Natural weather symbol

I. The Earth

Shape: Irregular sphere with slightly off poles.

Size: the average radius is 637 1km, and the equatorial circumference is about 40000km.

Second, the globe.

The movement of the earth

orbiting

It means the rotation of the earth around its axis of rotation and the movement of the earth around the sun.

Rotating central earth axis sun

The movement direction is from west to east and from west to east.

The cycle is one day a year.

Geographical significance, alternation of day and night, seasonal variation

The five regions of the earth

Characteristics of solar radiation and climate in five regions

There are extreme days and nights in the northern cold zone north of the Arctic Circle, and it is cold all year round.

There is no extreme day and night between the Arctic Circle and the Tropic of Cancer in the north temperate zone, and there is no direct sunlight. There are four different seasons.

There is direct sunlight between the tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer, which is hot all year round.

There is no extreme day and night between the Antarctic Circle and the Tropic of Capricorn in the south temperate zone, and there is no direct sunlight. There are four different seasons.

There are extreme days and nights in the south of the Antarctic circle in the South Cold Zone, and it is cold all year round.

warp and weft

Projecting warp and weft

The meaning of the semi-circular arc connecting the north and south poles is also called meridian. All the meridians intersect in a circle, and their north and south poles are perpendicular to the meridians and surround the earth. All the parallels are parallel to each other.

The shape features of the semicircle form a latitude circle.

Equal length, same latitude and equal length. The equator is the longest and gradually shortens towards the poles.

Indicate the north-south, east-west direction

Longitude and latitude

Longitude and Latitude of the Project

Determination of the original meridian (zero meridian) and equator (zero latitude) of zero line

Scale range 180? - 0? - 180? 90? - 0? - 90?

Represents method 0? The east of the meridian is called east longitude, which is represented by "e", 0? On the west is the west longitude, which is represented by "W". North of the equator is the north latitude, which is represented by "N", and south of the equator is the south latitude, which is represented by "S".

The degree changes from 0? Meridian gradually increases from east to west and from equator to poles.

Identification and application of the earth

I. Maps

Concept: It means that the distance on the map is smaller than the actual distance, also called scale reduction.

Formula:

Forms of expression: line segments, characters and numbers.

The two maps are the same, the larger the scale, the smaller the scope and the more detailed the content; The smaller the scale, the larger the scope and the simpler the content.

Basic orientation: east, south, west, north, southeast, northwest, southwest and northeast.

General method: face the map, up north and down south, left west and right east.

Pointing method: the pointing arrow indicates the direction, generally pointing to the north.

Latitude and longitude method: Longitude means north and south, and latitude means east and west.

Legends and symbols

Second, identify the ups and downs of the ground on the map.

Height (absolute height): the vertical distance of a place above the horizontal plane.

Relative height: the relative height of Party A and Party B = the altitude of Party A-the altitude of Party B..

Layered color topographic map (visually seeing the ups and downs of the ground) and topographic profile.

Land and sea

Weather and climate

The weather and our life

1, concept

(1) Weather: the specific situation of the atmosphere near the surface of a place in a short time. Such as sunny days, rainy days, high and low temperatures, etc.

(2) Climate: The average weather conditions in a place for many years are relatively stable. For example, the eastern region is sultry in July.

2, the relationship between the weather and human activities (for example)

3. Weather and weather symbols (recognition and understanding)

4. The negative impact of human activities on the atmospheric environment and the importance of protection. In view of the increasingly serious air pollution, atmospheric environmental monitoring and air quality daily newspaper appeared.

Temperature and precipitation distribution

1, determination of temperature

Daily average temperature: the average temperature at different times of the day.

Monthly average temperature: the average of temperature values at different times in January.

Annual average: the average of temperature values at different times of the year.

2. Changes in temperature

(1) Daily variation of temperature: The temperature variation in an area is regular and has a one-day period.

(2) Annual temperature change: The temperature change in an area is regular and has a one-year cycle.

(3) Daily temperature range: In a day, the highest temperature appears around 2 pm, and the lowest temperature appears around sunrise, and the difference between the highest temperature and the lowest temperature.

