Which country does the Golden Crescent refer to?

Form history

Development reasons

Drug source

trait

move towards

harm

catalogue

1 summary

2 Basic information

3 Forming history

4 development reasons

5 Source of drugs

Six characteristics

7 trends

Eight kinds of dangers

9 yield

The Golden Crescent is the opium and heroin production base second only to the Golden Triangle. It is located at the junction of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran, so it is named because it looks like a crescent moon.

The "Golden Crescent" area has been growing opium with high output, and was once the largest opium producing area in the world. Golden Crescent, the world's three major drug producing areas, is located in southwest Asia, extending from eastern Turkey, Iran and Afghanistan to Pakistan. Afghanistan is the biggest drug producing area of Golden Crescent. Because it looks like a crescent moon, it is called the "Golden Crescent".

Golden Crescent, Golden Triangle and Silver Triangle are also called the three major drug producing areas in the world.

Basic information

Chinese name

Jinxinyue

Foreign name

Golden Crescent in harff, Gierden? Original name

geographical position

The border between Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran

local speciality

Opium and heroin

Administrative category

Jin xinyue

Spread out completely

Form history

It is called the "Golden Crescent" because its topography is similar to that of the Crescent, and it is rich in highly profitable drug opium, including Pakistan's Northwest Frontier Province and Baluchistan Province, Iran's Sistan-Baluchistan Province, and Afghanistan's Reggie and Nuristan.

1984, the head of the Pakistani government, Zia Haq, issued martial law, and adopted an iron fist to drastically reduce opium production from 800 tons in 1978 to 45 tons. However, after 1985, due to the "civilian politics" implemented by the Pakistani government, anti-drug measures began to relax. Results Opium production soared to 145 tons in 1986, and this trend only increased. By 1996, Pakistan's opium production exceeded 200 tons, and the poppy cultivation area was 6500 tons.

Laos' opium products have not been included in the "budget" of the United States Drug Control Agency, but since 1986, Laos has had to impress the world, because Laos' opium production is close to 120 tons. As a result, on the ancient Islamic plank road of the "Golden Crescent", in the vast desert, teams of drug-trafficking camel teams came in an endless stream. These camel teams continuously import opium and heroin into Eurasia.

Randy Gautu, a plank road town in the mountainous area on the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan, is almost the starting point of the "Golden Crescent" drug flow to the world. Since 1980s, "Golden Crescent" has developed into a new drug producing area. The opium planting area in this area has reached 60,000 hectares, including 30,000 hectares in Iran, 20,000 hectares in Afghanistan and the least in Pakistan, but it has also reached more than 5,000 hectares. The "Golden Crescent" is very equivalent to the "Golden Triangle" area.

Development reasons

The "Golden Crescent" area is sparsely populated, with inconvenient transportation and dry climate, mainly inhabited by Patan and Baluchi people who are famous for their fierce fighting. For a long time, they have maintained their traditional national style and personality, and freely traveled to and from the border areas of the three countries. The governments of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran did not manage it effectively, making this region the main opium producing area in the world.

Drug source

It is estimated that 60 tons of heroin can be extracted from opium collected in secret producing areas of Afghanistan every year. Due to its unique geographical advantages, the drugs produced here can be easily transported to Europe. Therefore, the drug share in this part of Europe once reached over 90%. There are three main routes for drugs to leave the country in this region: one is from Pakistan and India in the south to Japan and the United States, the other is from the Persian Gulf to Europe, and the third is from Uzbekistan and other countries in Central Asia to Eastern Europe and Russia. Another significant advantage of drugs in this area is that the purity of heroin produced here is extremely high, almost all of which can reach more than 80%, which is unmatched by the Golden Triangle.

In the late 1970s, due to the dry weather, the opium harvest in the "Golden Triangle" region of Southeast Asia failed, and the demand for drugs such as heroin on the black market was in short supply, and the price soared. At this time, poppy growers of the "Golden Crescent" seized the good opportunity of rising drug prices, expanded their planting area and entered the traditional overseas market of the "Golden Triangle". It is an important producer of opium drugs in the world, second only to the "Golden Triangle".

198 1 year, the opium production in the "Golden Crescent" area reached more than 800 tons, twice the total opium production in the "Golden Triangle" and Mexico. However, since 1986, the opium production of the "Golden Triangle" has recovered rapidly and increased sharply, once again replacing the "Golden Crescent" as the main heroin producing area in the world. Despite this, the opium production of the "Golden Crescent" has developed rapidly, and it has always maintained the second position in opium and heroin production.

At the end of the 20th century, due to ethnic conflicts, religious conflicts and wars, the "Golden Crescent" drug economic circle rose again, making it replace the "Golden Triangle" and become the largest opium drug producer in the world.

