What was the Burmese war like? What role does Fu Heng play in it?

Princess Pearl is a childhood memory of many people, and The Story of Yan Xi Palace has many similar or overlapping plots. After all, the characters are all from Qianlong period, and some similarities are normal. In these two plays, a war is mentioned, and that is the Burmese war. What role did Fu Heng play in this war? What did he do for the Burma War?

I still remember watching Princess Pearl, when Erkang was captured on the battlefield in Myanmar, and finally he was tortured and became addicted to drugs. In the recent hit Yan Xi Palace, the war between Myanmar and China was mentioned again. Haoheng also died in battle, and I don't know how many people cried to death.

The Burma War was one of the "peerless martial arts" in Qianlong period, but it was embarrassing. Not only did both sides feel that they had won, but the Qing dynasty also paid a huge price for it. Although Fu Heng did not die on the battlefield, he died because of this battle.

Why did the Qing-Burma War break out?

After the establishment of Yongjiya Dynasty in 752, it implemented the policy of military expansion and fought against foreign countries year after year. From 1753 to 1757, the army of Yongya dynasty successively occupied Awa, Beimu, Daguang, Shalian and Cooper, and basically completed the reunification of Myanmar except Arakan.

In 755 and 1758, Yong Jiya sent troops to Manipo twice. 1759, and launched a war against Siam. At this time, Siam was in the period of Ayutthaya Dynasty. The Siamese army was holed up in Ayutthaya, the capital, and Yongji runner-up was forced to retreat because he could not attack for a long time. 1760 In May, Yongji died of dental disease, and his eldest son, Mongjijue, died soon. His brother Mengbu succeeded to the throne, and in the second year Mengbu succeeded to the throne and launched the Siam War again. In February 766, Burmese soldiers came to the gate of Dacheng. 1in April 767, Dacheng broke the city and Dacheng dynasty perished. At the same time as the Bangladesh-Myanmar War, a four-year war broke out between the Qing Dynasty and Myanmar.

In fact, the Burma War was triggered by the northward expansion of Yongjiya Dynasty and the frequent harassment of Yunnan border by Burmese troops. In the twenty-third year of Qianlong, Yong Jiya's army captured the wooden stick, and since then, Myanmar forces have been harassing the Yunnan border, which is the main reason why the Qing Dynasty sent troops to fight back and suppress Myanmar.

On November 10th, 30th year of Qianlong reign, Governor Liu Zao of Yunnan and Guizhou suddenly met with Liu Decheng, the company commander of Pu 'er Town, and Ada, the magistrate of Pu 'er Prefecture.

1. In the four-year Burma War, Fu Heng was actually the last one to go, and the peace talks were realized in his hands.

Liu Zao, governor of Yunnan and Guizhou, is the commander in chief. Liuzao Zisu Village, a native of Heze, Shandong Province, was originally named Yulin. In the first year of Qianlong, he recommended the poems he had learned and tried them. After imperial academy's review, he changed his name to Liu Zao. Twenty-nine years, Ren Yungui governor.

On November 10th, the 30th year of Qianlong, Liu Zao sent troops to suppress the Burmese army entering the country, and the Qing-Myanmar War officially broke out. At that time, Yunnan prefect Daqi was inspecting Pu 'er, and Liu Zaofei Zhazha ordered him to stay in Pu 'er temporarily. Daqi faction 1000 soldiers suppressed. On 25th and 26th, the offices of Daqi and Comrade China in various towns successively reported to Liu Zao that "Mang bandits" had flown into Bujiao and other places.

/kloc-February 0/9 19, Emperor Qianlong received Liu Zao.

