? High-yield cultivation techniques of platycodon grandiflorum

Platycodon grandiflorum is a plant of Campanulaceae, whose rhizome is used as medicine, also known as big medicine and bitter herb root. Platycodon grandiflorum is a commonly used Chinese medicine. Platycodon grandiflorum is flat in nature, bitter and pungent in taste, and belongs to lung meridian. Has the functions of dispersing lung qi, resolving phlegm, relieving sore throat and expelling pus.

Platycodon grandiflorum is distributed in most provinces and cities in China, but it is mainly produced in Anhui and Henan. Hubei, Liaoning, Jilin, Hebei and Inner Mongolia provinces. All counties and cities in Fujian have wild distribution.

In the 1970s, Fujian Province could buy 20-30 tons of Platycodon grandiflorum every year, but due to the over-exploitation of wild resources, the purchase volume decreased year by year. Therefore, from 197 1, after the first successful wild domestication experiment in Da Nanshan, wild domestication was also carried out in Songxi County, Nanping area, Longyan and Sanming. From 65438 to 0978, more than 20 hectares of platycodon grandiflorum were planted in Zhangtun, Dongyou Town, Jian 'ou City, and tens of thousands of kilograms of fresh platycodon grandiflorum were harvested in the second and third years. At present, platycodon grandiflorum is planted in Zherong, Taining, Mingxi, Jianyang and Songxi.

I. Biological characteristics

Platycodon grandiflorum is a perennial herb with erect stems, milky juice and a height of 30- 100 cm. The whole plant is smooth and hairless, and the upper part is slightly branched. The leaves are subsessile, and the middle and lower leaves at the base are often opposite or 3-4 whorls, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-4 cm long and 1- 1.5 cm wide, with serrated edges. The upper leaves of the stem alternate and narrow. Flowering from July to September, the flower is solitary at the top of the stem or several integrated racemes, with persistent calyx, 5-lobed apex, bell-shaped corolla, blue-purple, 5-lobed, triangular lobes, 5 stamens, short filaments, 5-loculed ovary, long style, 5-lobed and rolled back. The fruit period is from August to June, 10. Capsule ovoid, lid 5-lobed. Most of the seeds are narrow oval or oval, membranous, flat and brown.

Platycodon grandiflorum likes high-temperature and humid climate, is cold-resistant, and is suitable for sandy loam with deep soil layer, rich and loose soil and good drainage, while clay and hardened soil are not suitable for planting.

Second, land selection and land preparation.

1, land selection

Platycodon grandiflorum is a deep-rooted plant, so it should be planted in sandy loam with deep, fertile and loose soil layer, low groundwater level and convenient irrigation and drainage. Leguminosae and Gramineae crops are suitable for previous crops, while cohesive soil and low-lying saline-alkali soil are not suitable for planting.

2. Soil preparation

In the winter of the first year before planting, deeply plough 25-40 cm to make the soil weather and pick out impurities such as stones and grass roots. In the planting year, manure, plant ash, 2500-3000 kg compost and 25 kg calcium superphosphate were applied every115 hectare. After application 1 ploughing and raking, a border was made. The frame is 15-20cm high and 120cm wide. The border is 30-40 cm long, which depends on irrigation conditions and topography. In order to prevent grubs, grubs and cutworms from harming seeds and platycodon grandiflorum seedlings, phoxim powder per mu 1.5 kg was mixed with 15 kg of fine soil and sprinkled into the soil during cultivation. ?

Third, the feeding method.

Platycodon grandiflorum is mainly planted and propagated, and there are two ways in production: direct seeding and seedling transplanting. Because direct seeding has higher yield than transplanting, and its roots are straight, with fewer branches, convenient peeling, good quality and high yield.

The live broadcast of orange bream can be broadcast in spring or autumn, and autumn is the best. Autumn sowing emerged in the same year, with long growth period and higher yield and quality than spring sowing. Autumn sowing is before 5438+ 10 in mid-June, and spring sowing is from late February to early March. In production, drill sowing is mostly used, and shallow ditches are opened at a row spacing of 20-25 cm, with a depth of about 2-3 cm, and seeds are evenly scattered in the ditches; You can also mix the seeds with fine sand (according to the ratio of 1: 10) and spread them evenly in the ditch (this can save the amount of seeds and facilitate even spreading). After sowing, cover it with fine soil and suppress it slightly. After sowing in arid areas, water should be used to keep moisture, or cover the border with grass to keep warm and keep moisture. 0.8- 1.0 kg of seeds per15 hectare. It takes about 2 weeks to plant seedlings in autumn. In order to promote the early emergence of seedlings, seeds can be soaked in warm soup to accelerate germination. The seeds are stirred in warm water at 50℃ until the water is cool, soaked for 8 hours, taken out, wrapped with wet cloth, placed in a place at 25-30℃, covered with wet sacks, watered with warm water 1 time every morning and evening, and the seeds germinate for about 4-5 days before sowing. Before sowing, seeds can also be soaked in 0.3%-0.5% potassium permanganate solution for 24 hours, taken out, washed to remove the liquid medicine, dried and sown to improve the germination rate.

