Ask the eighth grade geography review materials as long as "Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the highest plateau in the world" and so on.

Great motherland: People's Republic of China (PRC) is located in the eastern and western hemispheres, the eastern part of Asia and the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. -Land and sea.

Vast territory:

Land rights: ① a vast land area of about 9.6 million square kilometers; (2) Land boundaries of more than 20,000 kilometers; ③ 14 land neighbors.

Maritime powers: ① Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea. ② Coastline 18000 km or more; ③ Six countries across the sea: Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Philippines, Japan and South Korea.

The northernmost part is north of Mohe River in Heilongjiang, and the center of Heilongjiang main channel is 54 degrees north latitude; East longitude 135 degrees at the junction of Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers in the easternmost part, 4 degrees north latitude at Zengmu shoal in the southernmost part, and 73 degrees east longitude at Pamir Plateau in the westernmost part.

China has a vast territory, with a total land area of about 1 10,000 square kilometers, which is almost equivalent to the whole area of Europe, ranking first in the world.

China is an important maritime power in the world, with a coastline of over18,000 kilometers, which is one of the longest countries in the world. There are more than 6,500 islands with a sea area of over 500 square meters in China. The width of China's territorial sea is 22.22km (12 nautical mile). The sea area under the jurisdiction of China is about 3 million square kilometers.

There are many neighboring countries: China has a long land border, reaching 20,000 square kilometers, and there are 14 neighboring countries (Mandarin): eastern Korea, northern Mongolia, northeastern and northwestern Russia; Hajita Aba in the west; Danny in southwestern India; There are Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam in the south.

There are six countries across the sea: Indonesia, Malaysia, Wen Fei, Japan and South Korea.

1.2 chinese administrative division

Administrative divisions in history:

Current administrative divisions: basically divided into provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government), counties (autonomous counties and county-level cities) and townships (towns).

There are 34 provincial administrative units in China, including 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the Central Government and 2 special administrative regions, namely Hongkong and Macau. Taiwan Province Province is an inalienable and sacred territory of our country.

Names, abbreviations and administrative center textbooks of 34 provincial administrative units: Page 8 of 8th grade.

1.3 population of China

1 in the world:

The Fifth Census: The total population of China is 65.438+29.5 million, accounting for 65.438+0/5 of the world. The current population is 654.38+0.3 billion.

The growth rate is relatively fast: population base 1. Due to the superiority of the socialist system, people's living standards have improved, medical and health conditions have improved, life expectancy has been prolonged, and population mortality has dropped significantly.

Uneven distribution: Tengchong-Mohe, China population density. There are many demographic characteristics and few demographic characteristics. The eastern region has a large population; Coastal, river and lake areas have a large population; The plains and basins have a large population; Areas with developed economy and transportation have a large population; Areas with dense towns and developed industries have a large population; The Han area has a large population. The western region has a small population; The arid desert area has a small population; The population in mountainous areas and plateaus is small; Remote farming and pastoral areas have a small population; Most ethnic minority areas have a small population.

China's population policy: it is a long-term basic national policy to implement family planning, control population and improve population quality.

1.4 population of China:

56 Ethnic Groups: China is a unified multi-ethnic family with 56 ethnic groups including Han, Zhuang, Mongolian, Hui, Tibetan, Uygur and Miao. The Han nationality has a large population, which is close to 92% of the total population in China. Other ethnic groups account for only 8% of the population and are called ethnic minorities.

Large mixed communities and small settlements: Han nationality is the most widely distributed, mainly concentrated in the east and middle. Ethnic minorities are mainly distributed in the southwest, northwest and northeast. There are ethnic minorities living in Han areas, and there are also Han people living in ethnic minority areas.

Ethnic customs: Mongolia-Nadam Congress; Dai people in Yunnan-Songkran Festival; Chinese nation-Dragon Boat Festival.

Chapter II Natural Environment of China

2. 1 China's topography: it is high in the west and low in the east, showing a ladder shape. The mountains are interlaced.

The first step is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which is located in the southwest with an altitude of more than 4,000 meters.

The elevation of the second step drops rapidly to1000-2000m in the north and east of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and some places are less than 500m.

Step 3: The terrain east of step 2 is mostly below 500 meters above sea level. Here, many rivers flowing into the sea from the east will deposit sediment, forming an alluvial plain surrounded by mountains and seas and running through the north and south.