"Such an ugly class has a wild heart, dares to disturb the border with impunity, and has no fierce stubbornness of the police and applicable laws. Liu Zao, wait. After being sent out to suppress it, we must try our best to catch it, pound its nest, and ensure that its roots and plants are eliminated and its neighbors are eliminated. Liu Zao was afraid that he was confined to the scholar's opinion and wanted to appease him. Unexpectedly, for fear of intimidation, he had to be fired and escaped. I don't know if bandits are stubborn, but they take trouble for granted. The former case was high and praised Nagu, and his crime was not punished, but he still dared to change his mind after half a year, that is, he repeatedly disturbed the border and was already guilty. If this reply is a little lenient, it is difficult to guarantee that it will not be repeated. The theory of causing trouble by raising carbuncle is particularly important. Pass this on to Liu Zao. "

We can see his anger from this order of Lord Ganlong. He used insulting language to call it the invasion of Burmese bandits, which was simply Gan Long's version of "criminals who committed crimes against China will be punished even if they are far away".

So this war is not militarism. For the situation at that time, it was no accident that the Burma War happened. It's just that Qianlong didn't take them seriously at first, and gave Liu Zao an imperial edict, feeling that his ability was enough to "destroy all these people."

2. After receiving the order, Liu Zao asked Gan Long for a large amount of rations and military expenses. I thought I could fight a beautiful battle with confidence, but I didn't expect the reality to suffocate him.

This time, Burmese soldiers came in three ways. All the way to Jiulong River, all the way to Olive Dam, there are Burmese troops in the whole control river area. The Qing army, led by Liu Decheng, the company commander of Pu 'er Town, advanced from Meng Xiao Nutrition on June 5438+February 65438+February 09 and February 20, all the way to Jiulong River and Olive Dam. For Burmese soldiers who control the whole river, he and he will lead Simao into the whole river. As soon as the suppression of Burmese soldiers in Jiulong River area was completed, they were killed, violently covered, and then attacked across the river.

As a result, the Qing army in Jiulong River and Olive Dam won Lien Chan, and they drove back to comfort Tucheng, but the Burmese army refused to return immediately. He Qiong's imperial edict pursued Hao Ming's victory, crossed the river with Yang Kun, tied up his weapons, and fled with his bare hands. Within a few miles, Burmese soldiers rushed out, the Qing army was defeated, Hao Ming was injured, and the imperial edict of He Qiong disappeared.

Emperor Liu Zao made a report, and immediately ordered the Governor Angelababy, who was familiar with military affairs, to be transferred to Governor Yungui, Governor Wu Dashan and Governor Liu Zao of Huguang.

He Qiong and others died in the Liu Morning Post, but He Qiong and others returned to camp one after another. Liu Zao reported that both of them were punished. On the second day of February, Emperor Qianlong received a report from Liu Zao, who was so angry that Liu Zao tried the imperial edict of He Qiong. "The plot is very vague" and sent to the governor of Hubei Province, together with Daqi, to the Ministry. He Qiong's imperial edict, Ming Hao and Yang Kun were executed.

3. After Angelababy died, he simply quit. After a long time, he invaded Meng Gen and called Sanda away. I found a son named Meng Rong and called Qin Feng back to be the toast of Meng Gen.

After Zhao San was beaten away, he fled to Awati, the capital of Myanmar. Zhu has no time to request "extradition" from the king of Myanmar. It is estimated that he has deeply realized the idea of killing and maiming Lord Ganlong.

However, the maharaja of Myanmar refused to pay anyone, and Yang Yingcong was ready to send troops to swallow Myanmar. He said to Gamilon: "I have the opportunity to investigate the civil strife and usurpation in Myanmar in recent years." Long Hui answered him: "You have been in the frontier for a long time, and there will never be any rash happy events. If you are sure, charge as much as you can and do your best. However, Gan Long turned his head and added a few W.

It doesn't matter. As soon as the king of Myanmar heard that so many people were coming, he mobilized the whole country to take the initiative. And this Yang Yingju couldn't help but fight, and the two sides won and lost each other.

Yang Yingcong exaggerated, saying that he won a great victory, but was broken by Qianlong, so he thought he was "deceitful and perverse, doing nothing." He was recalled to the capital and died soon after. Zhu Lun and other generals are also in trouble.