Fourth, on-site management

1, seedling management

Pay attention to watering before emergence, keep the soil moist, pull out the straw immediately after emergence, and then burn the dilute manure water once. When the seedling height is 1cm-2cm, the fine seedlings should be thinned out. When the seedling height is 3cm-4cm, the seedling spacing is set at 10cm- 12cm, and there are 60,000-70,000 basic seedlings per mu. Intermittent and fixed seedlings should be combined with intertillage weeding. When the seedling height is 20 cm, furrow should be opened between rows, and 20-25 kg of calcium superphosphate and 0/3-/0/5 kg of ammonium sulfate should be applied topdressing per mu. After application, loosen the soil and bury the fertilizer tightly.

2, intertillage weeding

Weeding and loosening soil should be done frequently at seedling stage, and weeds should be pulled out by hand at seedling stage to avoid damaging seedlings. Weeding should be coordinated 1 time each time. After planting, intertillage, weed and loosen the soil in time, keep the soil loose and free of weeds, and loosen the soil shallowly to avoid damaging the root system. Intertillage should be carried out when the soil moisture is moderate. It is not suitable to carry out intertillage weeding after the plants grow up and seal the ridges.

3. Surface treatment

Platycodon grandiflorum should not only apply sufficient base fertilizer during soil preparation, but also carry out topdressing many times during the growing period to meet its growth needs. After the seedlings are fixed, 1 times should be applied in time to dilute human and animal feces; When the seedling height is about 15cm, apply 1 time again, or topdressing 20kg of calcium superphosphate and12kg of sulfuric acid every15 hectare, furrowing and furrowing, loosening soil after application, and watering in case of drought; When flowering from June to July, topdressing human and animal manure 1000 kg-1200 kg, and supplementing fertilizer according to the emergence situation in early September. Water properly during drought. Pay attention to drainage in rainy days to avoid root rot. In addition to leaving the ground, flowers and fruits should be picked in batches to reduce nutrient consumption. When applying fertilizer, foliar fertilizer should be sprayed in the morning without wind, rain, dew and fog. Generally, foliar fertilizer is sprayed every 15 -20 days from May to August, and it is stopped within one month before harvest. Spraying 40% ethephon with the concentration of 1000ppm per mu at full flowering stage will have a good yield-increasing effect. After the plants on the ground wither in winter, it can be combined with ditch cleaning and soil cultivation, and vegetation wool or soil miscellaneous fertilizer can be added. After all the seedlings were planted in the spring of the following year, 1 time was applied to dilute human and animal feces to accelerate the green growth of plants; Topdressing 1 time before flowering in May and June, or applying urea 10 kg and 25 kg of calcium superphosphate, further promote the growth, flowering and fruiting of stems and leaves, and provide sufficient nutrients for the later rhizome growth. Before the rainy season comes, the ditches shall be cleaned and the soil shall be raised to prevent lodging. In rainy season, the accumulated water in the field should be removed in time, otherwise root rot will easily occur and cause root rot.

4. Prevent platycodon grandiflorum from benefiting roots

Platycodon grandiflorum products are straight, long, solid and less forked. Cultivated platycodon grandiflorum often has multiple combined roots, some are dichotomous or trigeminal, some are shorter than 3 cm, and there are 3 or 4 lateral roots and branch roots. Greatly affect the quality and reduce the price of goods. It is generally believed that transplanting platycodon grandiflorum is easy to form bifurcated roots, but according to Mr. Li Daoji's observation, whether it is direct seeding or transplanting platycodon grandiflorum, if more than one seedling has bifurcated roots, the more lush the seedlings are, the more the growth of taproot will be affected. On the contrary, one plant and one seedling have no branching roots and branching roots. It seems that solving the root bifurcation problem of platycodon grandiflorum is very simple. As long as the cultivated platycodon grandiflorum achieves one plant and one seedling, there will be no (or few) branch roots. Therefore, it is necessary to eliminate redundant signs at any time, especially when it turns green in the second spring. At this time, special attention should be paid to removing redundant signs and keeping one plant and one seedling. At the same time, more phosphate fertilizer should be applied, less helium and potassium fertilizer should be applied, so as to prevent the overground part from growing white and topping when necessary, reduce nutrient consumption and promote the normal growth of roots.

