What are the architectural features of Hakka enclosed houses in southern Jiangxi?

Abstract: Hakka wai house in southern Jiangxi is a kind of residential building in southern Jiangxi. It is named after the high-wall turret built around its main house. The enclosed house combines exquisite architectural structure and exquisite architectural skills, which fully embodies the intelligence and artistic creativity of ancient working people. So what are the architectural features of Hakka enclosed houses in southern Jiangxi? What is the architectural function of Hakka enclosed houses in southern Jiangxi? Let's learn more about the architectural style of Hakka enclosed houses in southern Jiangxi with Bian Xiao! Gannan Hakka wai house is a kind of Han residential building in Gannan area of Jiangxi Province. It is named after the high-wall turret built around its main house. Enclosure is a combination of exquisite architectural structure and exquisite architectural skills, which fully embodies the intelligence and artistic creativity of ancient Han working people. In 200 1 year, China CCTV made two multi-faceted reports, from enclosed houses with profound cultural connotations to Hakka customs, Hakka folk customs, Hakka culture and Hakka residential buildings, which attracted the attention of the world. At present, many domestic and foreign tourists are more and more interested in visiting Hakka enclosed houses and enjoying Hakka customs. Gannan is the base camp of Hakkas. There are about 500 Hakka enclosed houses, of which more than 370 are in longnan county, and the rest 130 are located in Dayu, Dingnan, Quannan, Xinfeng, Anyuan and Xunwu counties. Longnan is a typical Hakka county town. Because of its large number of Hakka enclosed houses, complete style and well-preserved, it is also known as the "hometown of Hakka enclosed houses".

I. Historical development

In recent ten years, with the research of Hakka culture and the upsurge of overseas Hakkas seeking their roots and ancestors, Hakka enclosed houses, as a comprehensive carrier of Hakka history and culture and art, have been more and more recognized by people and attracted the attention of experts and scholars who study Hakka and residential buildings at home and abroad. According to relevant data records and field surveys, most of the houses around Longnan were built in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. At this time, due to social unrest, frequent wars and people's lack of security, Hakka people living far away from home designed and created castle-style residential buildings with strong defense in order to protect themselves and their families. At present, the earliest enclosed houses in longnan county are Wushiwei and Yangcun in Dongshui built in Wanli period of Ming Dynasty, and Tian Xin Wai in Wudang built in Chongzhen period. The enclosed houses built in the early Qing Dynasty accounted for about 30% of the total enclosed houses. The most representative houses are Yi Yan pen house in Yangcun (built in the seventh year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty) and Kansai Wai (built between Jiaqing and Daoguang years in Qing Dynasty), which are listed as national key cultural relics protection units. The number of enclosed houses built in the late Qing Dynasty was the largest, accounting for about 60% of the total, such as Liren Shabawei built in Guangxu period and Wenlong Kiln Sanwei built in the third year of the Republic of China. After entering the Republic of China, due to the decline of feudal autocracy and the rise of democracy and civilization, traffic and society tended to be stable, bandits and clan forces were greatly weakened, and the safety of people's lives and property was guaranteed to a certain extent, so this castle-like enclosure was stopped.

Two. Main enclosed residential areas

1. Kansai Wai

National key cultural relics protection units. This paddock was built during the Jiaqing period of Qing Dynasty, covering an area of about 8,000 square meters, which is the largest of the existing more than 500 Hakka paddocks in southern Jiangxi. The main building structure in the paddock is a typical building with nine halls and eighteen halls consisting of three entrances and six openings. With exquisite craftsmanship and a large number of wood carvings, the enclosed house is the most distinctive and precious Hakka residential building in southern Jiangxi, the pearl of enclosed houses in Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong, and is known as the "oriental ancient Roman castle". The whole structure of Kansai paddock looks like a huge "back", and the core building of paddock is in the middle of the "mouth". On the basis of the characteristics of Hakka dwellings, its structure is extended to "three entrances and three openings", thus forming a typical building with 124 main rooms, "eighteen halls on the ninth floor". "Three entrances" means that the lower hall comes out of the gate, the middle hall and the upper hall go up in turn, step by step, and increase layer by layer; "Six-opening" is a balanced extension to the left and right with the main hall as the central axis. The courtyards and houses on both sides are symmetrical, and the doors and windows are also symmetrical. The structure that the central axis extends to the left and right makes the main hall the core of the whole enclosure, which embodies strong centripetal force and cohesion. Kansai Wai not only embodies the unique architectural beauty everywhere, but also the beauty of painting and decoration is amazing. There are a pair of beautifully carved and lifelike stone lions in front of the main hall gate. The male lion on the left is arrogant, fierce and powerful with his mouth open, and the female lion on the right is elegant and dignified, showing the exquisite carving skills of the craftsmen. There are cylindrical stone carvings of gossip "Zhong Gan" and "Kun" on the big door frame, and various patterns or characters are engraved on the stone piers under more than ten big wooden columns in the hall. The courtyard and wing of the hall are inlaid with many wood carvings of animals such as dragons, tigers, unicorns and phoenixes, which are lifelike and beautifully carved.

