What are Liu Zongyuan's famous landscape poems?

Sadness in Liu Zongyuan's landscape poems

Gao Jianxin

Most of Liu Zongyuan's landscape poems were written during the exile in Yongzhou for ten years (805-8 15). The poem is full of sadness, which makes people deeply moved and thoughtful for a long time.

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Liu Zongyuan was demoted to Yongzhou Sima on his way to Shaozhou (now Shaoyang, Hunan) in the first year of Zhenyuan (805). Sima is an idle official outside the quota and has nothing to do. In this way, Liu Zongyuan has time and energy to contact mountains and rivers and devote himself to writing. He himself said, "If you are a sinner, you have nothing to fear, and you can talk about it again" (in reply to Wu Wuling's book Unofficial Words). Liu Zongyuan wrote more than 600 poems in his short life, of which Yongzhou wrote 33 1 poem in ten years, accounting for more than 50% of all his creations. Han Yu, who wrote Liu Zongyuan's epitaph, said that his life during this period: "Seclusion benefited from self-study, taking notes, writing poems and sentences, flooding and stopping storage, and living in mountains and rivers" (Epitaph of Liu Zihou).

Liu Zongyuan's ambition to serve the country was relegated and he was extremely depressed. Like Qu Yuan, who avoided people's slanders in those days, he "threw himself into mountains and rivers, and let his feelings linger" ("Seventy Rhymes of Nanting Night"). He quoted Qu Yuan as his confidant many times in his poems. The poem "Mourning Qu Yuan" written in the first year of Yongzheng (805) can best express his inner connection with Qu Yuan: "What do you expect from your husband?" It also expresses your inner loneliness and sadness. Zhou Ang, a gold man, said, "Fame suddenly lost its original heart and sang with the poet. There was no such sad sound in the world before the book was opened ("Reading Willow Poems"); Shen Deqian also said: "Liu's poems are full of sadness and coquettish meaning" (Tang Poetry), which all pointed out the similarities between Liu Zongyuan's experience and Qu Yuan's creation.

Liu Zongyuan came to Yongzhou with great sadness and anger. Yongzhou is located in the southern part of Hunan, adjacent to Guangxi. Although this place is remote, it has wonderful scenery and beautiful scenery. Jiuyi Mountain starts from the south and Hengshan Mountain winds around the north, where the winding Xiang water and Xiao water meet. Yongzhou is a scenic spot abandoned by the world, with rolling mountains, rivers and trees. Liu Zongyuan himself praised Yongzhou for its beautiful scenery: "There are Jin in the north, Yi in the west, Wu in the east and Chu and Yue in the south. Among them, there are more than 100 famous mountains and States, and they are always the best "("You Huang Xi Ji "). When Liu Zongyuan first experienced the beauty of mountains and rivers in a remote place far from Beijing, he was deeply shocked and comforted: "I don't know what the creator is poor, but you are too lazy to travel with him" (Travel Notes of Xishan Banquet); "If you lie on the pillow, you will know the shape and purpose; Whispering for the sound of ears, those who are idle ask for God, and those who are deep ask for heart (Hill on the West of Cobalt Lake). The beauty of mountains and rivers is so magical that perhaps Liu Zongyuan did not expect it at first.