(4) Temperature in annual range: In a year, the temperature in the northern hemisphere is the highest in July, and the temperature in Chinese mainland 1 month is the lowest; The highest in August and the lowest in February in the ocean, and the difference between the highest and lowest monthly average temperatures in a year.

3. Temperature distribution

World average temperature distribution map, 1 month world average temperature distribution map, July world average temperature distribution map.

4. Temperature distribution law

(1) horizontal distribution: the world temperature gradually decreases from low latitude to high latitude; Land warms up quickly and cools down quickly, while ocean warms up slowly and cools down slowly; In summer, the temperature on land is higher than that on the ocean at the same latitude, and in winter, the temperature on land is lower than that on the ocean at the same latitude.

(2) Vertical distribution law: Every time the altitude rises 100m, the temperature drops by 0.6? C.

5. Precipitation and life: the importance of precipitation to human life and production.

Seasonal variation of precipitation: precipitation histogram.

Distribution map of annual precipitation in the world.

Step 6 precipitate

(1) Determination of precipitation: daily precipitation, monthly precipitation and annual precipitation.

(2) The distribution law of precipitation is gradually decreasing from equator to poles; The east coast of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer is more than the west coast; Mid-latitude areas are less inland and more coastal areas; ④ There are many windward slopes and few leeward slopes in mountainous areas.

Main climate types in the world

1 distribution of world climate types

(1) low latitude range

Tropical rain forest climate: mainly distributed near the equator. It is hot and rainy all year round, with an annual precipitation of about 2000 mm.

Tropical grassland climate: mainly distributed in the north and south sides of the tropical rain forest climate, the temperature is very high throughout the year, and the precipitation has obvious seasonal changes.

Tropical desert climate; Mainly distributed in the inland areas near the west coast of the mainland and the Tropic of Cancer.

Tropical monsoon climate; It is mainly distributed in the Indian Peninsula in South Asia and the Indo-China Peninsula in Southeast Asia. The annual temperature is high and the precipitation changes obviously with the seasons.

(2) subtropical monsoon and monsoon humid climate

Subtropical monsoon and monsoon humid climate: mainly distributed on the east coast of the mainland at 30-40 north latitude, with high temperature and rainy summer and warm and little rain in winter.

Mediterranean climate: It is distributed on the west coast of the mainland at latitude 40-60 from north to south, with mild and rainy climate, small daily and annual temperature differences, and even seasonal distribution of precipitation.

Temperate continental climate: mainly distributed in mid-latitude inland areas, with little precipitation. In winter, the climate in Leng Xia is hot, with little precipitation and concentrated in summer, with a large daily range during the year.

Temperate monsoon climate: distributed on the east coast of Eurasia at 40-60 N, with high temperature and rainy in summer and low temperature and little rain in winter.

(3) The polar climate is cold, with low temperature and little precipitation.

(4) The plateau mountain climate is distributed in high mountain areas and plateau areas, and the climate is obviously different with altitude.

2. Factors affecting climate

Temperature and precipitation

Latitude position, low latitude, high temperature, high latitude, low temperature, near the equator, more or less.

The land temperature is higher than the ocean temperature in summer, but there are many areas affected by humid airflow in winter.

The terrain is high in altitude and low in temperature, and the windward slope is larger than the leeward slope, with a drop of 0.6℃ per altitude 100 meters.

The coastal temperature of ocean current is high and that of cold current is low. Warm current is warm and humid along the coast, while cold current is warm and dry along the coast.

3. Climate and human activities

Residents and settlements

Population and race

1, population

(1) Characteristics of population growth

A 1999 10 12 10, the total population of the world reached 6 billion.

B population growth rate: natural growth rate = birth rate-death rate.

C Africa has the fastest population growth.

(2) the distribution characteristics of the world population (uneven, population density is expressed by population density)

A. Dense areas: East and South Asia, East Europe and North America, and mid-latitude coastal plain areas.

B. Sparse areas: desert areas, humid rain forest areas, high latitude areas or higher plateaus and mountains.

(3) Population problem

A. Problem: Overpopulation and rapid population growth have greatly affected the environment, economy and society.

B. Solution: Family planning, so that population growth can adapt to social and economic development and be in harmony with environment and resources.