Step dividing line:

The dividing line between the first step and the second step: Kunlun Mountain-Qilian Mountain-Hengduan Mountain;

The dividing line between the second step and the third step-Daxinganling-Taihang Mountain-Wushan-Xuefeng Mountain

Complex and diverse terrain: China has complex and diverse terrain and vast mountains. The criss-crossing mountains and complex and diverse terrain provide us with rich and colorful natural landscapes, and the production activities and lifestyles in different parts of the motherland are different.

Four platforms:

Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: The highest plateau in the world, known as the "roof of the world". The mountains are covered with snow all year round, and glaciers crisscross.

Inner Mongolia Plateau: The plateau is flat and open, and there are many deserts, Gobi and fertile grasslands in the east and middle of the northwest.

Loess Plateau: Loess is the most widely distributed area in the world.

Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: Most of the plateau is rugged and limestone is widely distributed.

Four great basin:

Tarim Basin: The largest inland basin in China. Among them is the Taklimakan Desert, the largest desert in China.

Junggar Basin: China's second great basin.

Qaidam Basin: Known as the "cornucopia".

Sichuan Basin: It is called "Purple Basin". The famous Chengdu Plain is located in the west of the basin, with developed agriculture and rich products, and is known as the "land of abundance".

Three plains:

Northeast Plain: Black soil covers a vast area.

North China Plain: The terrain is low and flat, and the ground slope is very small.

The plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: China's famous "land of plenty".

2.2 Climate in China

The climate is complex and diverse:

Temperature distribution: in winter, the temperature difference between north and south is large, and it is warm in the south. The farther north, the lower the temperature. In summer, the temperature in the north and south is generally high.

Temporal and spatial distribution of precipitation: from the perspective of regional distribution, it gradually decreases from the southeast coast to the northwest inland. In terms of time allocation, there are more in summer and autumn and less in winter and spring.

The climate types in China can be divided into temperate monsoon climate, subtropical monsoon climate, tropical monsoon climate, temperate continental climate and plateau alpine climate.

Remarkable monsoon climate: Although there are various types of climate in China, the monsoon climate is remarkable, with the widest monsoon climate area. The influence of monsoon is the main reason for the uneven distribution of precipitation in time and space.

Mainland characteristics.

Many special weather: mainly cold wave, plum rain, typhoon, sandstorm and so on.

Many droughts and floods. Flood is a natural disaster with frequent occurrence and serious losses in China. Drought is a kind of climate disaster which has the greatest influence, the most common and the widest distribution on agricultural production in China.

2.3 Rivers in China

The outflow area is the main area: the basin refers to the area where rivers or water systems are concentrated. Water system refers to the water flow system composed of all rivers, lakes, swamps and underground rivers in the basin. Rivers where surface and underground runoff finally flow into the ocean are called outflow rivers. The distribution area of outflow river becomes outflow area. Rivers that eventually do not flow into the ocean, that is, rivers that flow into inland lakes or disappear into the desert, are called inland rivers. The area where inland rivers are distributed is called the internal flow area. The hydrological characteristics of the outflow rivers in China are deeply influenced by the monsoon climate. With the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River as the boundary, rivers in the southern region flow through the humid areas, with abundant water. Northern rivers flow through semi-humid or semi-arid areas.

Compared with the outflow river, the hydrological characteristics of inland rivers in China are obviously different.

The largest inland river in China is the Tarim River.

The largest lake in China is Qinghai Lake.

The largest freshwater lake in China is Poyang Lake.

Rolling Yangtze River: The Yangtze River originates in Tanggula, its main stream flows through Qinghai-Tibet and other provinces 1 1 and finally flows into the East China Sea, with a total length of 6,300 kilometers, making it the longest river in China and the third longest river in the world. Upstream: Source-Yichang; Middle reaches: Yichang-Hukou, Jiangxi; Downstream: Hukou, Jiangxi-Flowing into Haikou. The middle reaches are called "nine-curved ileum". Because of its long sailing mileage and large freight volume, it is known as "one in a hundred".

Yellow River: The Yellow River is the second longest river in China and one of the world famous rivers. Originated in Bayan Kara, it flows into 9 provinces and regions such as Qinghai and Sichuan, and flows into Bohai Sea, with a total length of 5,464 kilometers. Upstream: source-estuary; Middle Reach: Estuary-Old Jin Meng; Downstream: Old Jin Meng-Flowing into Haikou. Due to the large amount of sediment brought from the loess plateau in the middle reaches, the riverbed in the lower reaches was raised and became a world-famous "river on the ground".

Chapter III Natural Resources in China

3. 1 Overview of natural resources

What are natural resources? Natural resources are substances and energy that exist in nature and can provide welfare for human beings. It mainly includes climate resources, water resources, land resources, biological resources, mineral resources and marine resources.