It is these landscapes that shock and soothe the soul. Many times in Liu Zongyuan's works, they are bright, brilliant and pleasing to the eye, showing a deep sadness and a different style. For example, "Climbing the Western Hills with Cui Ce" describes him and his friends enjoying the unique scenery of the Western Hills on the west bank of Xiaoshui, Yongzhou: "West Cenyuan, details can be seen. The overlapping nine suspects are tall and the tiny caves are small. Poverty is poverty, higher than Vientiane. The scenery is full of waves and the wind is cold. " Climbing the western hills, you can see from a distance, broaden your horizons and broaden your mind. However, at the end of the poem, the poet said, "My son is lucky because he stayed for a long time, which will alleviate my worries." . The scenery of mountains and rivers can't alleviate the tangled sadness, but also need the mutual help of friendship, which shows the depth of sadness. Such a situation is not uncommon for poets: "If you win in the territory, you are unprepared and it is difficult to cut it." Keep your appetite at ease and make Philip Burkart (Xiangkouting Xiaoxiang Erhui). Deep sorrow and sadness, even "environmental victory" or "ascension" can not be dispelled. "Looking for Yuxi after Rain in Early Summer" begins with a description of Yuxi's fresh scenery: "It has been raining for a long time, winding around Qingxi alone. Lead the staff to try Izumi and untie the belt around Hsinchu, but the ending falls on "What are you thinking about?" Loneliness is what you want, but the helpless situation is now. In the Preface to Yuxi Poetry, he expressed his feelings by the stream, further expressing his feelings of resentment and depression: "A wise man is rich in water and enjoys it. Today, it's shameful for a person to look at a fool. Why? The cover is too poor to irrigate; It is urgent and rocky, and the big ship can't get in; Quiet and shallow, dragons despise, can't have sex. It is not good for the world, but it is suitable for others. " The quiet Yuxi, which is unappreciated, is a vivid portrayal of the poet's failure to meet his talents but his rejection. Another example is "Looking at the West Garden at midnight and emphasizing the bright moon":

Wake up in the middle of the night, hear the heavy dew, and open the door to face the garden in the west of Yuxi.

A Leng Yue is rising in Dongling, and the crystal sound of the air is that the water is flowing against the sparse roots.

The farther away the spring is from the rock, the more you can feel the birds' calls. Birds on the mountain make amazing soul calls from time to time.

Straight, what will loneliness say?

Poetry is written in silence with sound, which sets off the deep and quiet of the mountain night. The poet stood on the railing, silent until dawn, reminding people of Ruan Ji and his poem "Poems on Huai": "I can't sleep at night, but sit and play the piano." Look at the bright moon with thin curtains, and the breeze blows me. Lonely in the wild, birds are singing in Beilin. What will you see when you walk? Sadness and sadness alone "(1). Loneliness, loftiness and worry are the feelings and living conditions of two peerless poets separated by 600 years.

Liu Zongyuan's ten years in Yongzhou, though not miserable in Ruan Ji's Day After Day (No.32 of Yonghuai), is full of worries about the future and bitterness towards life. He said to himself, "I haven't invented anything since I was in prison, and I have always been a loner" (Answer Wu Wuling's Unofficial Book) and "Nanzhong Jianti" reflect this feeling:

The cold of late autumn gathered in Nanjian, and I went alone at noon.

The autumn wind hovers in the stream, and the shadow of braintree is like a horn blowing.

When I first arrived here, I didn't feel it. Walking into the deep gorge a little bit seemed to forget to dissipate.

In the deep valley, it sounds like a low bird song, and the cold stream echoes in the ripples.

China is gone, and her tears are empty.

It is easy to feel lonely, but it is better to get lost.

What happened to Moso? Wandering is only known to oneself.

People who will be demoted to Yongzhou in the future will definitely like my poems.

All kinds of feelings, such as relegation, homesickness, losing the road of heroes, loneliness, etc., were triggered by "autumn spirit" for a time. As a result, the scenery in the field of vision is stained with a layer of cold color: the return air is bleak, the shadows of trees are uneven, birds moan, and cold algae dance solo. In the eyes of sad people, what they hear is sadness: "Shi Mei welcomes the rain, and it is worth the late spring. Worrying about the night of the ape, the dream breaks the chicken morning "("Meiyu "). Qu, a poet in A Qing, commented on this poem and said: "Because of the rain, you are worried, and you are even more miserable at night; Because of the rain, I suddenly woke up after listening to the morning chicken. At this point, I am very angry ("Ancient Tang Poetry" Volume 8); Another example is "a thousand miles of twists and turns, where are the mourning apes?" "The lonely minister's tears are exhausted, and his voice is heartbroken" ("Entering the Yellow River to smell apes"). Tang Ruxun, an Amin, commented: "Although the ape sounds sad, I have no tears to shed, and the old saying is even sadder" (Interpretation of Tang Poetry, Volume 23). "Yellow leaves cover the creek bridge, and the deserted village is only ancient trees" ("Autumn walks through the deserted valley") and "The wall is empty and the moon is falling, and the door is full of autumn insects" ("The scholar lives in Kaiyuan Temple on an autumn night"), although it is unclear, it is still sad and full of papers. Even the poems such as Fisherman and Jiang Xue, which are vigorous and powerful and express the poet's solitary and extraordinary spiritual image, can truly feel the boundless loneliness in the poet's heart through the vocabulary.