This isn't Fu Heng, it's Ming Rui. Rui, an associate of Ming Dynasty, was born in Zhenghuangqi, Manchuria. He used to be a general in Yili. Thirty years after Qianlong, a small Muslim uprising was repelled in Wushi, killing its leader, Lai Heimutura.

When Mingrui arrived in Yunnan, it was April of the thirty-second year of Qianlong. He decided to divide his troops into two ways, and sent his counselor Erjing to lead him to attack Laoguantun from north to south. A route he personally led, through Wan Ding against Mubang.

Ming's loyalty and courage were the best among Manchu people at that time, and he also had combat experience. Unfortunately, he is loyal and brave, but he lacks strategy. As commander-in-chief, he should not lead an army and take the lead. If he is willing to entrust this army to his valiant soldier like Guanyin Bao, and then he will coordinate this army, or take Wan Ding or Mubang away, he won't suffer the subsequent fiasco.

In the end, Mingrui was surrounded by Burmese troops in a battle. The grain and grass are exhausted and the epidemic spreads. He broke through with his bare hands and was seriously injured. After walking more than twenty miles, he couldn't walk any further. Ming Rui cut off his braid, gave it to people around him, asked him to take it back to Beijing and give it to Gan Long, and then committed suicide.

Things have come to this step, far beyond Qianlong's expectation. Unexpectedly, all government officials were killed in this chaos. At this moment, Fu Heng appeared.

As Fu Hengxiao's younger brother, he is very valued. As early as June of the seventh year of Qianlong, Fu Heng was promoted to general manager of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and served as a bodyguard. In June and August 2008, he was awarded the position of Assistant Minister of Family Affairs. Ten years in June, military life. 201212 in March, the minister of the interior was appointed. /kloc-in September of 0/3, he was ordered to temporarily take charge of the printing of Governor Chuanshan, handle military affairs, and seek a bachelor's degree in Baohe Hall. On February 28th, thirty-three years, Emperor Wenmingrui died, giving Fu Heng the title of running errands and ordering him to go to Yunnan. Ali Zhou is the vice president in charge of military affairs, A Gui is the vice president, and Shuhed is the counselor. Shuhed was ordered to go to Yunnan first, and he planned to March with Ali Zhou.

In March, Shuhed arrived in Yongchang and met Enning in April to express Myanmar's difficulties. They think Yunnan is far away from them, so the Art Troupe and Gan Long want more soldiers and food.

As a result, Gan Long was furious and thought it was "shameless". At this time, Myanmar sent the captured soldiers back and wrote a letter of peace. When Emperor Tommy Tam heard that Ali Zhou had written a letter of peace to the people of Myanmar, he instructed that if the people of Myanmar begged for atonement, they must be bound by the king of Myanmar, or they would be punished now.

5. Not long after, because Shuhed and Enning jumped out to surrender to the Burmese, Shuhed was ordered to be dismissed, Enning was reduced to the governor of Fujian, and the governor of Yunnan and Guizhou was replaced by A Gui.

On February 21st, 34, Fu Heng set out from Beijing, and Emperor Qianlong gave him a royal armor in the Hall of Supreme Harmony. Fu Heng arrived in Yunnan on March 24th, Yongchang on April 4th and Tengyue on April 9th to fight Ali Zhou and A Gui.

Dragon equipment is very easy for Fu Heng. Fu Heng led the army into Myanmar, with more than 10,000 troops from Manzhouli, Soren, Oroqen, Jilin, Elut and Chahar, more than 50,000 troops from Fujian, Guizhou and Zhaotong, Yunnan, and more than 60,000 horses from Henan, Shaanxi, Huguang and Qujing, Yunnan. In addition, lamas in Sichuan, plum blossom needles and arrows in Beijing, rockets, birdguns and rockets in Henan, nine bronze cannons in Sichuan, iron furnaces in Hunan, Ferula in Guangdong, saddle drawers, tents, flags, matchsticks, lead medicines and nails made in Yunnan are all used as shipbuilding materials.