Characteristics of natural resources: The concept of natural resources is not immutable. In nature, the amount of natural resources is huge, but it is limited. The quality of natural resources varies from region to region. China's natural resources are second only to the United States and Russia. Restricted by some reasons, the distribution of natural resources has certain regularity, but its regional distribution is generally uniform. The situation of natural resources is constantly changing.

3.2 Land resources in China

:: World Land Day on 25 June.

* Land is the stage of human life and production activities.

"More people and less land" is the basic national condition of our country.

Complete types: China's land resources are complete, forming a variety of land types such as cultivated land, woodland and grassland, which is conducive to adapting to local conditions. China's vast grassland area ranks among the top in the world, which provides better resource conditions for the development of animal husbandry. China is a Shaolin country. The cultivated land area in China is less than 1 100 million hectares.

Land types in China: cultivated land, desert, woodland, grassland, Gobi, alpine desert and rocky mountain.

The regional differences are obvious: the spatial distribution of land resources in China is unbalanced, and the regional differences of land productivity are obvious. Cultivated land in China is mainly distributed in plains and basins in the eastern monsoon region. The natural forests in China are mainly distributed in the mountainous areas of northeast, southwest and southeast, mostly artificial forests and secondary forests. The grasslands in China are mainly distributed in eastern Inner Mongolia and the eastern and southern parts of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The quality of land resources in different regions of China varies greatly. The north is dominated by dry land. The south is mainly rice fields. There is plenty of sunshine and heat in the northwest inland, but it is dry and rainy, and the water is insufficient, mainly grasslands and deserts.

Cherish every inch of land: cherish and make rational use of every inch of land.

3.3 Water resources in China

:: World Water Day, 22 March

Disparity in regional distribution: the total amount of water resources in China is quite large, but the per capita possession is very low, which is about 1/4 of the world's per capita water. "There is less in the east and more in the west, more in the south and less in the north".

Uneven time distribution: the time distribution of water resources in China is characterized by more summer and autumn, less winter and spring, and great interannual changes.

Rational use of every drop of water: due to the uneven distribution of water resources in China, it is necessary to build an inter-basin water transfer project. * * * Diversion from Yellow River to Qinghai * * * South-to-North Water Transfer Project * * * Due to the uneven distribution of water resources in China, it is necessary to build reservoirs. * * * Yangtze River (2) * * Yellow River (3) * * * The fundamental way is.

3.4 China's marine resources

Diversity of biological resources: China is rich in marine biological resources, with more than 20,000 species, including more than 3,000 species of fish and more than 70 species of main economic fish.

And, and are the four famous seafood in China. The biggest fishing ground is Zhoushan fishing ground.

Rich mineral resources: China's coastal continental shelf is rich in oil and natural gas. China coastal placer reserves are very rich.

Huge chemical resources: China's marine production is developing rapidly.

The largest saltworks, the largest saltworks in South China ().

Protecting the "blue land": China has made great achievements in the development and utilization of marine resources, but it also faces some serious problems.

Chapter I Vast Territory

1. From the eastern and western hemispheres, she is located in the eastern hemisphere, and from the northern and southern hemispheres, she is located in the northern hemisphere.

Judging from the location of the mainland and the ocean, she is located on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean in eastern Asia.

3. From the latitude position, most of them are located in the mid-latitude area, belonging to the north temperate zone, and a few in the south are located in the tropics, with no frigid zone.

China has a land area of about 9.6 million square kilometers, ranking third in the world, next only to Russian and Canadian.

5. China has a land border of more than 20,000 kilometers, with 15 neighboring countries.

6. The coastline of Chinese mainland is over18,000 kilometers, and there are six countries across the sea from China: Japan, South Korea, Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia and Indonesia.

7. From north to south, the endangered seas in China are Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea.

8. There are Yanchang Yantian, the largest Yantian in China, in the Bohai Sea, and Zhoushan Fishing Ground, the largest fishing ground in China, in the East China Sea.

9. The administrative regions of the country are basically divided into three levels: province, county and township.

10, China has 34 provincial administrative regions, including 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the central government and 2 special administrative regions.

1 1, the total population of China is129.5 billion, which is characterized by a large population base and rapid population growth.

12, in order to make population growth adapt to social and economic development and resources and environmental conditions, the Chinese government regards the implementation of family planning as a basic national policy.

13, the population distribution in China is uneven, and the population density in the eastern region is high, especially in the southeast coast; The population density in the western region is small.