In February of the 10th year of Yuanhe (8 15), Liu Zongyuan was summoned back to Beijing, and was reinstated as the secretariat of Liuzhou in March of the same year. Liu Zongyuan wants to make a comeback and realize his grand ambition. Unexpectedly, he immediately embarked on the road of relegation: "Ten years of sorrow, who expected to turn into a layman in the mountains" ("Hengyang and Liu Meng parted ways"), "The soul is gone, the clouds are twice as gloomy, and tears flow across the river. I went to the country for six thousand miles and died for twelve years "("Don't be my brother "). Ge, a poet in the Song Dynasty, was deeply touched by Liu Zongyuan's experience: "Zi Hou can be said to be poor all his life" and "Alas, Zi Hou is extremely poor" (Volume 11 of Yang Qiuyun). The road from Chang 'an to Liuzhou is very long, and the scenery along the way is strange and full of danger. The trip to Lingnan wrote:

When you go south of the Yangtze River, you can see the Yellow Sea.

Rain and sunshine on the hillside increase the image, and the heart of the pool becomes warmer and longer.

Archers skillfully waited for the wandering figure, and mother hurricane surprised the passenger ship.

Since then, it is no longer a worry, so I can't wait for the fleeting time.

Liao Wenbing, an Amin, said: "The scenery in southern Syria is different from that in China, which means the fear of moving out. It is said that the river flows south to the misty place, and at first glance it is the seaside. Rainy and sunny days are like appearances, warm days are like swimming, shooting workers (a poisonous insect) and hurricanes are amazing, all of which are different from the scenery in the south. It is because you are not worried about the ending, but that Fahua can't wait for the fleeting time "("Three Hundred Tang Poems "). Although the poem said that Lingnan was strange and sinister, the poet could not live there, but after three months of arduous trekking, he crossed the Wanling Mountain in Qianshan and arrived in Liuzhou on June 27, Yuanhe decade. Once I boarded Liuzhou Tower, I remembered Liu Yuxi, Han Tai, Han Ye, who were exiled with him, and wrote the famous "Boarding Liuzhou Tower to Send Zhangzhou, Tingfeng and Lianzhou":

On the tower at the end of this town, the wilderness began, and our desire reached as far as the ocean or the sky.

The hibiscus flowers beside the moat swayed in the wind, and dense rain needles invaded the cell wall of Ficus pumila.

We can't see anything beyond 300 miles, except vague Woods and mountains, and there are nine rivers winding in our stomachs.

* * * Come to Baiyue tattoo, don't even want a letter, let's keep in touch with home.

Commenting on this poem, Tang Ru said, "I'm going upstairs to see the scenery and enjoy the same kind. It is said that the height of the building is connected with the wilderness, and the sea and the sky are the same, and there are endless worries. The wind and rain are shocking, which is even worse. The overlapping of trees not only obscures my vision: the river twists and turns and looks like nine times the size of my intestines. Because I thought that I came to the city with you, and the audio book had already been lost, and each was stranded in a town. How can I feel about this kind of scenery? " (Interpretation of Tang Poetry, Volume 44). Being exiled to a distant place is already miserable, but it is also "shocking wind" and "dense rain", which aggravates the depression. Although this is a real scene, it is permeated with the poet's inner fear and sadness. Mountains and trees cover the eyes, and the river twists and turns like a sad heart, writing the detained situation and the painful inner world. The scenery of mountains and rivers shows amazing style and color because of the poet's deep sadness: "The official feels sad, and the spring scenery is like autumn." The mountain city is full of flowers after the rain, and the banyan leaves are full of warblers ("Liuzhou Banyan Leaves Fall in February"). Being relegated to the home, I am already very sad and homesick. Who would have expected that Liucheng was only halfway through spring, but it was already like late autumn. In February, the leaves of the banyan tree fell, and the inner bitterness became stronger and stronger. Commenting on this poem, Qu said: "People are most afraid of autumn, but in this spring and a half, all the leaves have fallen, which makes me confused." "Confusion" not only means sadness and loss, but also feelings of loneliness, bleak future and hopeless return.

