What are the three most popular theories about heaven and earth in ancient times? What is the most influential calendar?

What are the three most popular theories of heaven and earth in ancient times? What is the most influential calendar? ~ Today, the editor will give you a detailed explanation ~

Legend has it that during the Warring States Period, a man named Lieyukou wrote a book called Liezi. The book says: In the Zhou Dynasty, there was an Anji person. He is worried that the sky will fall, and he can't sleep well and eat well. Later, people turned this story into an idiom called "worrying about the sky" to laugh at some unnecessary troubles.

On the other hand, for Qi people who lived more than 3,000 years ago, it is not an exaggeration to worry that the sky will fall. Even Qu Yuan, a great poet and great scholar after Qi Dynasty, raised many questions.

Because people at that time still couldn't tell what was heaven and what was earth. Even if we are modern people, how many people can make it clear?

In fact, in ancient China, there were always different views on the shape of the sky and the relationship between the sky and the earth. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Qin and Han Dynasties, from 3,500 years ago to 2,000 years ago, there are three most popular sayings:

The first is the theory of "making heaven", which holds that the sky is round, the earth is square and the sky covers the earth.

The second is the theory of "muddy heaven", which holds that heaven and earth are a whole, like a big egg. There is an egg yolk in the middle and an eggshell around the egg yolk in the sky. The eggshell is inlaid with the sun, moon and stars.

The third is "Michelle Ye Theory", which holds that the sky is invisible and the sun, moon and stars move in different directions at different speeds.

These three theories were debated until the Han Dynasty, and Huntington's theory prevailed. Not only because of the support of the imperial court, but also because of this theory, a representative named Zhang Heng appeared.

Zhang Heng was a famous scientist in the Eastern Han Dynasty 1900 years ago. He has long served as the imperial edict in charge of astronomy. He is the author of the famous astronomical work The Composition of Spirit, which clearly points out the infinity of the universe. Think that space is space, week is time, and space and time are infinite.

He is the first person in the world who knows that the moon can't shine by itself. The moon was the first person to reflect sunlight and the first scientist in the world to give a correct explanation of solar eclipse. He not only wrote books, scientifically expounded many astronomical phenomena, but also invented and manufactured some observation instruments, the most famous of which were the "armillary sphere" and the "seismograph".

The armillary sphere vividly explains the principle of the armillary sphere, and the position of the stars can be observed at any time. The seismograph successfully detected a big earthquake several kilometers away.

In addition, he skillfully improved the "leaky pot", also known as "copper pot drop". This is an instrument that has been used since the Zhou Dynasty to calculate time by dripping water. After his improvement, the accuracy of time has been greatly improved. He deserves to be one of the greatest scientists in ancient China and a pioneer in exploring the mysteries of the universe in China and even the world.

Since the appearance of mankind, people have been very concerned about heaven and earth. More than 6,000 years ago, clay with patterns of the sun, moon and stars in the Neolithic Age was unearthed at Banpo site. The day after shooting, the goddess mended the sky. Pangu opened the world, opening his eyes during the day and closing his eyes at night. We broke the Tianzhu together and tilted the earth to the southeast. All these ancient legends are related to heaven and earth.

The ancestors separated heaven from the earth and personified them. Explain the universe, wind, rain, lightning and mysterious celestial bodies with imagination. Ancestors are pragmatic. They work at sunrise and rest at sunset. Growing grain and mulberry depends on the weather, so we are particularly concerned about the weather changes. Because these changes have a direct impact on clothing and diet.

Of course, kings care more than ordinary people, because they call themselves the "emperors" of the "Mukden Mothership". They believe that heaven and man are interlinked, and heaven, earth and man correspond.

From this point of view, ancient astronomers regarded Polaris, which has been fixed in the sky, as the celestial pole, the center of the sky and the star of emperors, and named it Zhonggong and Zijin Palace. There is the Forbidden City in the sky and the Forbidden City underground. Heaven and earth should rest.

The ancients divided the stars in the sky into 28 nights and named them auspicious animals, which is also the most common thing in life. For example: black dragon, white tiger, rosefinch, Xuanwu, ox, bucket, anger, essence, stone, blue, charming and so on.

If there is any change in the sky, such as solar eclipse and lunar eclipse, it indicates that there will be a catastrophe on the earth. This will directly affect the rise and fall of the country and the stability of imperial power. Perhaps it is for this reason that emperors of all dynasties attached great importance to astronomical observation.