5. Pick flowers and go green

Balloons have a long flowering period and many flowers. The growth and development of flowers and fruits will consume a lot of nutrients. Picking flowers and removing sound can reduce nutrient consumption and concentrate nutrients for underground root growth, which is an effective measure to increase production. Platycodon grandiflorum without seeds should be picked as soon as possible. Generally, the buds should be pinched off in time at the germination stage. The sooner the better, the fruit will be sharp and the effect will be poor.

Five, pest control

I. Diseases

1. Root rot is a root disease caused by Fusarium, a semi-unknown fungus in fungi. The onset period is from June to August. At the initial stage, the roots were brown and rotted, and then gradually expanded. When the disease is severe, the aboveground part withers and dies. Control method: 1 Pay attention to crop rotation, and remove stagnant water in time. Planting in low-lying areas or rainy areas should be done with high ridges. 2 During soil preparation, 5 kg of carbendazim was used for soil disinfection every115 hectares. 3 pull out the diseased plants in time and disinfect the diseased spots with lime. At the initial stage of onset, 500 times of 50% bactericidal wettable powder or 1 0,000 times of 40% kewen powder were given orally, once every 15 days, and used continuously for 3-4 times.

2. Ring rot is a disease caused by mycelium burden in fungi. It mainly harms leaves, and it begins to get sick in June, and it gets sick seriously in July and August, which is related to high density, high temperature and high humidity. The diseased leaf spot is nearly round, with a diameter of 5- 10 mm, brown, concentric wheel pattern and small black spots on it. In severe cases, it will swell into pieces, making the leaves wither from the bottom to the top. Control method: 1 Clear the garden in winter and burn dead branches, diseased leaves and weeds in the field. 2. Strengthen field drainage in high temperature season in summer; Reduce the humidity in the field to reduce the incidence. Spraying1:1:bordeaux solution, 65% zineb 600 times solution, 50% carbendazim and carbendazim 1000 times solution, or thiophanate-methyl 1000 times solution at the initial stage of onset.

3. Leaf blight is a leaf disease caused by mycelium burden in fungi. The affected leaves have spots on both sides, round or nearly round, 2-5 mm in diameter, white, often limited by veins, with small black spots on them. In severe cases, the diseased spots converge and the leaves die. Control method: same ring rot.

4. Purple feather disease is a disease caused by basidiomycetes in fungi. The damage to the root starts from the fibrous root and then extends to the main root. At first, the affected part was yellow and white, and white cord was visible, and later it turned purple-brown. The root of the disease decays from the outside to the inside, and the outer cord interweaves into a mycelium membrane, and chyme residue flows out when it breaks. The diseased plants on the ground gradually turned yellow and withered from bottom to top, and finally died. Control method: 1 implement crop rotation, pull out diseased plants in time and burn them. The ward was disinfected with 10% lime water to control the spread. 2. Apply more base fertilizer to improve soil and enhance plant disease resistance. Applying 50-115 hectares of lime powder in mountainous areas can reduce the harm.

5. Rice sheath blight is a seedling disease caused by a fungus. It mainly occurs in the stage of seedling emergence and leaf spreading. After the seedlings were injured, yellow-brown waterlogging stripes appeared at the base of the diseased seedlings, which turned dark brown with the development of the disease. Finally, the diseased part shrank and the seedlings collapsed and died. Control method: 1 Before sowing, disinfect the soil with 75% pentachloronitrobenzene 1 kg per15 hectares. At the early stage of the disease, the infected area was irrigated with 75% quintozene 200 times solution, and the depth was about 5 cm.

6. Anthracnose mainly harms the stem base. After the onset, it spread rapidly and often fell into pieces and died. Control method: Before 1 appears, spray 70% bactericide 500 times. 2 Spray 1: 1: 100 bordeaux mixture at the onset, every 10- 15 days for 3-4 times continuously.

Second, pests.