2. Race

(1) white race

A. Physical characteristics: light complexion, eyes and hair color, curly hair, high nose, thin lips and much body hair.

Distribution: Europe, North America and Oceania.

(2) Yellow race

A. Physical features: light yellow or brown-black skin, straight hair, flat face and medium body hair.

Distribution: East Asia

(3) Black race

A. Physical features: dark complexion, curly hair, thick lips and less body hair.

B. main distribution: Africa, Oceania and America.

World Language and Religion

Language Chinese English Russian French Spanish Arabic

Mainly distributed in China, Malaysia and Singapore.

Western Europe, North America, South Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Russia, Eastern Europe, Central Asia, France, Central Africa, Spain, Latin America and many other countries. West Asia, North Africa, etc.

1, the universal language.

2. Three major religions in the world

Religious name Christian Islam (Islam or Puritanism) Buddhism

Mainly distributed in Europe, North America, Oceania, West Asia and Southeast Asia, North Africa and East Asia.

The number of believers is over 65.438 billion, over 600 million and over 200 million respectively.

solve

1, residential areas and their types

Settlement is the name of various forms of human settlement. Generally divided into rural and urban.

2. Settlement and natural environment

(1) Settlement distribution: Most settlements are distributed in areas with flat terrain, fertile soil, abundant water resources and suitable climate.

(2) Settlement form: It is often influenced by natural factors such as topography and rivers, which are either banded or solid.

(3) Building structure: Building materials, roof slope, wall thickness, window size and shape are all affected by the local natural environment. Most unique buildings in the world reflect the local natural environment. In the tropical desert area of West Asia, it is hot and dry all the year round, and most local houses have the characteristics of thick walls, small windows and good thermal insulation. In the cold climate of the Arctic, most Inuit igloos have the characteristics of low windowless and good thermal insulation effect. In the Loess Plateau, the climate in Leng Xia is hot in winter, and the loess has strong vertical characteristics. The local countryside uses loess to dig caves, which is warm in winter and cool in summer. In Xishuangbanna, which is hot and rainy, Dai people use local bamboo to build Dai bamboo houses. Bamboo building not only has a steep roof, but also has two floors, which has the functions of ventilation and moisture insulation.

3. Development and protection of residential areas

With the development of society, settlements are also undergoing profound changes. One of the characteristics of today's settlement development is that the number and scale of cities have increased, and the proportion of urban population in the total population has gradually increased; But it also brings serious urban environmental pollution problems. The protection of traditional settlements aroused people's consciousness.

Regional development differences in the world

Developing countries and developed countries

According to the level of economic development, countries in the world are usually divided into developing countries and developed countries.

(1) Developed countries are mostly distributed in North America, Europe and Oceania, mainly including the United States, Canada, Britain, France, Germany, Australia and New Zealand, all of which are distributed in the northern hemisphere except Australia and New Zealand.

(2) Developing countries are mainly countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, and most of them are newly independent countries after World War II, mainly distributed in the northern hemisphere, the southern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere. China is also a developing country.

2. Developed countries have a high level of economic development, advanced science and technology and high per capita income. Compared with developed countries, developing countries have a low level of economic development, weak scientific and technological foundation and low per capita income. As far as the internal development of developing countries is concerned, it is also unbalanced-some oil exporters in the Gulf region (such as Kuwait) and some newly industrialized countries (such as South Korea, Brazil and Singapore). ) belongs to high-income countries, and most others belong to low-income countries (such as Ethiopia); However, some developing countries have surpassed developed countries in some fields, such as Indian software industry, China's aerospace industry and nuclear industry.

3. The economic development of developed and developing countries is unbalanced, as follows:

(1) Developed countries have a high level of productivity and developed science and technology; Developing countries are backward in production and low in science and technology.

(2) Developed countries have high quality of life, high per capita income and good education; The situation in developing countries is just the opposite.

(3) Developed countries have a high level of economy, and the level of industrial and agricultural development is relatively high, while developing countries have the opposite.

(4) Developed countries mainly export manufactured goods, while developing countries mainly export primary products or semi-finished products.

