Wildlife survival and training

Primitive Forest Survival Guide

For players who love nature, they go to the wild mountains and rivers that ordinary people don’t go, looking for authentic wild fun, but of course the accommodation is not comfortable. of hotels. For this type of player, necessary equipment and knowledge are naturally indispensable. Here are some essentials about wild camping, you may wish to refer to them.

Choosing a campsite

The first thing to consider is safety. In the wild, many accidents can happen. At lower altitudes, the dangers are much less, but the basic principles of campsite selection must still be followed.

1. Before setting up a tent, you must carefully survey the terrain. There should be no rolling stones, rolling logs or weathered rocks above the camp. Once you find signs of scattered rocks nearby, you must not set up a tent again, especially The closer you are to the rock wall, the more careful you should be, and try to avoid camping in concave places. If you find a rolling stone, you should immediately shout loudly to notify your traveling companions.

2. Do not build camps in areas prone to mudslides. Many rocks have traces of being wrapped in soil, which is the main sign of identifying a debris flow. Don’t choose a campsite too close to a debris flow channel.

3. Do not camp on the top of a mountain or in an open field during thunderstorms to avoid being struck by lightning.

4. Do not set up camps on riverbanks, riverbeds, streams and valleys during thunderstorms to prevent them from being washed away by sudden floods.

Many times, campsites will be located on ridges or on both sides of rivers to enjoy the scenery. An ideal camping site is nothing more than a river bank platform or a wide river bank. The sandy land is flat and dry, and there are clear water flows along the valley, as well as driftwood that can be used as fuel wood. When the weather is good, this is a very good camping site. However, if there is a heavy downpour, the water in the valley is likely to suddenly surge, submerging the river banks into the water, washing away hiking shoes, food, etc., and even people are washed away by the current.

5. Before camping in the wild during the rainy season, you must pay attention to the climate and hydrological conditions of the local camping site and the upper reaches of the river. When camping, be careful to set up your tent on a high ground a few meters above the water, and do not choose rainwater. For passages, choose a place with good drainage and a path that can be used to escape in case of danger. When everything is settled, you need to always pay attention to the flow and turbidity of the water source, as well as the sound of running water. Once you feel something unusual, run away quickly. Late at night or when you are tired are the main causes of disaster, don't be careless or not careful.

Setting up tents 1. Try to set up tents on hard, flat ground instead of camping on river banks or dry river beds.

2. The entrance of the tent should be leeward, and the tent should be away from hillsides with rolling rocks.

3. To prevent the tent from being flooded when it rains, a drainage ditch should be dug directly under the edge of the tent roof.

4. The four corners of the tent should be pressed down with big rocks.

5. Air circulation should be maintained in the tent, and fire should be prevented when cooking in the tent.

6. Before going to bed at night, check whether all the flames have been extinguished and whether the tent is firmly fixed.

7. To prevent insects from entering, sprinkle a circle of kerosene around the tent.

8. It is best for the tent to face south or southeast so that you can see the early morning sunshine. Try not to set the camp on a ridge or a mountain top.

9. At least there should be a groove in the ground, and do not build it next to a stream, so that it will not be too cold at night.

10. Choose a campsite with good drainage such as sand, grass, or debris.

Close to water

The camp should choose a place close to the water source. This can not only ensure water for cooking and drinking, but also provide water for washing. If it is far away from the water source, it will bring problems to the camp. A lot of inconvenience and even danger. However, in deep mountains and dense forests, you may encounter wild animals near water sources, so be extra careful.