2. Yi Yan Round House

National key cultural relics protection units. This paddock was built in the seventh year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1650). Covering area1367m2, height15m. It is the highest paddock among many two-story Hakka paddocks. Its main feature is that Hakka houses are surrounded by high walls around the main house, while in Yi Yan enclosure, all houses are built according to high walls, but the position where the main house should be in the middle of the enclosure is a big empty flat. This unique layout has a unique flavor. Yi Yan's round buildings are famous for their height and firmness. Today, more than 300 years later, it is still the tallest building in Yangcunwei Town. Locals and people who come here admire you for climbing on the roof to see the distance, enjoying the natural scenery and rural scenery, feeling the simple and rich Hakka customs, and having a different taste. During the light years of the Qing Dynasty, Zhou Yuhan, then the governor of Ganzhou, was appointed by the imperial examination to explore flowers and came to Yi Yan Huanyuan in Yangcun to enjoy them. He looked at Yun Fei from the top of the paddock, enjoyed the moon and the sunset, presented wine and breeze, and wrote poems for the paddock for several days. 1In the autumn of 937, Mr. Jiang Jingguo, who had just served as the Commissioner of the Gannan Administrative Office of the Kuomintang, also came to Yi Yan Huanfang in Yangcun and lived in the enclosure for three days. He praised the tall and spectacular houses built in the mountains more than 300 years ago and showed great interest in the simple Hakka customs of Yangcun.

3. Li Yuanwei

Li Yuanwei is the largest enclosed house in southern Jiangxi, located in Ren Zhen Town, longnan county, covering an area of 68 mu. It was built in the period of Hiroshi, and has a history of more than 500 years. The surrounding walls are piled with rubble, and hundreds of houses are scattered and dense. Three fish ponds in the paddock form a lake side by side, and bamboo and willow shadows are scattered along the coast. Although it is a typical Hakka paddock, it has the charm of Jiangnan scenery. The residents of Li Yuanwei are all surnamed Li. It is said that they are descendants of the Ming Dynasty general Li Qinggong. General Li joined forces with Wang Yangming, a famous Confucian general, to counter the rebellion and made outstanding achievements. After returning to his hometown, he built a closed house with the land he gave. It is said that the words "Li Yuanwei" were written by Wang Yangming. The famous places in Li Yuanwei are one temple and three halls, namely, Jigazu Temple, Dung Hall, New Kitchen Hall and Lishu Hall. Jiga Ancestral Temple is the main temple of the whole enclosed house, where all ethnic groups come for meetings, weddings and funerals. The new kitchen hall was completed in the last years of Jiajing, where two five-product doctors were born and became the famous "Dafu Di" in Li Yuanwei. Li Yuhan, the second doctor with five products, was very happy with his grandchildren at the age of 95, and "five generations under one roof" became a much-told story for the first time. According to legend, more than 500 years ago, there was a chestnut forest with hundreds of acres called "Chestnut Tree Garden". There are dozens of pear trees on the west side of the chestnut forest, forming a natural pear garden, which is called the "garden in the garden" in the "chestnut garden". One summer, the weather was very hot, and many people in the Li family got lung fever and could not recover for a long time. An old woman passing by told everyone that the pears in the pear garden next to them are extraordinary, which can clear away heat and toxic materials and moisten the lungs, and then dig up the roots and fry them in water into ointment, so that the disease can be cured. The villagers did as they said, and they soon recovered. At this time, the old woman of the church has disappeared. A traveling Taoist discovered the secret. It turns out that this old woman is Li Shan's old mother. She wants to save people from disasters and diseases. Because too many roots were dug, the pear forest slowly died. But this "pear garden" stayed in the heart of the Li family. When Li Yuanwei was expanded, a "Zhong Wei around" was built at the location of "Liyuan", and it was named "Under the Pear Tree". There was also a memorial tablet for Li Shan's mother in the ancestral hall, and she was always grateful for her help to the Li family.

