How to promote vigorous pruning when apple trees grow too weak?

Apple trees don't need high soil conditions to grow. Generally it can be planted in valleys, plateaus and gullies. Planting density: plant spacing 6m×2m, 54 plants /667m 2. 165438+1In the first half of October, after defoliation, sow before soil freezing. Fruiting in 3 years after planting and high yield in 8 years. The net income of 667 million ㎡ is 3,000 yuan, which is an important channel for farmers to increase their income.

The potential restoration management measures of apple trees include pruning, pest control, soil, fertilizer and water management and garden cleaning. In the natural growth process of fruit trees, the growth of new branches, crown formation, flowering and fruiting have certain rules, so the pruning method should be determined according to the actual situation of trees. Take advantage of the situation and prescribe the right medicine. Fully embodies the botanical characteristics of fruit trees. Young trees are mainly cut slowly, while old trees are mainly cut, thinned and pulled, which regulates the balance between reproductive growth and vegetative growth of fruit trees. Trees adhere to the principle of tangible immortality and intangible chaos. Tangible immortality refers to flexible cultivation of trees that determine high yield. Invisible but not chaotic, that is, when treating special trees, although the tree type cannot be standardized, it must be clearly defined, and scientific, applicable, flexible and diverse should be adhered to.

1 modeling

Apple trees have many shapes, and endangered fruit trees can only be stratified by evacuation. Select strong lateral branches or open tillers as central branches to cultivate backbone branches. Main branches, fruiting branches and branching groups are cultivated on the main branches. The main branches are divided into three layers: the first layer forms an angle of120 with the central branch, and the spacing between the first layer and the second layer is 80 ~ 100 cm. Three main branches are planted. The distance between the main branches of the second layer and the third layer is 40 ~ 60 cm, and the opening angle is 1 10, leaving two main branches to cultivate the backbone branches. The distance between the main branch of the third layer and the main branch of the fourth layer is 40㎝, leaving a main branch to cultivate, and the opening angle is 60.

2 pruning

Pruning apple trees can cut off the spread of various germs. In the growing period, due to improper pruning management, fruit farmers lack the technical methods and experience of fruit trees. There are streaks when pruning is too heavy, and buds and fruit branches are not formed. Unmanned management leads to malnutrition, many diseases and insect pests, dead branches and serious tree rot in orchards. There are two main pruning methods for destructive orchards.

2. 1 winter pruning

Apply base fertilizer to apple trees after harvesting fruits or fallen leaves in autumn. Pruning was carried out in June+February of 5438. Pruning branches include clustered branches, erect branches, pest branches, extended branches, regrowth branches and over-dense branches. Healing agents must be applied to the pruning openings of branches to prevent water loss, drying and decay. Concentrate on burning pruned branches and fallen leaves.

2. 1. 1 refinement. Cut off the necrotic central branches and diseased branches of the old tree, sparse the clustered branches around the tree from the base, and keep the strong branches for central stem culture.

2. 1.2 shortcut. Cut off the half-dead branches of the whole tree and leave useful branches. Stimulate the growth of new branches and regenerate and rejuvenate old trees.

2. 1.3 Take it back. Retraction can inhibit the former, promote the latter, shorten perennial branches, enhance the growth potential of later branches and reduce nutrient consumption.

2.2 Summer pruning

That is to say, pruning during the growth period of fruit trees is very important for restoring tree vigor, which can adjust the vegetative growth of apple trees, change the light conditions in the crown, promote the differentiation of flower buds, increase the number of flower buds, improve the quality of fruits and increase the sugar content of fruits. In summer, pruning is usually done by short cutting and thinning. Take back the extended branches, remove pests and diseases, and dry the dead branches. Help lateral branches become main branches and cultivate backbone branches.

2.2. 1 Pull branches. Pull the upright annual branches and perennial branches at 90 degrees, master the angle of pulling branches, make the branches evenly distributed and occupy space reasonably.

2.2.2 Pick your heart. Picking new buds can control growth, preserve nutrition, promote secondary branching and help bud formation.

2.2.3 Clean up the garden. Clean up the pruned branches and leaves in time. Dig deep, loosen the soil and weed among the fruit trees.

3 Soil, fertilizer and water management

3. 1 soil management

Soil is the foundation of the growth and development of fruit trees, providing nutrition, water and air for the growth of fruit trees, strengthening soil management and improving apple yield. Black plastic film is generally the best for orchard coverage, and early spring coverage is appropriate. Covering corn stalks in orchards can not only keep soil moisture, but also help to increase soil organic matter content.

3.2 Fertilization

Apply base fertilizer in autumn and topdressing in spring. During the growth period of apple trees, branches and leaves are luxuriant, and each plant is applied with 30 ~ 50g urea, and nursery topdressing 100kg and 667m 2. Before fertilization, ditch the fruit trees and pile up raw soil and topsoil. Topsoil is mature soil, mixed with chemical fertilizer, and then put into caves to tamp the soil. Dig deep between rows, loosen the soil and weed in time. After defoliation in autumn, basal fertilizer 1000~2000kg was applied at 667m 2 in the early fruiting stage, and basal fertilizer was applied at 3500~5000kg at 667m 2 in the peak fruiting stage. There are farmyard manure, such as human manure, pig manure, cow manure, sheep manure and chicken manure. Natural disasters in summer (hail period) easily affect fruit trees. Hail harms fruit trees, making the fruit surface uneven and the branches and leaves broken and drooping. Clean up the garden in time and get rid of rotten fruit.

