transportation: It is located at the crossroads of land transportation between China and Europe, with convenient river transportation and direct access to the sea.

⑤ Broad market

① Single production structure: concentrated in coal, steel, electricity and machinery, based on coal and steel.

(2) The decline of coal's energy status: the wide application of oil and natural gas has reduced the proportion of coal and created new technologies.

The reason for the decline is the reduction of coal consumption in steelmaking.

(3) World steel surplus: the increase in output, the economic crisis and the widespread use of substitutes have reduced the use.

(4) The influence of the new technological revolution: the traditional forms of production and organization do not meet the requirements of the development of the times, the land is tight and the environment is seriously polluted.

① Develop emerging industries and tertiary industries, transform coal and steel industries, and promote the diversification of economic structure. The number has decreased and the scale has expanded. The newly built and relocated enterprises are mainly small and medium-sized enterprises with excellent technology.

Comprehensive improvement ② Adjust the industrial layout to ensure the balanced development of all industries: for example, the iron and steel industry is increasingly concentrated in the west, and some blast furnaces are built in the Dutch seaside.

③ Expand traffic and improve traffic network: Germany has the densest railway and road network, with busy shipping, and half of the transportation is iron ore.

④ Eliminate pollution and beautify the environment: control pollution discharge, establish and improve recycling devices and pollution treatment systems, and plant trees.

(4) Major cities

Berlin: The capital of Germany, located in the east, is the largest city in the country.

Hamburg: Located in the lower reaches of the Elbe River, it is the largest port city and shipbuilding center.

Frankfurt: Germany's largest airport, railway hub and chemical industry city, and an important financial center in the world.

Munich: South Center, Beer Capital

6. Hot spots:

"European Union", formerly known as European Economic Entity (European Market), is an international economic organization in Europe. Founded in 1957, its member countries are Ireland, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, France, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Portugal, Spain, Greece, Italy and Britain. In February, EU countries signed the EU Treaty in Maastricht, the Netherlands. The treaty came into force in June 1993 1 1, and the former European body was renamed the European Union. Austria, Finland and Sweden joined the EU. The status and role of the EU in the world is increasing day by day, and it has become an important economic force in the world. Headquartered in Brussels, Belgium, the EU has 15 member countries: France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Denmark, Ireland, Britain, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Austria, Finland and Sweden. 15 The country has a total area of 3.337 million square kilometers and a population of 376 million. 1999 the gross domestic product reached $8,458.3 billion, surpassing the United States and Japan. 1 99965438+1October1Euro started as scheduled. The first euro countries are Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, etc. 1 1 countries. In addition to Britain, Sweden and Denmark, the EU member States that did not use the euro in 2002 officially announced the list of 10 countries in the EU's eastward expansion before 2004 in Brussels on the 9th. According to this plan, the EU will then expand into a regional multinational alliance with 25 member states. The 10 countries listed in the European Commission document include Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia.

NATO1949 On April 4th, 12 countries, including the United States, Canada, Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Portugal and Italy, signed the North Atlantic Treaty in Washington, D.C., and announced the establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO for short). By1March 1999, NATO members had reached 65,438. 1On May 5, 955, the Federal Republic of Germany joined NATO. 1On May 30th, 982, Spain joined NATO. 1March, 1999 12, Poland, Hungary and Czech Republic, former members of Warsaw Treaty, joined NATO). Headquartered in Brussels. NATO's eastward expansion: On June 5438+065438+ 10, NATO Prague Summit decided to invite Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Romania and Bulgaria to join NATO. This is the largest expansion of NATO since its establishment 53 years ago. According to the procedure of NATO's eastward expansion, these seven countries will hold accession negotiations with NATO and sign the accession treaty. Only after the treaty is approved by the parliaments of NATO member countries and invited countries can these countries formally become NATO members. According to the NATO plan, the above seven countries will complete all the accession procedures and formally join NATO in 2004, thus increasing the number of NATO members from the current 19 to 26.