From the Shang Dynasty, the imperial court had specialized astronomical officials and institutions. Since the Zhou Dynasty more than 3,000 years ago, astronomical observatories have been continuously built.

For example, Jingtai, the Duke of Zhou in Dengfeng, Henan Province, is the first observatory in China. After thousands of years of vicissitudes and storms, it is hard to imagine how people observe the sun and the moon and measure the stars in this observatory.

However, we know from the documents left by history that in the Xia Dynasty 4000 years ago, people already had the concepts of year, month and day, and heavenly stems and earthly branches's pairing method was used to calculate the day and month.

In ancient Oracle Bone Inscriptions, there were records of solar eclipse, prominence and winter solstice. The number of days in a year is recorded, which means that there are 366 days in a year, divided into four seasons. And use leap month method to adjust.

At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, with the development of astronomy, people revised the early calendar. A year is 365 days and a quarter, and 7 leap month years are arranged every 19 years. This understanding is very close to the actual operation of celestial bodies.

By the Warring States Period 2500 years ago, 24 solar terms had been established by describing the anniversary of the solar movement. The establishment of 24 solar terms and the correspondence between solar terms and weather and phenology. In order to accurately predict seasonal changes and changes in temperature and warmth, conditions have been created.

24 solar terms has been used for more than 2000 years. It is not only included in the calendar, but also an important basis for agricultural production and daily life. In addition, because the mysterious astronomical knowledge is easy to understand and widely known throughout the ages, it has been widely popularized and applied in China.

In China, the original records of astronomical phenomena have been preserved for thousands of years. In addition, it has been handed down from generation to generation without interruption, and it is a miracle in the history of human culture and science and technology. Some records are not only hidden in the palace, but also written in poetry books to inform the public.

For example, the solar eclipses in Xin Mao Yue Shuo and Shang Shu Yao Dian are accurate records of the solar eclipse of 65438+ 10/day in June 776 BC.

For example, in The Book of Songs, Halley's Comet appeared in July 6 13 BC.

The silk book unearthed in Mawangdui, Changsha also depicts the shape of 29 comets.

These are the earliest in the world and proved to be accurate by calculation. These original records in the history of astronomy in China are precious wealth in the history of world science and the glorious track of human civilization in the field of astronomy.

According to records, during the Spring and Autumn Period, the fourth son of the Duke of Zhou built a post station in Luoyang. It mainly measures the shadow of the sun, the scepter of the earth, the center of the earth and the four seasons. Find out the change of this season according to the change of sun shadow and day.

Zhou dui:

Set the longest day of the year as the winter solstice. At noon that day, the sun shone on the Tropic of Cancer. The northern hemisphere has the shortest day and the longest shadow.

The shortest "day" in a year is designated as the summer solstice. At noon that day, the sun shone on the Tropic of Cancer. The shadow in the northern hemisphere is the shortest and the sun is the longest.

Two days in a year are the same day, the autumnal equinox and the vernal equinox. In addition, the 24 solar terms have been gradually summed up.

It is said that this observatory was designed and built by Duke Zhou 3000 years ago. It was renovated from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Tang and Song Dynasties. The last large-scale renovation and expansion was presided over by Guo Shoujing, who lived in the Yuan Dynasty in the 3rd century.

Guo Shoujing is a great scientist in Dengfeng Chronology and an outstanding astronomer in ancient China after Zhang Heng in Han Dynasty.

In ancient China, there were more than 65,438+000 calendars, starting from the summer calendar 4,000 years ago. But only three of them are the most influential.

The book defines the length of a year as 365.2425 days, which is completely consistent with the Gregorian calendar promulgated by the Pope 300 years later, and only 26 seconds away from the actual cycle of the earth orbiting the sun.

Guo Shoujing's "popular wisdom" lies in his invention of more than 20 advanced and practical astronomical instruments. In addition to being responsible for the expansion and reconstruction of Zhoujingtai, he also presided over the construction of Lingtai, the world's largest observatory in Beijing at that time.

What is particularly valuable is that he initiated a new era of networked astronomical observation. With King Jingtai of Zhou as the center and 27 observatories distributed all over the country as observation points, he made large-scale astronomical observations at the same time and in different places in a planned and step-by-step manner, and obtained a lot of extremely precious astronomical data.

1970, in recognition of his outstanding contribution in the history of astronomy, the International Astronomical Society named a crater opposite the moon "Guo Shoujing Mountain".

Bian Xiao has reason to believe that this great scientist who left this world for more than 680 years, if he had a soul, would certainly explore the moon and even Mars.