14, the population dividing line of China is from Heihe City, Heilongjiang Province to Tengchong City, Yunnan Province.

15, the most populous province in China and the largest Xinjiang province.

16. Among the 56 ethnic groups in China, the Han nationality has the largest population and the Zhuang nationality has the largest population.

17, Han nationality is distributed all over the country, most concentrated in the east and middle, and ethnic minorities are mainly distributed in the southwest, northwest and northeast.

18 residential distribution has the characteristics of large mixed residence and small settlement.

20. China implements regional ethnic autonomy in areas where ethnic minorities live in compact communities, and establishes organs of self-government, autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures, autonomous counties and ethnic townships.

Chapter II Natural Environment of China

2 1. The topography of western China is dominated by mountains, plateaus and basins, while the eastern part is dominated by plains and hills. Topographic features: high in the west and low in the east, with a three-stage distribution.

22. The first step The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is located in the southwest, with an average elevation of more than 4,000 meters, which is called the roof of the world.

23. The dividing line between the first and second steps is Kunlun Mountain, Qilian Mountain and Hengduan Mountain; The dividing line between the second and third steps is Daxinganling, Taihang Mountain, Wushan Mountain and Xuefeng Mountain.

24. The four plateaus are: Loess Plateau, Inner Mongolia Plateau, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau; Great basin is: Sichuan Basin, Qaidam Basin, Tarim Basin and Junggar Basin; The three plains are: the Northeast Plain, the North China Plain and the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River.

25. The characteristic texture of the Loess Plateau is loose, there is no vegetation cover here, soil erosion is serious, ravines are vertical and horizontal, the characteristic ground of the Inner Mongolia Plateau is flat and boundless, the characteristic glaciers of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are widely distributed, and the characteristic ground of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau is rugged.

26. The common natural disasters in mountainous areas are collapses, landslides and mudslides.

27. To develop mountainous areas, special attention should be paid to the construction of ecological environment.

28. Mountainous areas include mountains, rugged plateaus and hills, accounting for about two-thirds of the national territory.

29. In winter, the temperature in the south and the north of China is quite different. In summer, the temperature is generally high in most places.

1October 30,65438 0℃ isotherm is distributed along the Qinling-Huaihe line.

3 1. The coldest place in winter is Mohe in Heilongjiang, and the hottest place in summer is Turpan in Xinjiang.

32. Chongqing, Wuhan and Nanjing are the so-called "three furnaces" in China.

33. The main index for dividing the temperature zone is the active accumulated temperature.

34. China is divided into five temperate zones from north to south: cold temperate zone, middle temperate zone, warm temperate zone, subtropical zone and tropical zone. There is also a plateau climate zone with high terrain, cold climate and vast area.

35. The general trend of annual precipitation in China is decreasing from the southeast coast to the northwest inland.

The place with the most precipitation in China is Huoshaoliao in Taiwan Province Province, and the place with the least precipitation is Toksun in Turpan Basin.

37. The contrast between precipitation and evaporation in a place reflects the humidity of the climate there.

38. The division of dry and wet areas is based on the degree of dry and wet climate. The four major dry and wet areas in China are humid area, semi-humid area, semi-arid area and arid area.

39. The main reasons for the large temperature difference between north and south in China are latitude position and winter wind.

40. The dividing line between monsoon area and non-monsoon area is Daxinganling, Yinshan, Helan, Bayan Kara and Gangdise.

42. The biggest advantage of monsoon climate is that rain and heat are in the same period, but it will bring some disastrous weather such as cold wave, flood and drought and typhoon.

43. Tarim River, the largest inland river in China, mainly comes from the melting water of ice and snow in Kunlun Mountain and Tianshan Mountain. Flowing rivers, such as the Yangtze River, mainly come from natural precipitation.

44. The longest and earliest artificial river in the world is the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal.

45. Bayan Kara, the birthplace of the Yellow River, flows into the Bohai Sea.

46. Ningxia Plain has the reputation of "Jiangnan in the world".

47. The dividing line between the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River is the estuary, and the dividing line between the middle and lower reaches is Jin Meng.

48. The riverbed of the lower Yellow River gradually rises and becomes an "overground river".

49. After the Yellow River flows through the middle reaches, it produces the most sediment, because the terrain it flows through is the Loess Plateau.

50. The Yangtze River originates in Tanggula Mountain and flows into the East China Sea. It is the longest river with the largest amount of water and the widest drainage area in China, and is known as "water treasure house" and "golden waterway".