4. Wushiwei

Wushiwei, a village with profound Hakka culture, is named after a big Wushi in front of the door. Built in the thirty-ninth year from Ming Dynasty to Zhengzheng, it is the oldest paddock in Gannan Hakka paddock. Its characteristic is that the enclosed houses form a semicircle from front to back, which is unique among many enclosed houses in southern Jiangxi. According to relevant data, Wushiwei is the most profound enclosure of Hakka culture. During the more than 300 years from the establishment of the besieged city in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty, more than 70 Bushiwei family members passed the rural examination and were awarded the title of third-class doctor. After the founding of New China, 36 people were admitted to institutions of higher learning and obtained bachelor's, master's and doctor's degrees. He is the protagonist of CCTV live program.

5. Lung Kwong Wai

The whole paddock in Longguangwei of Taojiang River is made of granite pulp. This paddock was built in the afternoon of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty. This kind of sturdy building is rare in Hakka residential paddock. Long Guangwei is square with watchtowers at four corners, about 6 meters high and 0.8 meters thick. The enclosed house covers an area of nearly1.200m2, and only an arch is opened in the west for access.

6. Xie Uk Wai

Located in Huangzhubei, Tang Lin Town, it is the only round paddock in the Hakka paddock group in Longnan, which was built during Tongzhi period of Qing Dynasty. The diameter of this circle is about 60 meters. The main house has a wall, with four rows of houses in the middle and only one door for people to enter and exit.

Three. architectural feature

1. Modeling structure

As a product of special historical environment, the starting point of Hakka enclosed houses is practicality. In terms of modeling structure, the Hakka paddock in Longnan is mainly square, and the main house is surrounded by high walls to enhance its defense. However, there are a few other paddocks, such as the Xiewu Circle with bamboo skin in Tang Lin, the Bagua Circle in Liren Home, the Wushiwei Circle, Gulong Circle and Xichang Circle in the Dongshui Hemisphere of Yangcun, which are irregularly built along the mountain shape in xiang tang and Kansai, which are quite different from the round earth buildings in Yongding, Fujian. Most of the Hakka enclosures in Longnan are masonry structures, with the wall foundation made of granite or granite, the wall made of blue bricks and river pebbles, and the whole enclosure made of granite, such as Longguangwei in Taojiang Township, which is called "stone enclosure" by the locals, which is extremely strong. Most of the glue used for building walls is a mixture of lime, tung oil and brown sugar, which is particularly sticky and will not loosen for thousands of years.

The obvious difference between Hakka enclosed houses in Longnan and ordinary houses is that they are easy to defend but difficult to attack, and they have strong defense and survival functions under extreme conditions.

2. Defense function

Hakka enclosure is a special building, with high walls around the main house and turrets at the four corners. There are many gun holes on the city walls and turrets, which can cross fire and form a fire net to resist the invasion of foreign enemies, which has a strong defensive function. The walls are 0.5 to 2 meters thick and can resist light and heavy weapons. For example, the Yiyan Round House in Yangcun was attacked by Japanese aggressor planes at 1938, and there are still bullet holes in the western outer wall that have not been penetrated by Japanese machine guns. In order to enhance the defense function, wooden doors and thick wooden doors were installed at the gates of the paddock, and some of them were nailed with iron sheets. The gate is bolted with large wooden poles or iron bars, which is extremely strong. There is a funnel from high to low at the gate of Yi Yan enclosure in Yangcun to prevent the enemy from burning the door and attacking the fire. In order to prevent the enemy from digging holes in the ground to attack the finalists, the wall base of the fence is mostly large stones with a depth of more than 5 meters.

In front of the wall foundation of Kansai Wai, there are plum blossom piles as deep as 10 meters with iron sticks, so it is impossible to dig holes from the ground to attack the enclosure. In order to prevent the enemy from attacking from the roof, there are many poisonous triangular nails on the roofs of many enclosed houses, and the patios of Dongshuiwei and Shangxinwei in Yangcun are covered with barbed wire, so even if the enemy is on the roof, they can't enter the enclosed houses.

3. Survival function

Hakka enclosed houses not only have a strong defensive function, but also have unique features in enclosing houses and besieged cities. In order to make people who stick to closed houses have no food and water, most closed houses have wells, while some closed houses, such as Yi Yan Round House in Yangcun, have two wells inside and outside. Usually, the well inside the closed house is closed, and the water outside the closed house is used. Once the closed house is trapped, the well in the closed house will be activated to ensure the normal living water for the people inside. Hakka enclosed houses also have ingenious ways to store food. For example, the round house in Yi Yan, Yangcun, is made of sweet potato flour, with fake walls built on the high-rise buildings inside and food painted on the walls. Once the enclosed house is trapped for a long time and food is scarce, these specially stored foods can be used for emergency. This kind of specially stored grain can be eaten by people around for more than half a year.

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