Although many of Liu Zongyuan's landscape poems make him feel relaxed and happy when he writes about the scenery in front of him, he always falls on the sad sigh consciously or unconsciously, either because of homesickness, loneliness or ambition: "Why climb high and sigh?" Beiwangxiong and Hunan ("Nanzhongrong Orange Pomelo"), "The fragrance cannot be transmitted, and the heart is at ease" ("Moving Hengyang to Guangxi and Planting Lingling in Yu Ben")

Liu Zongyuan's landscape poems are full of sadness and touching. Cai Qi, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said: "Zi Hou was demoted, and his voice was sad and haggard, which originated from poetry collections and was especially sour" (Poems by Cai Kuanfu). The direct cause of this sadness and "special bitterness" is the "sad and haggard sigh" caused by the bumpy and unfortunate political experience. In addition, there are several specific reasons:

First of all, trying to win is really a last resort and a very helpless thing. Liu Zongyuan was demoted to Yongzhou as Sima. Sima is a five-product official, nominally an assistant to the state secretariat, but actually there is no specific department. He is an idle official, usually used to arrange the dismissal of ministers, imperial clan and military commanders. Therefore, Bai Juyi was deeply saddened by his resignation as Jiangzhou Sima, and publicly expressed his dissatisfaction in Jiangzhou Sima Hall. The idle Sima is a kind of torture for Liu Zongyuan, whose ambition has been hit hard. Mr. Ye Jiaying said: "Liu Zongyuan spent a long and depressed decade in Yongzhou, and Sima was a local assistant minister with no real power, so the landscape of Yongzhou became the only sustenance for Liu Zongyuan's grief and frustration.". In addition, his behavior is like a special case of a prisoner: "Abandoning the crime, living in a small state (referring to Yongzhou), is a friend of the prisoner. He will be entangled if he walks, but what if he is handcuffed? " Don't do whatever you want, don't do whatever you want "("Nine-year bait book with Zhou Junwo "), so enjoying the scenery has become the most important content in his daily life. He said: "I was ordered by the world, and I have always been in harmony with mountains and rivers" ("To accompany Cui Shijun in Yongzhou to give a banquet in Nanchiting"), "I live alone in a state, and I am always worried. If there is a gap, do it and swim for a long time. Instead of going up the mountain, entering the deep forest, and returning to the stream in poverty, you can find the mysterious spring and the rock "("Travel Notes of Xishan Banquet ").

The landscape of southern Chu can comfort people, but it is out of helplessness to find and accept this comfort. At that time, someone called him Liu Zongyuan "Hao Hao", and Liu Zongyuan replied: "Zi Cheng congratulated me with Hao Hao. Who accepted it? The anger of laughter is almost cracked; Long song mourned more than he mourned. Who knows that my vastness is not the most important thing? Child interest "("to congratulate "). This is Liu Zongyuan's inner self-disclosure at the beginning. In the eyes of others, Liu Zongyuan is far away in Yongzhou, enjoying the mountains and rivers all day long, carefree and really complacent. Only Liu Zongyuan knows what great pain his heart is full of! How did he get the name "Hao Hao"? Anger in laughter goes far beyond glaring with your eyes open; Singing because of sadness is more sad than wailing aloud. Who says that the appearance of complacency is not a reflection of inner strength and sadness? The evaluation of this passage is: "I said that Zi Hou said this, and he was very painfully silent" ("Yellow Japanese Banknote" Volume 60). This is exactly what Zhuangzi said: "True sorrow is silent and sad, and true anger is threatened before it is released" (fisherman). Lu Xun also said, "When you cry, you must cry after a painful decision" (In Memory of Liu Hezhen). Liu Zongyuan is the kind of person who sings and cries while looking for the roadside. The poem "In Hawke's West Pavilion", written in the fourth year of Yuanhe (809), can best express his feelings of contradiction, pain and helplessness. He built a pavilion in Hawke, the highest place in Yongzhou, and stood on it. He saw the beautiful scenery: "from the distant cave, you can save many roofs, climb the river and embrace the clear bay." The sunset shone on the porch, and the birds were still alive when I came back. I am full of beautiful colors and I have left clear spots. " The poet's spirit is cheerful, forgetting the worry of relegation: "Abandon the long and wither, and blossom today". But he went on to say that "it is difficult to stay for a long time, but it is related to leaving his thoughts", which shows that his joy of forgetting his troubles is short-lived, while the anguish of exile is long-term and difficult to eliminate. The last two sentences, "don't put it back, send it for a while", said that he was just masturbating in helplessness.