The leeward wind will quickly take away the heat of the human body, causing people to feel cold, and even cause diseases. At the same time, strong winds will sweep away the tents, at least making it difficult for people to rest, and it will be even more difficult to light a campfire and cook. Heating is also difficult to guarantee, so the camp must be sheltered from the wind. It is best to be in the lee of a hill, in a forest or forest edge clearing, in a cave, on the side of a ridge, under a rock, etc. Prevent animals When building a camp, carefully observe whether there are any traces, feces and nests of wild beasts around the camp. Do not build in an area with many snakes and rats to prevent injuries to people or damage to equipment and facilities. It is necessary to have mosquito, insect and scorpion repellent drugs and protective measures. Spreading some plant ash around the camp will be very effective in preventing the infestation of snakes, scorpions and poisonous insects. Sunshine: Try to choose a place with longer sunshine time as possible. This will make the camp warmer, dryer and cleaner, making it easier to dry clothes, belongings and equipment. Leveling: The ground of the campground should be flat, free of tree roots, grass roots, sharp rocks and debris, as well as unevenness or slopes, which may damage equipment or injure personnel, and also affect the quality of rest of the personnel. Finally, please note: in the wild, you must protect the natural environment, do not harm wild animals, do not cut down trees randomly, do not destroy natural vegetation, and do not pollute water sources. Fires must be completely extinguished when leaving camp, and garbage must be taken out as much as possible and thrown away. Put it in a designated place. If it cannot be taken away under special circumstances, you can dig a hole and bury it. How to cook without cooking utensils In distress conditions, it is best to have one hot meal a day. Cooked food has the characteristics of regulating the gastrointestinal tract, disinfecting and sterilizing, and easily absorbing nutrients.

But in many cases, survivors often do not have cooking utensils to cook food, so they have to change their cooking habits. The following method is simple and effective, so give it a try.

⑴. Charcoal grilled food

Plant roots, fish, birds, freshwater mussels and many other foods can be grilled directly over charcoal fire. Before baking, you can wrap it in a layer of clay or wrap it in a layer of leaves. This method will never burn the food.

Using this method, you don’t need to pluck the hair, remove the internal organs, or scrape the scales of the fish. After the food is completely cooked, you only need to peel off the mud covering the outside, and the hair and scales can be removed. go.

⑵． Campfire roasting

Put small pieces of wild animals, small fish, birds, and plant roots on wet sticks or twigs, and bake them directly on the campfire.

⑶． Hot stone steaming

This is the ancient "clam steaming method" and the effect is good. The method is to bake the food with shells directly on the hot stones or in the middle of the stones (some meats are wrapped in leaves or grass), and then cover them with a layer of sand or soil. After the food is cooked, when the soil is peeled off, clams, oysters and other objects will open their mouths and can be eaten.

⑷. Pit roasting

First dig a 30-40 cm deep pit in the mud, place meat, bird eggs, roots and shellfish at the bottom of the pit, and put green plant leaves in the pit. , grass or cloth that can keep food clean. Then cover the small pit with a layer of sand or soil 2 cm thick and set the fire on top. But don't burn the meat in a pile of leaves, as it will produce a smoky smell.

⑸. Crock pot cooking

Use soil to make an earthen crock pot to cook food, line the inside with a layer of foil, then put clean water and the food to be cooked in, then add heated stones until the water It's open. Cover with a large green leaf for at least 1 hour until food is fully cooked.

Water collection 1. Drinking water and disinfection

In times of distress, especially in hot areas and desert areas, the supply of water is crucial.

⑴Water source

Natural water sources include the following:

·Surface water. Such as rivers, lakes, streams, etc.

·Groundwater. Such as well water, spring water, underground reservoirs, etc.

·Biological water. For example, some plants contain sufficient water, such as cactus, bamboo, cactus, etc.

·Water in the sky. Such as rain, snow, dew and melted ice, etc.

⑵Purification

Rainwater, spring water, well water, and mountain stream water can be drank directly. However, still or slow-moving water contains a large amount of organic matter and bacteria and needs to be purified before drinking. Purification is the elimination of organic matter in water, disinfection, and removal of odors. In situations of survival in distress, the following simple methods can be used to purify drinking water.

Find a container, such as a canvas bag, polyethylene plastic bag, or a large iron can, and put a layer of fine gravel on the bottom of the container, then a layer of sand, and a layer of charcoal powder, and repeat this process several times. , the more layers the better, each layer is about 2.5 cm thick. If sand is not available, use fine gravel instead.

Drill some small holes in the bottom of the container, pour water into the container, and use a cup to catch it below.

In addition, there is another way to purify water. Dig a shallow pit half a meter away from the water source. After some time, clear and clean water will seep out of the pit.

⑶Disinfection

Boil and disinfect. At sea level, boil for at least 1 minute; in areas with higher altitudes, the time should be longer. For every 1,000 meters of altitude increase, the boiling time can be increased by 3 to 4 minutes.