A large number of Burmese troops are completely concentrated on this old official chariot, waiting for the arrival of the Qing army and waiting for it. The tactic of the Burmese army to guard the old official village is "gate camp", and the stakes in the camp are large and long, deeply embedded in the ground. There are many trees lying outside the gate, with uneven branches, roots inward and branches outward. The bullets and shells of the Qing army can't help these big trees and stakes. The Qing army stormed outside, but the Burmese army sang and beat drums inside.

The Qing army burned it with torches, but because of the humid weather, heavy rain and fog, not only the trees and stakes of the Burmese army could not be burned. The wind changed, but the car cleaner burned himself. The Qing army then found hundreds of vines and ran to the gate camp, trying to buckle up the trees and stakes and drag them over. Instead, it was cut off by the Burmese army axe.

The army dug a tunnel, buried explosives and tried to blow them up. So the tree of the Burmese army was bombed, jumped more than a foot high and fell down, still a big tree. Strangely, the stake still stood there and did not collapse.

In this way, the two armies were at loggerheads until 165438+ October winter. Ali Zhou has died of his injuries, and Fu Heng is also ill. The commander-in-chief of Myanmar, Brahma Rowe, sent someone to suggest a strike to Fu Heng. Soon, King Meng Bo of Myanmar also wrote a letter. Fu Heng thought the other party was sincere, so he told Gan Long.

On February 28th, thirty-three years of Qianlong, Fu Heng was ordered to levy Burma. On February 2 1 34, he set out from Beijing, arrived in Yunnan on March 24, and withdrew his troops to Yunnan on March 26. In fact, it took almost eight months to unify his army.

But these eight months have consumed a lot of national strength. In terms of manpower, the Qing army cleared the customs with 3 1 10,000 troops, but only10.3 million troops remained, with a loss of more than half. In terms of material resources, in April of the thirty-fifth year of Qianlong, A Gui and Zhang Bao found out the number of horses, mules, arrows, gunpowder and lead pills used and returned by Fu Hengjun. The loss rate of horses reached 98%, and the army took more than 1 17400 arrows and returned more than 4500. Carry and continue to send gunpowder189280kg and lead shot194030kg, return and stop sending gunpowder over 46870kg and lead shot 377 10/0kg; In terms of financial resources, before and after the Qing Dynasty levied Burma, * * * allocated munitions silver 1320 1860. )

1769 1 16 10/6, China and Myanmar signed the Laoguantun Agreement in Laoguantun, Myanmar, marking the end of the four-year war between China and Myanmar. However, there is no clear and unified text of the Laoguantun Agreement, and Chinese and foreign historical books and scholars also have doubts and differences on the signing process and specific content of the Agreement. It is precisely because of the different understanding and description of the contents of the agreement that the tension between China and Myanmar has been caused in the past 20 years after the Qing-Myanmar War.

1769 1 16 10/6, China and Myanmar signed the Laoguantun Agreement in Laoguantun, Myanmar, marking the end of the four-year war between China and Myanmar. However, there is no clear and unified text in the Laoguantun Agreement. The research of Chinese and foreign history books and scholars is full of doubts and differences about the signing process and specific content of the agreement. It is precisely because of the different understanding and description of the contents of the agreement that the tension between China and Myanmar has been caused in the past 20 years after the Qing-Myanmar War.

In February of the thirty-fifth year of Qianlong, Fu Heng moved troops back to Chaoxian. Two months later, Fu Heng's condition deteriorated. On July 13th, Fu Heng died, posthumous title "in the text". Praise him as "Minister of State". In the first year of Jiaqing, Tun was the county king and was established as the ancestral hall.

Combing the whole Qing-Myanmar war, it can be said that in the whole war, both sides won and lost. Finally, because Myanmar wanted to deal with Siam, it didn't want to drag on the anti-Qing war for too long, so it took the initiative to make peace. In the Qing dynasty, although there was victory, it was still not enough under the grandiose wind of Qianlong at that time.

Let's go back to the original question. What role did Fu Heng play in this battle? In my opinion, he is.