1. Aphids, aphids, etc. Sucking juice on young leaves and new shoots of Platycodon grandiflorum leads to yellowing of leaves, plant atrophy and poor growth. April to June is the worst. After June, the temperature increased, the rainfall increased and the number of aphids decreased. In August, the number of insects increased. Later, due to unsuitable climatic conditions, winged viviparous aphids were produced and migrated to other plant hosts for the winter. Control method: 1 Eliminate weeds in the field and reduce the population density of overwintering insects. 2 Spray 50% dichlorvos 1000- 1500 times or 40% dimethoate 1500-2000 times.

2. Black cutworms often bite off seedlings from the ground and drag them into holes to continue biting, or bite unearthed buds, resulting in broken seedlings and lack of plants. When the base of platycodon grandiflorum is hardened or the weather is wet, it can also bite the young branches and leaves of the branches. /kloc-0 has 4 generations per year, and overwinters in the soil with mature larvae and pupae. Adults lurk under soil cracks, dead leaves and weeds during the day, and go out at night, with strong phototaxis. Eggs are scattered in soil cracks, fallen leaves and weeds. Larvae ***6 years old, a few 7-8 years old, suspended animation phenomenon, can migrate when food is insufficient. After the third instar, the larvae lurk under the topsoil during the day and do harm at night. The first generation of larvae occurred from late April to early May, and platycodon grandiflorum was seriously damaged at seedling stage. Control method: Weeds and litter in the field shall be cleared from June 5 to April 38, and overwintering larvae and pupae shall be eliminated. Before sunrise in the morning, check the fields and find a small hole near the newly killed seedlings, and immediately dig up the soil to kill the larvae. From April to May, when the black cutworm began to damage, it was watered with 90% trichlorfon 1000 times solution.

Six, harvesting, processing and comprehensive utilization

1, seed harvesting

The seeds of Platycodon grandiflorum planted in that year were thin and shriveled, and were called "doll seeds". Its germination rate is 15%-20%, and its quality is poor, its vitality is low, and its seedlings are thin, so it is not suitable for use. Therefore, it is best to replant Platycodon grandiflorum with seeds from biennial plants, so that the seeds of Platycodon grandiflorum are full and the germination rate is high. The cycle of balloon flowers is very long, as long as 3 months. It first bolts and blooms from the upper part, and the fruit matures from the upper part. In order to cultivate excellent seeds, small lateral branches and inflorescences at the top can be cut off in June and July to promote fruit ripening, make seeds full and improve seed quality.

From September to June, the capsule of Platycodon grandiflorum turns from green to yellow, and the fruit stalk turns from green to black. When the seeds turn black and mature, cut off the fruit stalk, put it in a ventilated and dry room for 3-4 days, then sun-dry, thresh and remove impurities. Pay attention to timely harvesting, otherwise the capsule will crack and the seeds will fall off, making it difficult to collect.

2. Harvesting and processing of Platycodon grandiflorum

The harvest time of Platycodon grandiflorum varies with sowing date. It can be harvested in late autumn and early winter in the second year of autumn sowing; Although spring sowing can also be harvested in the same year, the yield is low and the drying rate is low. Generally, it is excavated when the platycodon grandiflorum plants wither. After fresh roots are dug out, clean up the soil and scrape off the skin with bamboo knives, porcelain tiles, etc. Wash and dry or dry. Scrape the skin while it's fresh, or it won't shave well after a long time. If you don't shave, you won't dry. If too much is excavated and fresh platycodon grandiflorum cannot be processed, it can be buried with sand to prevent the skin from shrinking due to dryness, so as to scrape the skin.

3. Comprehensive utilization

Platycodon grandiflorum has a wide range of pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, expectorant, antitussive, anti-ulcer, blood pressure lowering, vasodilation, antipyretic, analgesic, sedative, hypoglycemic, anticholinergic, cholic acid secretion promoting and antiallergic. In addition to being used as a medicinal material, the main reason for the large sales at present is that the root of Platycodon grandiflorum is a very popular kimchi raw material in three northeastern provinces, especially among Koreans, and has been popular all over the country.

Except for eating; The root of Platycodon grandiflorum can also be used for beauty and as a whitening agent for skin. Because the water extract of Platycodon grandiflorum has inhibitory effect on dermatophytes, it can be used to treat tinea and beriberi. Platycodon grandiflorum can also be used in sunscreen cosmetics and shower gel to protect skin and whiten skin. Platycodon grandiflorum can be used as a taste masking agent and added to pesticides; It can also be used as an alcohol inhibitor to develop alcohol withdrawal drugs; It is also widely used as feed additive.