Chemical disinfection. Disinfectants include closulfonate, iodide, halazone, etc. Disinfection can be achieved by adding 2 tablets of sulfamethoxazole to 1 liter of water and letting it sit for 15 to 30 minutes. If this agent is not available, add 8-10 drops of iodine per liter of water.

⑷Sterilization

If you want to kill bacteria, you must follow one of the following methods:

Purified water tablets are the easiest to use. Before you head into the desert, buy some from the drugstore and use the pills as directed. Not only will you need them during self-rescue and in cars and airplanes, but you should also keep some at home for emergencies. Under normal circumstances, 1 water purification tablet is enough to purify 1 liter of clean water, and 2 tablets can purify 1 liter of turbid water. The purified water must be allowed to settle for 30 minutes before use.

Add 3 drops of iodine to every liter of clean water and double the amount for turbid water. Set aside after 30 minutes of precipitation.

Add 2 drops of household bleach (5.25% sodium chlorite) per liter of clean water and 4 drops of turbid water. Shake the water for a while and let it settle for 30 minutes before use. Bleach water will have a very faint chlorite smell.

Boiling water for 3 to 5 minutes can also purify it. Add a little carbon to the water and boil the water to remove the discoloration. Stir the water to cool it and restore its flavor or add a pinch of salt.

2. Looking for water

⑴. Finding and Purifying Drinking Water

Water is vital to human survival. As the saying goes: "You can stop hunger, but you can't stop thirst." Water is more important than food to some extent.

In 1983, several college students lost their way in a cave in Mount Emei and could not get out. They only survived by drinking mountain spring water for more than ten days, and were finally found and rescued.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the State of Qi sent troops to conquer the Guzhu Kingdom. When they returned after the victory, it was the middle of winter. The rivers dried up, the men and horses were hungry and thirsty, and the army was unable to march. Minister Xi Peng suggested to the King of Qi: "I heard that ants live in the shade (north) of the mountain in summer and in the sun (south) of the mountain in winter. There must be water near the ant nest, so the soldiers can be divided up to find the ant nest in the south of the mountain and dig deep. "The King of Qi accepted this suggestion, and sure enough he found water and rescued the entire army. This story tells us that in various areas, the growth and distribution of vegetation and the activities of birds, animals and insects can often provide some clues for finding shallow groundwater.

In many arid deserts and Gobi areas, bushes such as tamarisk and bellthorn grow. These plants tell us that there is groundwater 6 to 7 meters below the surface here; where there are Populus euphratica forests, It points out that the groundwater level is only 5 to 10 meters from the surface; Splendens splendens indicates that the groundwater is about 2 meters below the surface; lush reeds indicate that the groundwater level is only about 1 meter; if you find wet-loving plants such as Jindaidai and Malanthus, you will know that this place is You can find groundwater by digging down about 50 centimeters or about 1 meter.

We can also learn about the quality of groundwater from plants. If we see flora such as Malanthus, orchid buds, we can conclude that there is fresh water in places that are not too deep.

In the south, deep-rooted and leafy bamboo bushes not only grow on the banks of rivers, but also often grow in large karst fissures and sinkhole entrances related to underground rivers. For example, in many karst valleys and depressions in Guangxi, clusters or independent bamboo bushes are often signs of large sinkholes. Some of these sinkholes can see water directly at the entrance, while others cannot see water at the entrance, but as long as you go deeper, you can often find underground water.

In addition, in places with shallow underground water, the soil is moist, and ants, snails, crabs, etc. like to make nests and live here; in winter, frogs and snakes like to hibernate here; in the evening of summer, because of their It's humid and cool, and mosquitoes usually fly around in columns.

You can also test the depth of the groundwater level by digging a small pit in the ground, placing a plate on the bottom of the pit, and covering it with some grass. If there are small water drops on the plate in the morning, the groundwater level is high. Dig a pit of 1 meter and light smoky vegetation in the pit. If the smoke column rises in a curved shape, the water table is high.

Due to the wide distribution and flow of water in nature, especially surface water flowing through a wide area, it is generally difficult to ensure that water sources are not polluted. If you have a map, pay attention to whether there are mines upstream of the water source. If there are mines, the water source may be contaminated by minerals. If the stones in the river are unusually dark red or yellow, it is best not to drink the river water here. If there are no fish or other creatures to live in, you need to be even more cautious.