The poppy planting area of "Golden Crescent" is about 1 1 000 hectares, and the annual opium output has been kept between 3,000 tons and 4,000 tons. According to United Nations statistics, in 2003, the opium output of "Golden Crescent" reached 3,600 tons, and it is expected to exceed 4,000 tons in 2004. Besides opium and heroin, it also produces marijuana and cocaine. Besides, it is the gateway to Europe and America, and drugs can be transported from Turkey, Pakistan and Iran to all parts of Europe and America. The "Golden Crescent" has now become a link and continental bridge connecting the drug trade between Europe and Asia.

trait

Compared with the Golden Triangle and other places, the Golden Crescent grows drugs later, mainly marijuana and poppy, but in recent years, the Golden Crescent has replaced the Golden Triangle and become the largest drug producing area in the world. Poppy planting area is nearly 1 10000 hectares, and it produces 4000 tons of drugs every year. During 1999, the total opium output of Golden Crescent reached 4,600 tons, accounting for 75% of the global total, and it was the largest opium producing area in the world at that time.

Afghanistan, located in the center of the Golden Crescent, is one of the largest poppy growing countries in the world. Due to the turbulent domestic situation and the violent and militaristic customs of Afghan residents, the opium poppy cultivation area in Afghanistan is very extensive. Most provinces in China have poppy cultivation, covering an area of 58,000 hectares. Afghanistan has become the largest opium producer in the world. The poppy cultivation area in Iran is also relatively large.

move towards

Jinxinyue

In recent years, the drug trend of the "Golden Crescent" is almost an all-round attack. These drug soldiers are divided into three roads: one is from the south road through Pakistan and India to Japan and North America; Second, it flows from the West Road to Western Europe via Iran, Turkey and other coastal countries; Third, it flows from North Road to Russia and Eastern Europe via Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and other Central Asian countries.

Heroin exported from the "Golden Crescent" to Britain and Western Europe once occupied about 90% of the market, so the "Golden Crescent" has become a veritable "new moon" and is gradually rising.

What's more worth mentioning is that the purity of heroin produced by "Golden Crescent" is almost above 80%. Such a genuine "famous brand" can naturally catch up in the world drug trade competition.

"Golden Crescent", the "new generation" of the world's poison sources.

harm

Burning drugs

The "Golden Crescent" is adjacent to the northwest border area of China and located at the junction of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran in southwest Asia, also known as the "Golden Half Moon Bay". Because the area is shaped like a curved moon, it is called "Golden Crescent".

"Golden Crescent" is a new drug producing area developed after the "Golden Triangle" in 1980s. From 65438 to 0999, the total output of opium in the "Golden Crescent" area reached 4,600 tons, accounting for 75% of the global total, making it the largest opium producing area in the world at that time. Afghanistan has become the largest opium producer in the world.

Since 1997, China public security organs and customs have seized 66 tons of acetic anhydride smuggled to the "Golden Crescent" area at the ports of Lafu and Horgos in Hongqi, Xinjiang, and Urumqi Customs has seized 4 1 139 grams of smuggled marijuana and heroin since 1998.

The threat of drugs in the "Golden Crescent" area to China will become more and more serious. Ethnic separatist forces, extremist religious forces and violent terrorist forces in Xinjiang began to participate in drug trafficking, endangering the potential.

Historically, India has always been a country exporting opium to China. India is also one of the few countries in the world that allows poppy cultivation, and its annual output accounts for about half of the world's total output approved by the United Nations.

Some Indian opium circuitous into China, and some directly into China and Tibet through Nepal. In 2002, China destroyed a drug trafficking channel from Nepal to Japan via Tibet, Chengdu and Shenzhen.

yield

Since the 1990s, Afghanistan, which has been in constant civil war, has been the largest opium producer in the world. In 200 1 year, the Taliban regime banned opium cultivation on the grounds of violating the doctrine, which once reduced the opium production in Afghanistan by 90%. However, after the Taliban regime was overthrown at the end of 20001,opium cultivation in Afghanistan fell into a "out of control" situation.

In the second year after the fall of the Taliban, Afghanistan's opium production jumped to 3,400 tons, accounting for 70% of the global opium production that year. In 2003 and 2004, Afghanistan's opium production continuously set a new record, increasing from 3,600 tons to 4,200 tons, accounting for nearly 90% of the global opium production.

Jinxinyue

In 2005, after Karzai's government was criticized by the United States for its ineffective drug control, Afghanistan's opium production temporarily dropped to 465,438+000 tons. However, this achievement has not been sustained. There are indications that Afghanistan will usher in another "bumper harvest" of opium in 2006, with a conservative estimate that the output has reached 4,500 tons.

Jinxinyue

Afghan anti-drug officials have privately explained to the reporter of the Tribune of the International Herald Tribune that the production, processing and smuggling of drugs have already formed a mature industrial chain in Afghanistan and surrounding areas: every spring, drug dealers will go directly to the fields to pay the farmers a deposit; During the opium harvest season, farmers don't have to worry about transportation, and naturally vehicles equipped with armed personnel will come to buy drugs; Some of the opium collected will be directly shipped out of the country, and some will be transported to a specific place to be processed into cocaine, and then transported to other countries.

In Afghanistan, nearly 10% of the population is directly or indirectly involved in drug cultivation, trafficking and smuggling, and the drug economy accounts for 60% of the national economy. In 2008, Karzai's government proposed to reduce the opium planting area in China by 75%. At that time, this idea seemed extremely unrealistic.

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