(5) Developed countries have a high level of urbanization and a large urban population, but in recent years, there has been a phenomenon of anti-urbanization, that is, the population has shifted from cities to rural areas; Developing countries have a large rural population and a low level of urbanization, and a large number of rural people flow to cities, causing serious urban problems.

There are many reasons for the economic backwardness of developing countries: first, most developing countries have been exploited and plundered by imperialism and colonialism for a long time in history, and their economic foundation is weak and their economic structure is single, which is also one of the reasons. Third, developing countries are at a disadvantage in international trade, and the export prices of mineral products are too low.

5. "North-South relations": In view of the North-South differences in the distribution of developing countries and developed countries, this economic development difference is called "North-South gap" internationally. The economic and political negotiations between developing countries and developed countries are called "North-South Dialogue". The mutual cooperation among developing countries is called "South-South cooperation".

international cooperation

1. No country in the world exists in isolation, and it always has links with other countries to varying degrees. Developed countries need to buy raw materials and sell products in developing countries. Developing countries need to introduce capital, equipment, advanced production technology and management experience from developed countries and buy some products that are difficult to produce at home. Therefore, both developed and developing countries need to actively communicate and cooperate with each other.

2. With the increasingly close economic ties between countries and regions in the world, international organizations are playing an increasingly important role in global and regional cooperation.

(1) United Nations: the largest international organization in the world. Founded in 1945, it has more than 190 member countries and its headquarters is in new york, USA. The main purpose of the United Nations is to maintain international peace and security, develop international friendly relations and promote international cooperation among countries in the economic and cultural fields. The principal organs of the United Nations are the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the General Assembly, the Secretariat and the International Court of Justice. The United Nations Security Council, referred to as the Security Council for short, is the main body for maintaining world peace and security. It consists of five permanent members and 65,438+00 non-permanent members. The five permanent members are China, French, Russian, British and American.

(2) World Trade Organization (WTO): an important global economic and trade organization. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Council of Ministers is the highest authority, the secretariat is the daily office, and the person in charge is called the Director-General. The main functions of the World Trade Organization are to reduce trade restrictions between countries and regions, control and reduce taxes, and promote the development of international trade. 200165438+February 1 1, China joined the World Trade Organization.

(3) International Olympic Committee (IOC): The most influential international sports organization in the world today. Headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland, the Olympic spirit is "not victory, but participation" and the ideal is "peace, friendship and progress".

(4) Red Cross Society: taking humanitarianism as its purpose, preventing and alleviating human suffering and protecting human life and health; Safeguard human dignity; Strive to prevent diseases and improve health and social welfare.

Understand the European continent

I am in Asia, the continent where we live.

1, natural environment:

(1) Location: Asia, with an area of 44 million square kilometers, is the largest continent in the world. Man is the continent with the widest latitude and the longest distance from east to west in the world. The northwest is bounded by Ural Mountains, ural river, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, Black Sea, Turkish Strait and Europe; The southwest is bounded by Suez Canal and Africa; The south faces Oceania across the sea. Asia is located in the Old Hemisphere, bordering the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Indian Ocean in the south and the Pacific Ocean in the east. Asia is divided into six regions: East Asia, South Asia, West Asia, North Asia, Central Asia and Southeast Asia.

(2) Topography: The topography of Asia fluctuates greatly, with the central part towering and the surrounding terrain relatively low. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the highest plateau in the world, and the West Siberian Plain, the world-famous plain, are both located in Asia. The characteristics of high central Asia and low periphery lead to the radial diversion of rivers.

(3) Climate: Asia spans tropical, temperate and frigid zones, bordering the ocean on the east, north and south, and running through the Eurasian continent in the southwest. Influenced by latitude and land and sea location, the Asian climate is characterized by complexity and diversity, remarkable monsoon climate and wide continental climate distribution.

2. Human environment:

(1) Population: Asia is the most populous continent. In 2000, the population of Asia was about 3.68 billion, and East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia were densely populated areas, among which the population of six countries exceeded 654.38 billion.

(2) Ethnic groups: There are about 1000 ethnic groups in Asia, accounting for about half of the total ethnic groups in the world. Different nationalities in the same area have created their own cultures, such as Huaxia culture, Indus culture, Ganges culture, Arabic culture and so on. Ethnic groups in different regions show different artistic styles and different folk customs in architecture, costumes, music and dance, etiquette and so on.