Usually, rainwater can be drank directly. When it rains, a large amount of rainwater can be collected with ponchos and plastic sheets. Use empty cans, cups, helmets and other containers to collect rainwater. Place them on clean stones, not on the ground. If the rain is heavy, the mud on the ground will splash into the water-collecting containers.

When there is no reliable drinking water and no testing equipment in the wild, we can roughly identify the quality of the water based on its color, taste, temperature, and water traces.

Pure water is colorless and transparent when the water layer is shallow, and light blue when it is deep. You can use a glass or a white porcelain bowl to hold water and observe it. Generally, the clearer the water, the better the water quality; the muddier the water, the more impurities it contains. The color of water changes with different contaminants. For example, if it contains humus, it will be yellow, if it contains low-valent iron compounds, it will be light green-blue, if it contains high-valent iron or manganese, it will be yellow-brown, and if it contains hydrogen sulfide, it will be light blue.

Generally, clean water is odorless, while polluted water often has some peculiar smell. For example, water containing hydrogen sulfide has a rotten egg smell, water containing salt has a salty taste, water containing high iron content has a metallic rust smell, water containing magnesium sulfate has a bitter taste, and water containing organic matter has a rotten, smelly, and moldy taste. , fishy, ??medicinal smell. In order to accurately identify the smell of water, you can use a clean small bottle, fill it half with water, shake it for a few times, and smell it with your nose immediately after opening the cork. You can also put the water bottle in hot water at about 60°C. If you smell a strange smell in the water, you can't drink it.

The water temperature of surface water (rivers, lakes) changes due to changes in temperature. Shallow groundwater is less affected by temperature, while deep groundwater has low and constant water temperature. If the water temperature suddenly rises, it may be caused by organic pollution. Industrial wastewater polluting water sources will also increase water temperature.

You can also use a piece of white paper, drop water on it and let it dry before observing the water marks. Clean water has no stains; if there are stains, it means there are many impurities in the water and the water quality is poor.

In the wild, it is best not to drink water flowing from weeds, but to drink clear water flowing from cliffs, cracks or rocks. When drinking water from rivers or lakes, you can dig a small pit in the sand one or two meters away from the water's edge. The water seeping out of the pit is cleaner than the water extracted directly from rivers and lakes.

The fewer suspended substances and colloidal substances in drinking water, the better. Otherwise, drinking it for a long time may cause illness. To purify water, you can use drinking water disinfectant tablets, bleaching powder tablets, alum and other drugs. In the wild, due to limited conditions, some wild plants containing mucilage can also be used to purify turbid drinking water. For example, the roots and stems of eucalyptus, the bark, leaves, and roots of elm trees, the branches and bark of kapok, the whole plants of cactus and king's whip, and the bark and leaves of water hibiscus all contain mucilage and carbohydrate polymer compounds.

These plants combine with calcium, iron, lead, magnesium and other second-order or higher metal salt solutions to form flocs, which can absorb suspended substances and sink to the bottom during the precipitation process, thus purifying muddy water.

Among the above-mentioned wild plants, cactus and king's whip are edible plants, and the amount used in water purification is very small, and the floc produced can be precipitated, so it is ideal to use them to purify drinking water. Use wild plants to purify water. It is best to select fresh plants and mash and grind them. When using, put about 4 grams of plant paste in a bucket of water, stir for 3 minutes and then let it sit for 10 minutes. The turbid water will become clear.

Plant water purification can remove some bacteria and microorganisms when the floc settles, but it has no disinfection effect. Therefore, it is best to add a little bleach to disinfect drinking water. If bleaching powder is not available, a few drops of dilute hydrochloric acid or iodine in water can also disinfect.

In virgin forests, many streams and rivers appear to be clear and clean on the surface, but in fact they contain a variety of harmful bacteria. Once people drink it, they will contract serious diseases such as dysentery and malaria. In February 1943, the British special forces fighting in Burma marched more than 300 kilometers in the jungle. Due to water problems, in just two months, one-third of the team members died or became ill and were unable to continue moving. In the end, the British The military may not cancel scheduled long-range penetration operations.

Remember, no matter how thirsty you are, do not drink unclean water to prevent germs from entering the body through drinking water. This is especially important in tropical jungle areas. As a last resort, be sure to boil the water before drinking it.