5 1, Yichang, the dividing line between the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, Hukou and the middle and lower reaches.

52. The hydropower resources of the Yangtze River are mainly concentrated in the upper reaches. Yibin city is navigable in the following four seasons.

53. Jingjiang River is known as the "nine-bend ileum", which is the regulation measure of this river section, that is, cutting and bending to get straight.

54. The three major sources in the plain area of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are the main tributaries above Yichang, the two major water systems of Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake, and the Han River in the north.

Chapter III Natural Resources in China

55. For renewable resources, if we use them rationally and pay attention to their protection and cultivation, we can achieve sustainable utilization. We should cherish and economize on the use of non-renewable resources.

56. China's natural resources are characterized by abundant gross and insufficient per capita.

57. Land resources are divided into cultivated land, woodland, grassland and construction land according to land use and land use status.

58. China's per capita land resources are few, and the proportion of various land resources is not reasonable. Mainly there are less cultivated land, more forest land and insufficient land that is difficult to use, especially the contradiction between reserve land resources and people and cultivated land is particularly prominent.

59. China's cultivated land and forest land are mainly distributed in the eastern monsoon region with humid climate, and grassland is mainly distributed in the western inland area with annual average precipitation less than 400 mm.

60. Man-made destruction of land resources includes soil erosion, land desertification and indiscriminate occupation of cultivated land.

6 1, a basic national policy of land resources is to cherish and rationally use every inch of land and effectively protect cultivated land.

62. The water on the earth is 97% seawater and 2.5% fresh water.

63. Most of the fresh water resources on the earth are glaciers at poles and mountains, and most of the rest are deep groundwater. At present, the freshwater resources used by human beings are mainly rivers, lakes and shallow groundwater.

64. China's total water resources are less than Brazil, Russian Federation, Canadian, American and Indonesian, ranking sixth in the world. If calculated per capita, it is only 65438+ 0/4 of the world average.

65. In terms of time distribution, precipitation is concentrated in summer and less in winter and spring. Take measures to effectively adjust the seasonal variation of runoff and water quantity and build reservoirs;

66. In terms of spatial distribution, China's water resources are abundant in the south and deficient in the north, especially in North China and Northwest China, which further aggravates the water shortage in the north. One of the effective ways to solve the uneven distribution of water resources in different regions is inter-basin water transfer.

67. The South-to-North Water Transfer Project is to transfer water from the Yangtze River system to North China and Northwest China, where water shortage is serious.

In view of the serious shortage of water resources in China, saving water is particularly important.

Chapter IV Economic Development of China

69. The "vanguard" of economic development is transportation.

70. The four famous "rice markets" in the history of China are Wuxi, Wuhu, Jiujiang and Changsha.

7 1. Among all kinds of transportation routes, railway transportation is the most important mode of transportation in China. The railway that passes through Tibet Province is the Qinghai-Tibet Railway.

72. Most valuable or urgently needed goods are transported by air in small quantities.

73. Goods that are easily damaged or deteriorated are mostly transported by road.

74. For bulk heavy goods and long-distance transportation, waterway transportation and railway transportation are generally selected.

75. Agricultural production sectors include planting, forestry, animal husbandry and fisheries.

76. Agriculture is the basic industry that supports national economic construction and people's development.

77. Natural grasslands are widely distributed in the western region, and there are four pastoral areas in China: Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Xinjiang and Tibet.

78. Forestry is concentrated in northeast, southwest and southeast regions. The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are the most accessible areas for freshwater fisheries in China.

79. The announcement of rice and wheat in food crops presents a pattern of "rice in the south and wheat in the north".

80. Oil production has formed two major producing areas: the Yangtze River rape belt and the Huanghuai peanut area.

8 1, sugar crops show obvious distribution characteristics of "Longnan and North Sweet".

82. Cotton production is mainly in the north, forming three major cotton regions: southern Xinjiang, the Yellow River basin and the Yangtze River basin.

83. Industry is the leading industry of the national economy.

84. Zhongguancun is the earliest high-tech experimental zone in China.

85. Main features of high-tech industries 1. Among the employees, scientific and technological personnel account for a large proportion. 2。 In sales revenue, R&D expenses account for a large proportion, 3. Product update is fast.

86. High-tech production is an industry dominated by electronics and information industry.

87. China's high-tech industrial development zones are mostly attached to big cities, showing the distribution characteristics of large dispersion and small concentration.

88. To develop agriculture according to local conditions, on the one hand, we should consider the differences of natural environment, on the other hand, we should consider the constraints of social and economic conditions. Mace is afraid of injury.