Secondly, the exile life in Yongzhou is like a prison. Great dangers lurk in the journey. Liu Zongyuan was afraid, and from time to time he worried that wild animals and poisonous snakes would attack him. In Lin Jianshu and Li Han, Liu Zongyuan truly described the situation in Yongzhou and his feelings:

Yongzhou is the southernmost place of Chu, and its shape is similar to Yue. Travel if you are bored, and travel if you are afraid. There are roaches and bees in the wild. Look up at the ground. I'm tired. Fear of shooting near water, fear of sand lice, anger and stealing hair. People follow the shadow, and when they move, they become sores. When it comes to quiet trees and good stones, I have a smile for the time being, but I can't be happy anymore. who is it? For example, prisoners live in the soil, encounter scenery, scratch walls and stretch their limbs. This time is also suitable for me. However, I looked at the sky from the ground, but I couldn't get out after looking for my feet. How can I be comfortable for a long time?

Looking for a secret place is accompanied by great danger. There are poisonous snakes and bees in the wild, and poisonous insects lurk by the water, hurting tourists. Occasionally enjoying the beautiful scenery is nothing more than stretching your limbs a little, just like a prisoner with good weather. Without personal freedom, how can you make people comfortable for a long time by doing limited activities in a limited space every day? Liuzhou, where Liu Zongyuan was relegated for the second time, is more remote and desolate than Yongzhou, with a sinister natural environment; Ancient trees are towering, poisonous snakes are separated, wild animals are infested, and the public security situation is bad. He described: "Guizhou is thousands of miles southwest, and the dripping water fights the stone Malangao. The gloomy kudzu trees cover the sky and hang snakes like grapes. After a few nights as an official, thieves were everywhere, and I tied up a strong man and killed the old man. " ("Send Wei Heng"). In addition, the language barrier and customs are different from those in the Central Plains, which aggravated his melancholy: "The county town is adjacent to Tianjin in the south, and the strange sound is not amiable" (Liuzhou).

Due to the sinister environment and mental depression, Liu Zongyuan's health deteriorated rapidly. When he first arrived in Yongzhou, he was 32 years old and full of vigor and vitality. In just three or four years, it has been "a collection of diseases, new knots have fallen, and food is insufficient." Sometimes cold and hot, fire and water meet, bones and muscles disappear ","mental exhaustion, forgetting before and after "("Send Xu Jingzhao Meng Rongshu "). "After living in Nanzhong (referring to Yongzhou) for nine years, my athlete's foot got worse and I gradually stopped being noisy" (answer to Wei Zhongli's Book of Teachers' Morality). During his exile, Liu Zongyuan was often worried and nervous: "self-reproach, followed by great mourning (referring to his mother's funeral), fatigue in chaos, constant accumulation of worries, fear of losing his mind", "Every time I heard a lot of people's words, I was shocked by their anger, stroking their hearts and pressing their guts, and I couldn't stop" (With Yang Jingzhao). Liu Zongyuan's health is deteriorating. One year before his death, he had a premonition that he would die soon. When he was drinking with his subordinates, he said, "I abandoned my time and sent it here. I might as well wait." I will die next year "(Han Yu's Liuzhou Luochi Temple Monument). It can be said that Liu Zongyuan's visit to Yongzhou and Liuzhou with weak body cannot but affect the artistic conception and style of his landscape poems.