3. Desalination of seawater and saline-alkali water

If there is no ion exchange resin desalting agent at the seaside, seawater can be desalinated by boiling seawater in a pot to collect distilled water. When boiling seawater, put a towel on the inside of the pot lid, absorb the distilled water droplets on the towel, and then twist it into a large shell or other container. By repeating this process, you can get the required fresh water. During World War II, some Chinese and British sailors used a similar method to produce large amounts of fresh water on a deserted island without human traces and maintained their lives for 76 days. They were finally discovered by a British aircraft and rescued.

In winter, seawater can be frozen in a container. When seawater freezes, most of the salt dissolved in the water crystallizes out of the water, so the ice is essentially desalinated. Heat unfrozen water, that is, concentrated salt water, in a pot. After boiling it dry, crystallized salt can be obtained, which can then be spread on paper to remove the bitterness to obtain table salt.

In the vast Gobi desert in northwest my country, where there are plants, underground water is usually found by digging 4 to 5 meters deep. The water is filtered through the sand layer and is generally clear and transparent. However, due to the large amount of evaporation and concentration of groundwater, it becomes saline water and is not drinkable. If there is no ion exchange resin desalting agent, the above seawater desalination method can be used for drinking.

Residents in the desert areas of northwest my country use local peppergrass to treat brackish water. Add 0.1 to 1.9 grams of dried peppergrass to 1 kilogram of brackish water containing 0.37% to 0.72% of minerals and cook it together. Although it cannot remove the brackishness, it can prevent abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea.

In areas with wet sand or brackish water, a simple solar still can be used to obtain fresh water. The method is to dig a sand pit with a diameter of 1.5 meters and a depth of 1 meter, cover it with a transparent plastic film, fix it with sand or stones around it, and put a small stone in the middle to make the plastic film form an inverted cone. Place a water container under the cone in advance. Sunlight passes through the plastic film to evaporate the water in the sand pit. When the water vapor encounters the plastic film, it condenses into water droplets and drips along the top of the cone into the container. This method can obtain about 1.5 liters of distilled fresh water every day.

There is currently debate on whether seawater can be drunk as a last resort. Some people believe that the salinity of seawater is four times higher than that of the human body. Drinking seawater will increase the total osmotic pressure in the body. Although it can temporarily quench thirst, it will soon urinate in large quantities, causing a large amount of water loss in the body. However, many people believe that a small amount of seawater for a short period of time will help prolong life. Some people experimented by drinking sea water from the first day after falling into the sea, drinking 50 ml each time every one and a half hours, and only drinking 500 ml a day. After drinking for 4 to 5 days, they drank fresh water. As a result, the metabolism of the experimenter's body was very low. Get back to normal soon.

French doctor Alain Bombard, who is known as the "model of the navy", said: "If you have fresh water, add seawater to extend your water supply time under strict control of the proportion; if you If there is no fresh water, drink sea water to save your life until you can get rainwater, get a fish to squeeze into fish juice, or wait until a lifeboat arrives. "Alain Bombard is not advocating drinking sea water, but emphasizing that in emergencies of life and death, Drinking seawater can only be done under strict control. Alain Bombard's experience is that the ratio of 2:1, that is, mixing two parts of fresh water and one part of sea water for drinking, will generally not harm the human body, but will greatly prolong the lives of victims at sea. Because only with time can we gather the strength to catch fish and collect rainwater, and can we continue sailing and send signals to rescue ships. The famous French naval surgeon Brieorie wrote in a recent book: "The victims can drink a small amount of sea water, up to 800 to 900 ml per day, and do not wait until they are completely dehydrated before drinking.

"In World War II, there were three shipwrecked sailors who were floating in the Black Sea. They drank seawater to quench their thirst. One of them drank for 34 consecutive days. He could only use bitter and astringent seawater to moisten him in the first two days. To moisten his throat, he drank one or two sips from now on. On the third day, he couldn't bear the thirst and drank a lot. He drank about 2000 ml in one day and night. However, it seemed that he survived even though there was no fresh water. Drinking seawater is also an emergency solution

4. Thirst-quenching plants and emergency thirst-quenching methods

There are many plants in the mountains that can be used to quench thirst, such as black birch and white birch in the north. Tree sap, young strips of mountain grapes, rhizomes of Physalis spp., banana stems in the south, pole vines, etc.