(3) Economy: Asia is a vast country with great differences in natural, social and historical conditions and unbalanced economic development. A few countries belong to developed countries, such as Japan; Most countries belong to developing countries, even if they are both developing countries, their economic development is very different, such as the newly industrialized countries in Asia, Singapore, South Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Saudi Arabia and so on.

Second, Europe.

1. Location: Most of them are located between 35 N and 60 N, belonging to the north temperate zone, bordering the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Atlantic Ocean in the west and the Mediterranean Sea in the south.

2. Scope: It is roughly divided into four parts: Northern Europe, Western Europe, Southern Europe and Central Europe.

3. Climate: The plain is dominant, which is conducive to the mild and humid air flow in the ocean, thus forming a broad temperate maritime climate.

4. Ocean current: It crosses the Atlantic warm current, which increases humidity and temperature in winter.

5. Terrain:

(1) Plain: bounded by the Rhine River, the western Europe Plain is in the west and the Bode Plain is in the east.

(2) Mountains: Scandinavian mountains in the north and Alps in the south.

6. Rivers:

(1) Danube: Originating in the mountainous area of southwest Germany and flowing into the Caspian Sea, it is the largest river in Europe.

(2) Rhine River: Originated in the foothills of Swiss Alps and flows northward into the North Sea.

Three. Africa

1. Location: Gulf of Guinea in the western Atlantic Ocean and its edge; It faces the Indian Ocean in the east and the Red Sea in the northeast. The land spans the northern and southern hemispheres, mostly in the tropics.

2. Climate: Most parts of sub-Saharan Africa belong to tropical rain forest climate and savanna climate, and the climate and natural landscape are symmetrically distributed in the north and south with the equator as the center line.

3. Economy: an economy based on a single commodity.

4. Population: food and environmental issues.

Know the area.

1, Southeast Asia

(1) position

Latitude:10 s-25 n, mainly located in the tropics; Land and sea location: the Indian Ocean in the west and the Pacific Ocean in the east. Most of them are coastal countries and island countries, which are obviously affected by the ocean. Geographical location: It is located at the "crossroads" between two continents (Asia and Oceania) and the east and west oceans, and the Straits of Malacca, which lies between the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra Island, passes through the throat of this crossroads. It is the only place to sail eastward from Europe and Africa to ports in Southeast Asia and East Asia, and it is an important sea passage connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean.

(2) the type and distribution of climate

The tropical rain forest climate is mainly distributed in the southern part of Malay Peninsula and most parts of Malay Archipelago. Tropical monsoon climate is mainly distributed in Indochina Peninsula, northern Malay Peninsula and northern Philippine Islands.

(3) the characteristics of the terrain

The northern part of Indo-China Peninsula is high and steep, and the mountains and rivers extend from north to south, forming the characteristics of alternating and vertical distribution of mountains and rivers.

2. Middle East

The Middle East has a special geographical position, being in the land of "three oceans and five seas on two continents". The oil in the Middle East is mainly distributed along the Persian Gulf, and the oil in the Persian Gulf is mainly transported to the United States, Japan and western European countries through three routes.

3. Western Europe

(1) Areas where developed countries are concentrated

Western Europe refers to the western half of Europe, covering an area of about 5 million square kilometers, accounting for about half of Europe. It is densely populated and has many countries, most of which are developed countries. This region is the birthplace of the industrial revolution and one of the developed regions in the world. Its industrial sector is dominated by manufacturing, and the proportion of people engaged in manufacturing is very high.

(2) Animal husbandry and tourism are developed.

Located on the west coast of the mid-latitude continent, this area is always blown by the west wind, forming a mild and humid temperate maritime climate, which is conducive to the growth of juicy pastures. There are various natural conditions in western Europe, which make mountains, water, light, air, animals and plants so large that they are skillfully combined to form an ever-changing natural landscape.

4. Sub-Saharan Africa

(1) Hometown of Black People

This area borders the Indian Ocean in the east and the Atlantic Ocean in the west. The equator passes through the middle of this area, while the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn pass through the north and south of this area respectively.