3.3 spraying

3.3. 1 physical therapy. (1) All the apple trees died, and the roots sprouted into clusters. Leave a strong branch to cultivate the main branch, and cut off the rest. Use Frank (second generation artificial bark) to prevent rot and other germs. (2) The roots of apple trees are alive, and some branches on the crown are dead. Cut off the dead branches in the crown and wrap them with Mofo Michelle (second generation artificial bark). (3) Apply healing agent and Frank (second generation artificial bark) to all the upright branches, clustered branches and redundant branches in the crown hole. (4) If the whole branch dies, it should be dug out from the root. (5) Immediately remove rotten fruits and fruits with damaged skins to keep large and medium-sized fruits smooth. Don't leave too many trees. Strictly control the load, reduce nutrient consumption, and restore trees as soon as possible. (6) Thoroughly remove the annual branches with too many wounds and serious bark damage. (7) Cut off the broken branches and unbroken wood of the damaged trunk cortex. Clean up fruits and branches in time, destroy them centrally, and isolate germs.

3.3.2 Drug treatment. (1) After hail, fruit trees weakened and their disease resistance decreased. The whole garden needs to be sprayed with fungicides, 800 times solution of 70% thiophanate-methyl and 800 times solution of 50% carbendazim. Spraying 100 times of pesticide 843 healing agent, Guo, Fu Biqing and 5% bacterial toxin on main branches to improve wound healing ability and take remedial measures to ensure that fruit trees reduce losses. Using 1000 times 50% phoxim EC to control scarabs and 20% imidacloprid to control aphids can kill aphids and leaf rollers. Spray once every seven years, twice. Combined with spraying, topdressing, compound fertilizer and quick-acting fertilizer, 0.7 ~ 1 kg special fertilizer was applied to each plant and applied in furrow.

Spraying 0.3% potassium bicarbonate or amino acid on the leaves. For example, brassinolide 48 1, Tianda 2 1 16, etc. It can restore the function of leaves. The depth of the tree pit is 60 meters, and 60 ~ 75 kilograms of farmyard manure is applied. Ensure that fruit trees are nutritious. Stand upright the fallen fruit tree in time, enrich the soil and strengthen it. If necessary, tie the scaffold and fertilize it. (2) Timely repair facilities, hanging insecticidal lamps and sticky insects, production equipment and field machinery. (3) Repair the washed-out roads and ensure smooth roads. (4) Strengthen the forecast, and hail formation has obvious characteristics. Pay close attention to the weather forecast of the meteorological department and take preventive measures. (5) Pay attention to the weather forecast in time, actively reserve disaster prevention and relief materials, dredge drainage pipes in time, and prepare pumping facilities. (6) Encourage farmers with orchards to participate in apple insurance. Once the fruit trees are damaged, fruit farmers can get subsidies from the national agricultural insurance.

3.4 watering

Watering is an essential link in fruit tree management. Orchard watering mainly includes flood irrigation, drip irrigation and watering. In plateau areas, orchards are furrowed along fruit belts for irrigation. In the process of irrigation, chemical fertilizer is dissolved in water to promote absorption and replenish water and nutrients to trees.

4. Comprehensive pest control measures from growing period to defoliation period

4. 1 drug control

Thoroughly spray the pruned fruit trees in the whole garden for 3 times. The first time is in the germination stage, spraying a mixture of lime and sulfur. It is mainly used to control apple tree rot, canker, blight, ring rot, powdery mildew, embroidery, brown spot, brown rot, black heart disease, red spider, scale insects and various overwintering eggs. Liu's mixture mother liquor dilution method: adding water = stock solution concentration ÷ target concentration-1. Spraying 10% beta-cypermethrin emulsifiable concentrate (3,000-6,000 times) and 4% chlorfenapyr (2,000 times) at the fruit expansion stage after falling flowers and fruits for the second time. Mainly used for controlling apple borers and aphids. The third time, before the fruit is harvested, triadimefon and Kuaikeling are sprayed once to kill bacteria and insects, and to prevent cicadas and early defoliation.

4.2 Biological control

(1) Scrape the bark. The best choice is late autumn and early winter. We should grasp the principle of gently scraping small trees and then scraping big trees until the cortex is yellow-green. (2) Whitening: Using whitening agent in winter can not only reduce sunburn, but also eliminate overwintering diseases and insect pests in cracks under bark. (3) During the growing period, using the refraction and chemotaxis of insects, black light is used to trap and kill adults. There are armyworms and sweet and sour jars hanging from the ceiling to control scarabs. The dying fruit trees must go through these five processes, and then the fruit trees will gradually recover their vigor and have new individuals, and then they will pull branches and set dry in the following year. Culture produces branched clusters, short nodes and slow release, forming flower bud differentiation and new individual formation. Apple Tree Park resumed normal production. There is no need to buy a large number of saplings, only a small amount of replanting is needed, which saves the cost. The main purpose of fruit tree planting is to serve the poverty alleviation of current fruit tree production. In view of the problems existing in fruit tree production in various places, it is necessary to highlight key points, adjust measures to local conditions, strengthen management, achieve the overall goal of early maturity, stable yield, high yield, high quality, low consumption and high efficiency, and continuously meet the needs of the market and people.