In early spring in the north, drill a small hole 3 to 4 cm deep in the birch pole. Insert a thin tube (can be made of birch bark), and the sap flowing into the container through this small hole can reach 1 to 2 liters per night. Birch sap ferments quickly in the air, so it should be drank immediately. < /p>

The pole vine in the dense forests of the southwest border is named after its shape. It is a perennial plant that is usually wrapped around the trunk of the tree. The vine is about 5 to 6 meters long and has a gray-white surface. The leaves are dark green, about 3 to 4 centimeters wide, oval in shape, and slightly thicker than ordinary leaves. After cutting the vine, you can see the broken marks of small ribs, and the liquid will soon flow out for drinking. Clear water. When Dai hunters living in Xishuangbanna go into the mountains, they usually rely on the clear water in this natural kettle to quench their thirst.

There is also a kind of bamboo that stores water, which usually grows in the tropical jungle. On both sides of the ravine, the bamboos are about 10 centimeters in diameter, tall and green, and the bamboo joints are about 50 centimeters long. When choosing bamboo to find water, you should first shake the bamboo pole to listen for the sound of water inside. If there is no sound of water, do not cut it. In addition, check whether there are insect holes on the surface of the bamboo joints. Do not drink the water in the bamboo joints with insect holes. The way to draw water is to cut a hole in one end of the bamboo joint and pour the water into a bowl. You can also cut a thin bamboo tube. Insert it into a bamboo tube and suck it. The water in the bamboo joints is hygienic and has a faint bamboo fragrance. Our border guards call it "upright cool spring".

If you can't find a thirst-quenching plant. There is also an extremely simple way to collect water. Australian pilot Braian Kawaji once put a plastic bag on a tree branch and tied the mouth of the bag tightly to collect the water evaporated from the leaves. The hotter the water, the greater the evaporation, and the more water you get. You can also use plastic sheets to collect dew from midnight to dawn. The moisture in the grass will condense into dew and stick to the ground or plants. In the morning, spread the plastic sheet under the grass and shake the grass to make the dew fall down drop by drop, which can quench your thirst.

In the case of water shortage, you can drink water reasonably at first, or just moisten your mouth and throat. Of course, do not tolerate thirst so that the body will suffer from dehydration symptoms. To obtain the method, you should adopt the method of "a small amount and many times". Experiments have shown that if you drink 1000 ml of water at one time, 380 ml will be excreted in the urine; if you drink 10 times, 80 ml each time, only 80-90 ml will be excreted in the urine, and the water will be fully utilized in the body. Drink no more than 500-600 ml of water every day and night, which will not have harmful effects on the human body within 5-6 days.

Urinating can also be an emergency way to quench thirst when there is really no water. In fact, urine is not dirty, but it is difficult to swallow due to psychological effects. If possible, you can make a filter. Open a small hole at the bottom of the bamboo tube and put in pebbles, sand, soil, and crushed charcoal in order from the top. When you urinate here, filtered water will flow out from under the hole.

Purification of drinking water in the wild As the saying goes: "One can live without food for a day, but cannot live without water for a day." It can be seen that people are very aware of how important water is to human survival. However, unclean water often contains some pathogenic substances, such as dysentery, typhoid, schistosomiasis, liver leeches, cholera and other poisonous germs, as well as rotting stems and leaves, insects, birds, animal carcasses and Feces may also contain heavy metal salts or toxic minerals. Therefore, when you find a water source when you are extremely thirsty, it is best not to rush to drink too much. You should purify and disinfect the water source as necessary according to the environmental conditions at that time to avoid poisoning or contracting diseases from drinking water. There are several simple and feasible ways to purify and disinfect the water you find.

1. Infiltration method

When there are floating foreign objects in the water source you find or the water quality is turbid, you can dig down about 50 meters 3 to 5 meters away from the water source. ~80 cm deep and about 1 meter in diameter, let water seep out naturally from the gaps in the sand, stones, and soil. Then, gently take out the seeped water and put it into a water storage container such as a box or pot. , Note: Do not stir up the sediment at the bottom of the pit, and keep the water clean.