Third, it is the result of my view of things, and everything is colored by me. The so-called "poetry takes emotion as the body and scenery as the object." The scenery is not spontaneous, but emotional. Love is sad, love is happy. "(Wu Qiao's poem around the furnace, Volume 1). Liu Zongyuan was demoted again and again, in a difficult situation, and was greatly stimulated and depressed mentally. He looked at the scenery with great resentment and even fear, and the scenery naturally infected the poet's strong subjective feelings. The Biography of Liu Zongyuan, a Book of the New Tang Dynasty, said that he "fled, and the land was barren, because he put himself between mountains and rivers. It's depressing and full of articles. "So the landscapes written by Liu Zongyuan are particularly quiet and cold, reflecting the loneliness and bitterness of the poet's inner world. In his eyes, the originally steep and lonely mountain peak is like a halberd, which stings people's hearts: "The seaside mountain is like a sword, and Qiu Lai gives up his heart everywhere" ("Seeing off his relatives at the first sight with the great master"), "Lin Bu's mountain is like a halberd, and the south water is like a bowel" ("Book and Poem from Deheng Prefecture"). Qu You, an Amin scholar, said, "Zi Hou moved south, which is not an empty talk. Gai didn't die, but went up the mountain. ".Although this language is overdone, it is dangerous to read it, and it is sad but not happy" ("Poetry of Returning to the Garden"). Yang Shukan, a close friend, also said: "When the sword cuts the sea peak, you will know that sorrow is easy to work. Liuzhou mountains and rivers can provide for the aged, and Wan Li is abandoned with tears (On Poetry), which all point out that Liu's poems are good at expressing his heart and venting his anger by borrowing things. Similar examples are "half spring is like autumn" and "there are nine rings of the river rolling in our intestines". Moreover, Liu Zongyuan especially likes to use the word "cold" in his landscape poems. It is used to describe water as cold water, cold river, cold spring, cold current and cold river. Use cold flowers, cold English and cold teeth to describe flowers and plants. The "cold" that can be seen everywhere is not only a feeling, but also the externalization of a sad mood.

Another point is related to Yongzhou's special geographical environment and natural landscape. Judging from Liu Zongyuan's description, Yongzhou's natural landscape is dominated by deep springs, strange rocks and streams, mostly in remote places with overgrown grass and shrubs, which has yet to be developed. Judging from the famous Eight Chapters of Yongzhou, the landscapes written by Liu Zongyuan are mostly small scenes with their own style. The cobalt pool is like iron, "ten acres are clear and the trees and springs are hanging", "especially suitable for Mid-Autumn Festival to enjoy the moon"; The hill on the west side of Cobalt Tantan is less than an acre, with bamboo forests on it, and the stones are "unearthed, fighting for a strange shape"; From the top of the hill to the west is Xiaoshitang, where the sound of water is loud. The water in the pool is clear and the whole stone is at the bottom. There are "green trees and vines, swaying and swaying"; Yuan Jia's thirsty scenery is mainly Qingxi's exotic flowers and herbs. "There are mountains and rivers. The mountains are all beautiful stones with green bushes on them, which are common in winter and summer." Sun Cong, a Qing Dynasty man, said, "Reading Yuan Jia is like a small landscape, and painting it with color" (three comments on Shan Xiaoge's selected Complete Works of Datang Liuzhou). Less than a hundred paces southwest of Yuanjia's thirst, it is Shiqu: "There is a faint spring, and its sound is thin at first." One of the three grand canals. The foundation of the stone is the bottom, reaching two cliffs ","lying horizontally on it, weaving with flowing stones, and the sound is like playing the piano "; There is Xiaoshicheng Mountain in the northwest of Yongzhou City, which is "only forty feet high" and "the ring can be up and far away. Soilless, beautiful arrows, strange and strong, its sparse and restrained, is also determined by the wise. "A common feature of these landscapes is that they are beautiful, colorful, picturesque and impressive, but they are rarely magnificent and colorful. Even the Western Hills, a "unique, not arrogant" peak, is just a low hill more than 100 meters high.