(2) Single commodity economy

In foreign trade, countries in this region export primary products such as agriculture and mines at low prices, and import many industrial products from abroad at high prices, which is at a disadvantage in international trade.

(3) Population, food and environment.

The natural population growth rate in Africa is 2.4%, ranking first among all continents in the world, and the natural population growth rate in sub-Saharan Africa is even higher, about 3.0%. The population growth rate far exceeds the growth rate of food and economy, thus forming a serious population and food problem in this area.

5. Polar regions

(1) position range

The Arctic region refers to the vast area north of the Arctic Circle, including most of the Arctic Ocean and the land and islands along the coast of Asia, Europe and North America. The Antarctic region refers to the vast area south of the Antarctic circle, including the Antarctic continent and the surrounding Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean and Atlantic Ocean.

(2) Natural environment

Cold, dry and strong winds are the main features of the Antarctic climate. Most parts of the Arctic are frozen all year round, but the temperature is not as cold as that of the Antarctic, the precipitation is more than that of the Antarctic, and the wind speed is not as high as that of the Antarctic.

Know this country.

United States of America

1, location: across the cold zone and warm zone, near the Pacific Ocean, the Arctic Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, across North America and Oceania.

2. Scope

(1) Mainland: 48 continents.

(2) Overseas:

Alaska borders the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, and the Arctic Circle passes through here. Hawaii is located in the Pacific Ocean, and the Tropic of Cancer passes through here.

3. Area: 9.37 million square kilometers, ranking fourth in the world.

4. Residents:

(1) race: white (over 85%), black (about 13%), yellow.

(2) Uneven population distribution: more than 70% are distributed in cities, and more than 50% are distributed in coastal plains and the Great Lakes region.

(3) Population migration: from northeast to west, south and "sunshine zone"

5. Topography and rivers

Plain area accounts for more than half of the country, and cultivated land accounts for 10% of the world's cultivated land area. The Mississippi River is the fourth longest river in the world.

6. Resources:

Rich in minerals, forests and grasslands; The resource consumption is large, the industrial production demand is high, and the consumption and waste are high. The United States is the largest economic power in the world, with developed industry and agriculture and a high standard of living. It is also the largest resource consumer and waste emitter in the world.

7. Agriculture:

(1) condition:

The United States is a vast country with a land area of 9.37 million square kilometers, ranking fourth in the world. Moreover, the land is all in the north temperate zone, the climate is suitable, and the plain area is vast, which makes the United States have a vast cultivated area, accounting for 10% of the world's cultivated area. The fresh water of the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes provides good irrigation water sources for agriculture and superior natural conditions for the development of agriculture.

(2) specialization and mechanization of agricultural production.

All processes and links of agricultural production in the United States have been mechanized and specialized, and some agricultural belts have been formed. The United States has become an important producer and exporter of agricultural products in the world because of its large-scale agricultural production, high production efficiency and large agricultural output.

Division basis: natural conditions and market demand

Division: dairy belt, cotton belt, corn belt, etc.

Benefits: make full use of natural conditions; Large-scale use of machinery; Improve agricultural production technology.

8. Industry:

(1) Features: The United States is the most developed industrial country in the world with a high degree of industrial modernization and a complete industrial sector system.

(2) Zoning: American industries are distributed in three regions, namely, the eastern, southern and western industrial zones.

① Eastern region

Conditions: Appalachian coal and iron in the west of the Great Lakes are resources; In terms of transportation, there are many excellent ports along the Atlantic coast, and the Great Lakes and Mississippi River are convenient for water transportation; This plain is very fertile.

Department: steel, automobile, chemistry

Cities: new york, Washington, Chicago, etc.

Environmental pollution is more serious.

② Southern region

Conditions: Oil and ports are located in the northern part of the Gulf of Mexico, with convenient railway transportation.

Cities: Houston, Atlanta, Dallas, etc.

Departments: petroleum, aircraft, aerospace, electronics.

③ Western region

Conditions: ports along the Pacific coast and railways running through the United States from east to west.

Departments: aerospace, aircraft, electronics

Cities: Seattle, San Francisco, Los Angeles

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