2. Filtration method

When the water source you find is turbid, has foreign matter floating, and contains microorganisms or worms and leech larvae, etc., and the environment around the water source is not suitable for digging holes. , you can find a plastic bag (good quality, not easy to break) and poke some small holes in the bottom, or use cotton gloves, handkerchiefs, socks, sleeves, trouser legs, etc. You can also use a Coke bottle, remove the bottom and turn it upside down , then use a knife to poke a few small holes in the bottle cap, and then fill in 5 to 7 layers of 2 to 4 cm thick soil-free clean fine sand, charcoal powder, fine sand, charcoal powder, and fine sand from bottom to top. Press it firmly and slowly pour the unclean water into the homemade simple filter. When water overflows under the filter, you can use a basin or kettle to collect the filtered clean water. If you are not satisfied with the quality of the filtered water, you should make a simple filter and filter the filtered water again, and you will be satisfied.

3. Precipitation method

Collect the water you find into a water storage container such as a basin or pot, and add a small amount of alum or kapok branches and leaves (mashed), cactus (mashed) (rotten), elm bark (mashed), stir well in water and let it settle for 30 minutes. Gently scoop up the upper layer of clear water without stirring up the precipitated turbidity. In this way, you can get relatively clean water.

Generally speaking, in addition to spring water and well water (deep underground wells) that can be drank directly, whether it is river water, lake water, stream water, snow water, rainwater, dew, etc., it can also be produced through infiltration, filtration, and precipitation. It is best to disinfect the water you get before drinking it. So, how to disinfect? ??The method is as follows:

1. Put the water purification tablets into the water storage container, stir and shake, let it sit for a few minutes, then you can drink it, and you can pour it into a pot and store it for later use. Under normal circumstances, one lotion tablet can disinfect 1 liter of water. If the water quality is turbid, 2 tablets can be used. Currently, this method is used to disinfect water in the field army.

2. If you do not have water purification tablets, you can use the medical iodine you carry with you instead of water purification tablets to disinfect the water. In the purified water, add 3-4 drops of iodine per liter of water. If the water is turbid, double the amount of iodine. After stirring and shaking, let it sit for a longer time. After 20 to 30 minutes, you can drink it or set it aside.

3. The use of chlorite, that is, bleach, can also play a role in disinfection. In the purified water, add three or four drops of bleach per liter of water. If the water is turbid, add twice as much. Shake well and let it sit for 30 minutes before drinking or setting aside. The water just smells like bleach, so be careful not to drink the precipitated turbidity together.

4. If you don’t have any of the above disinfectants, you happen to have vinegar (white vinegar is also fine) for picnics with you, which can also disinfect the water. Pour some vinegar juice into the purified water, stir well, and let it sit for 30 minutes before drinking. It's just the sour smell of vinegar in the water.

5. When the altitude is not too high (below 2,500 meters above sea level) and there is fire, boiling the water for 5 minutes is also a good way to disinfect the water, and it is simple and practical. When outing or picnicking on the plains, this method is often used to disinfect river water, lake water, stream water, rainwater, dew, and snow water to ensure drinking water and cooking needs.

6. If you find salty water, boil peppergrass and water together. Although this cannot remove the original bitterness and saltiness, it can prevent abdominal pain, bloating, and diarrhea. If there are heavy metal salts or toxic minerals in the water, boil it with strong tea and water. Do not drink the sediment that appears at the end.

Currently, there is a drinking water purification straw, which is very practical in the wild. It is shaped like a thick pen. The water purified by it is sterile, non-toxic, tasteless, and has no impurities. It does not need to be boiled. Drinking, very light.

There are also some water purifiers imported from abroad, which are small in size and effective in filtering out drinkable pure water from turbid liquids.

In addition, friends should be reminded that when drinking water is in short supply, drinking water must be arranged reasonably and do not drink too much just for temporary thirst. In addition, when working in the field or exploring, drinking water should also be scientific. If you drink enough at one time, your body will excrete the excess water after absorption, thus a lot of water will be wasted. If you only take one or two sips at a time when drinking water, then hold it in a big mouth and swallow it slowly. After a while, when you feel thirsty, take another sip and swallow it slowly. Repeated drinking in this way will allow your body to absorb the water you drink. The water is fully absorbed and can solve the dryness of the mouth, tongue and throat. A standard kettle (0-9) of water, using the correct drinking method, can enable an individual soldier to persist in exercise for 6 to 8 hours, or even longer.