Geographically, Yongzhou is located in the south of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. This is a topography of low mountains, hills and basins. Luo landform is relatively developed, with an altitude of more than 300 meters and a relative height of about 100-200 meters. Sometimes, Liu Zongyuan's own evaluation of Yongzhou's natural environment is not high. He once said: "Yongzhou is really full of nine doubts. At first, there were mountains all around. There are stones, they are trapped in the grass; One spring, it lay on the soil. Snakes can fly, raccoons and rats can swim. Maoshu hates wood, while Jiapa poisons flowers. It is called "polluted city" ("Tang Xinji, the Wei envoy of Yongzhou"). He also expressed his boredom with Yongzhou landscape more than once. Yuan He's Poem "Imprisoned Mountain Fu" written in the 9th year (8 14) is a typical representative. The poet was imprisoned in Yongzhou for ten years. In the poet's view, Yongzhou has become a prison of life because of its sinister landscape, barren land, thorny thorns, wild animals and rugged rocks: "bandits treat me like a beggar, but treat me like a prisoner." "After ten years of accumulation, I have saved myself, and I am full of Artemisia." Finally, the poet was forced to cry out with grief and indignation, "Who let the prisoners of my mountain surge?" ! The predecessors commented: "As the saying goes, Leshan is a benevolent person. Since ancient times, people have used cities as cages, but they have never heard of mountains as cages. Zongyuan lived in the South China Sea for a long time and was tired of mountains, so he couldn't get out. Huaichaocheng, you can't get it back. The lovely people in the hills and valleys are all trapped, so they are endowed with hills and valleys "(Note to Complete Works of Liuhe East). Liu Zongyuan loves and hates Yongzhou landscape, and his feelings are complicated.

Aesthetically speaking, Yongzhou's landscape is beautiful, graceful and smart, round and jade pearls, and tends to be static. Most of them are not huge and towering in space. "Beauty is beautiful, but not great" (Zhuangzi Heaven), at most, it is "beauty". It can enlighten people and make people sigh, but it can't give people strong stimulation and shock, and can't arouse people's emotional experience mixed with pleasure and excitement. Chernyshevski said: "The feeling aroused by beautiful things in people's hearts is similar to the pleasure that permeates our hearts when we are in front of the people we love. We love beauty selflessly. We appreciate it and like it just as we like our dear ones. Chernyshevski's "beauty" here means "beauty". Therefore, the beautiful scenery of Yongzhou made Liu Zongyuan fall in love at first sight, like a bosom friend. Liu Zongyuan's "expressing strangeness by promoting differences, taking independence by taking similarities, and keeping the secret of olympian mathematics, covering its roots to prove its rationale and doing its best" (Xiao Yuyuan's Poems, Volume I) wrote them in a charming and colorful way to set off the evil of state affairs and show its noble personality and unwilling soul. As the saying goes, "there is a small scene in front of the pen and pen, and there is a strange feeling outside the pen and pen" (Shan Xiaoge selected Liu Wensan's Complete Works of Liu Liuzhou, a famous Tang Dynasty).

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George Santayana said: "The natural landscape is magical and charming. It is full of heavy sadness and great comfort. It has returned our birthright as children of the earth, and it has integrated us into the world.". The beautiful scenery of Yongzhou touched Liu Zongyuan's deep sadness and gave him great comfort. Imagine, if there is no beautiful landscape in Yongzhou, how can Zongyuan of Liu Can survive the ten-year prison-like days in Yongzhou? "The beauty of a husband lies not in self-beauty, but in people" (The Story of Liu Zhongcheng Returning to the Mountain as a Horse in Yongzhou). The beautiful landscape of Yongzhou was discovered and excavated because of Liu Zongyuan's encounter, showing eternal charming beauty. We appreciate the landscape of Yongzhou, and we sincerely thank Liu Zongyuan, who makes people and landscape integrated and flesh-and-blood connected.